Arapaima - chimphona chenicheni cha ufumu wamadzi, womwe udakalipobe mpaka lero. N'zovuta kulingalira nsomba yomwe imalemera pafupifupi masentimita awiri. Tiyeni tiyese kumvetsetsa kuti ndi moyo wotani womwe cholengedwa chachilendo chimatsogolera m'madzi akuya, umakhala ndi mawonekedwe akunja akunja, fufuzani zonse za zizolowezi ndi mawonekedwe, fotokozerani malo okhala kwamuyaya. Funso limadzuka m mutu mwanga: "Kodi arapaima angatchulidwe kuti ndi dinosaurs wamasiku ano komanso zakale?"
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Arapaima
Arapaima ndi nsomba yomwe imakhala m'madzi otentha, omwe ndi a banja la Aravan komanso dongosolo la Aravan. Dongosolo ili la nsomba zam'madzi amchere zotsekedwa ndi madzi amatha kutchedwa achikale. Nsomba zonga Aravana zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kutuluka kwamfupa, kofanana ndi mano, omwe ali palilime. Pokhudzana ndi mimba ndi pharynx, matumbo a nsombazi ali kumanzere, ngakhale mu nsomba zina zimayenda kumanja.
Kanema: Arapaima
Zotsalira zakale kwambiri za arabaniformes zidapezeka m'matope a nthawi ya Jurassic kapena Early Cretaceous, zaka zakufa izi kuyambira zaka 145 mpaka 140 miliyoni. Anapezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, ku Morocco. Mwambiri, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti arapaima amakhala nthawi yomwe dziko lathuli limakhala ndi ma dinosaurs. Amakhulupirira kuti kwazaka 135 miliyoni, yakhala yosasintha mawonekedwe, zomwe ndizodabwitsa. Arapaima atha kutchedwa osati zamoyo zokha zokha, komanso chilombo chachikulu chakuya kwamadzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Arapaima ndi imodzi mwasamba zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imakhala m'madzi oyera; m'mayeso ake ndi otsika pang'ono kuposa mitundu ina ya beluga.
Nsomba yayikuluyi ili ndi mayina ambiri, arapaima amatchedwa:
- chimphona arapaima;
- wachibrazil arapaima;
- piraruka;
- puraruku;
- paiche.
Amwenye aku Brazil adatcha nsomba "piraruku", kutanthauza "nsomba yofiira", dzinali lidalumikizidwa chifukwa cha mtundu wofiirira-lalanje wa nyama ya nsomba ndi malo ofiira olemera pamiyeso, yomwe ili mchira. Amwenye ochokera ku Guiana amatcha nsomba iyi arapaima, ndipo dzina lake lasayansi "Arapaima gigas" limangobwera kuchokera ku dzina la Guiana ndikuwonjezera kwa chiganizo "chimphona".
Makulidwe a arapaima ndiodabwitsadi. Kutalika kwa thupi lake lamphamvu kumafika mita ziwiri kutalika, ndipo kawirikawiri, koma panali zitsanzo zomwe zidakula mpaka mita zitatu. Pali zonena za mboni zowona kuti panali arapaima, kutalika kwa mita 4.6, koma izi sizigwirizana ndi chilichonse.
Chosangalatsa: Unyinji wa arapaima wamkulu womwe wagwidwa unali wopitilira malo awiri, izi ndizovomerezeka mwalamulo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi arapaima amawoneka bwanji
Thupi la arapaima limakhala lalitali, chithunzi chonsecho ndi chophatikizika komanso chofewa mbali. Pali kuchepa koonekera pafupi ndi malo amutu, komwe kumakulanso. Chibade cha arapaima chimakhala chofewa pang'ono pamwamba, ndipo maso ali pafupi ndi pansi pamutu. Pakamwa pa nsomba, poyerekeza ndi kukula kwake, ndi kochepa ndipo imakhala yayitali kwambiri.
Gawo la mchira wa arapaima lili ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu, mothandizidwa ndi nsomba yakaleyo imachita mphezi ndikuwombera, imadumpha kuchokera pagawo lamadzi ikamatsata amene ikuwakonda. Pamutu pa nsombayo, ngati chisoti chankhondo, pali mbale za mafupa. Masikelo a arapaima ndi olimba ngati bulandi yopewera zipolopolo, ali ndi magawo ambiri, amakhala ndi mpumulo komanso kukula kwakukulu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Arapaima ali ndi sikelo yolimba kwambiri, yomwe imalimba kakhumi kuposa fupa, ma piranhas olimba mtima komanso okonda magazi sachita mantha ndi nsomba zazikuluzikulu, iwowo akhala akudziwa kale kuti chimphona ichi ndi cholimba kwambiri kwa iwo, motero amakhala kutali ndi iye.
Zipsepse za pectoral zili pafupi ndi mimba ya arapaima. Zipsepse za kumatako ndi chakuthambo ndizitali kwambiri ndipo zimasunthira pafupi ndi mchira. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kameneka, kumbuyo kwa nsombayo kumafanana ndi kupalasa, kumathandiza arapaima kuthamanga msanga panthawi yoyenera ndikuthamangira nyama yake.
Kutsogolo kwake, nsombayo ili ndi mtundu wa azitona wofiirira, pomwe mafunde ena obiriwira amawonekera. Komwe kuli zipsepse zopanda ulusi, kamvekedwe ka azitona kamasinthidwa ndi kofiira, ndipo ikamayandikira kwambiri mchira, imasandulika kukhala yonyezimira komanso yolemera, ndikukhala wochuluka. Ma operculums amathanso kuwonetsa mabala ofiira. Mchira umapangidwa ndi malire akuda kwambiri. Kusiyana kwakugonana ku arapaima kumawonekera kwambiri: amuna ndi owonda kwambiri komanso ochepa, mtundu wawo ndiwowoneka bwino kwambiri. Ndipo nsomba zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mtundu wosalala, womwe uli wofanana kwa achichepere komanso achimuna achichepere.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe arapaima amawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe nsomba yayikulu imapezeka.
Kodi arapaima amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Arapaima
Arapaima ndi thermophilic, wamkulu, wachilendo.
Adapita kokongola ku Amazon, akukhala kumtunda kwa madzi:
- Ecuador;
- Venezuela;
- Peru;
- Colombia;
- French Guiana;
- Brazil;
- Suriname;
- Guyana.
Komanso, nsomba yayikuluyi idabweretsedwa m'madzi a Malaysia ndi Thailand, komwe idayamba bwino. M'malo ake achilengedwe, nsomba zimakonda mitsinje ndi nyanja, momwe zimakhala zachilengedwe zam'madzi, koma zimapezekanso m'magawo ena amadzi osefukira. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu pamoyo wawo wopambana ndi kutentha kwamadzi, komwe kumayenera kusiyanitsa madigiri 25 mpaka 29, mwachilengedwe, ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi yamvula ikafika, arapaima nthawi zambiri amasamukira kunkhalango zowirira, zomwe zimadzazidwa ndi madzi. Chilala chikabwerera, nsomba zimasambira kubwerera kunyanja ndi mitsinje.
Zikuchitikanso kuti nsomba sizingabwerere kunyanja kapena mumtsinje wawo, kenako zimayenera kudikirira nthawi m'madzi ang'onoang'ono omwe adatsalira madzi atachoka. M'nyengo yowuma kwambiri, arapaima imatha kubowola mu dothi kapena mchenga wozizira, ndipo imatha kukhala m'malo am'madzi. Ngati mwayi uli mbali ya Piraruka ndipo amatha kupirira nyengo yadzuwa, nsombazi zibwerera kumalo awo okhala munthawi yamvula yotsatira.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti arapaima imapangidwanso m'malo opangira, koma ntchitoyi ndi yovuta kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Europe, Asia ndi Latin America. Zachidziwikire, mu ukapolo, arapaima alibe miyeso yayikulu kwambiri, yopitilira mita kutalika. Nsomba zotere zimakhala m'madzi am'madzi, malo osungira nyama, malo osungiramo nsomba okhazikika.
Kodi arapaima amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Arapaima, alinso piruku
N'zosadabwitsa kuti ndi kukula kwakukulu kotere, arapaima ndi wolusa wamphamvu kwambiri, wowopsa komanso wopupuluma. Kwenikweni, menyu ya arapaima ndi nsomba, zomwe zimakhala ndi nsomba zazing'ono komanso mitundu yayikulu ya nsomba. Ngati pali nyama zazing'onoting'ono ndi mbalame zomwe nyama zolusa zimafikapo, ndiye kuti nsomba zitha kutenga mwayi wogwira chakudya choterechi. Chifukwa chake, nyama zomwe zimabwera kumadzi kuti zidzaledzere, komanso mbalame zomwe zimakhala panthambi zomwe zimakonda madzi, zimatha kudya nsomba zazikuluzikulu.
Ngati ma arapaima okhwima amakonda kusankha chakudya, ndiye kuti ana a nsombazi amangokhala ndi chilakolako chosasunthika ndikugwira chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda pafupi, ndikuluma:
- nsomba yaing'ono;
- mitundu yonse ya tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo;
- njoka zazing'ono;
- mbalame zapakatikati ndi zinyama;
- zovunda.
Chosangalatsa: Imodzi mwazakudya zomwe amakonda kwambiri arapaima ndi abale ake, nsomba ya aravana, yomwe imafanana mofanana ndi aravana.
Arapaima, wokhala m'malo opangira zinthu, amadyetsedwa ndi chakudya chokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri: nsomba zosiyanasiyana, nyama ya nkhuku, nyama yang'ombe, nkhono ndi amphibiya. Popeza kuthengo, arapaima amathamangitsa nyama yake kwa nthawi yayitali, nsomba zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimaloledwa kulowa mumtsinje wake. Nsomba zokhwima zimafunikira chakudya chimodzi patsiku, ndipo nsomba zazing'ono zimafunikira kudya katatu patsiku, apo ayi zimatha kuyamba kusaka oyandikana nawo omwe amakhala m'madzi awo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Giant Arapaima
Ngakhale kuti arapaima ndi yayikulu kwambiri, ndi nsomba yogwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Amangokhalira kufunafuna chakudya chake, kotero amatha kuzizira kwakanthawi kuti asawopsyeze nyama yomwe yapezeka kapena kuyima pang'ono. Nsombazo zimayesetsa kukhala pafupi kwambiri ndi pansi, koma nthawi yosakira imangokwera pamwamba.
Mothandizidwa ndi mchira wake wamphamvu kwambiri, arapaima imatha kudumpha kuchokera pamadzi mpaka kutalika kwake konse. Mwachiwonekere, chiwonetserochi chimangokhala chodabwitsa komanso chokhumudwitsa, chifukwa cholengedwa chakalechi chimafika mamita atatu m'litali. Arapaima amachita izi nthawi zonse akamathamangitsa nyama yomwe ikuyesera kuthawa m'nthambi zamitengo yomwe ili pamwamba pamadzi.
Chosangalatsa: Pamwamba pa kusambira chikhodzodzo ndi pharynx, arapaima ili ndi mitsempha yambiri yamagazi, yomwe imafanana mofananira ndi minofu yamapapu, chifukwa chake ziwalozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nsomba ngati zida zina zopumira, mothandizidwa ndi momwe zimapumira mpweya wammlengalenga kuti zithe kukhalabe nthawi yadzuwa.
Malo osungira akakhala osaya kwathunthu, piraruku imadzilowetsa mumatope onyowa kapena mchenga, koma mphindi 10-15 zilizonse zimafika pamwamba kuti zipume. Chifukwa chake, arapaima amapuma mokweza kwambiri, chifukwa chake kuusa moyo ndi kupuma kwake kumamveka kudera lonselo. Mwambiri, whopper uyu atha kutchedwa molimba mtima osati mlenje wodekha komanso wovuta, komanso munthu wolimba kwambiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Arapaima ku Amazon
Azimayi a Arapaima amakhala okhwima pogonana atakwanitsa zaka zisanu, atakula mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka m'litali. Nsomba zimabereka kumapeto kwa February kapena koyambirira kwa masika. Mkazi amayamba kukonzekera chisa chake pasadakhale. Amakonzekeretsa dziwe lofunda, laulesi kapena kumene madzi ali ponseponse, chofunikira ndikuti pansi pake pamchenga. Nsombazi zimakumba dzenje, mulifupi mwake kuyambira theka la mita mpaka 80 cm, ndi kuya - kuyambira masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Pambuyo pake, mkazi amabwerera kumalo ano ndi mnzake ndikuyamba kubala, komwe ndi kwakukulu.
Patatha masiku angapo, mazirawo amayamba kuphulika, ndipo mwachangu amawonekera. Nthawi yonseyi (kuyambira pachiyambi cha kubereka komanso mpaka mwachangu akhale odziyimira pawokha), bambo wachikondi amakhala pafupi, amateteza, akusamalira komanso kudyetsa ana ake, amayi nawonso samasambira kuchoka pachisa kupitirira mita 15.
Chosangalatsa: Masiku oyamba amoyo wa mwana wa arapaima amafika pafupi ndi abambo awo, amawadyetsa chinsinsi chapadera choyera chobisika ndimatenda omwe ali pafupi ndi maso a nsomba. Katunduyu ali ndi fungo linalake lomwe limathandiza kuti mwachangu azikhala limodzi ndi abambo awo kuti asasowe muufumu wapansi pamadzi.
Anawo amakula mofulumira, amatenga pafupifupi magalamu 100 kulemera koposa mwezi umodzi ndikutalika pafupifupi masentimita 5. Nsomba zazing'ono zimayamba kudyetsa monga zilombo zomwe zimakhala kale zili ndi sabata limodzi, kenako zimadziyimira pawokha. Poyamba, chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi plankton ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, ndipo pang'ono pang'ono, nsomba zazing'ono ndi nyama zina zimawonekera.
Makolo amayang'anabe moyo wa ana awo kwa miyezi itatu ndikuwathandiza munjira iliyonse, zomwe sizodziwika kwenikweni pamachitidwe a nsomba. Asayansi akufotokoza izi ndikuti ana nthawi yomweyo samatha kupuma mothandizidwa ndi mpweya wamlengalenga, ndipo makolo osamala amawaphunzitsa izi mtsogolo. Sidziwika kuti ndi arapaima angati omwe amakhala kuthengo. Asayansi akuwonetsa kuti kutalika kwa moyo wawo m'malo awo achilengedwe kumakhala zaka 8 mpaka 10, zimadalira kuti nsomba zomwe zimakhala muukapolo zimakhala zaka 10 mpaka 12.
Adani achilengedwe a arapaime
Chithunzi: Mtsinje Arapaima
Sizosadabwitsa kuti colossus ngati arapaima alibe adani mwachilengedwe, mwachilengedwe. Kukula kwa nsombazo ndikokulirapo, ndipo zida zake ndizosadutsika, ngakhale ma piranas amalumpha mphalaphala iyi, chifukwa sangathe kulimbana ndi mamba ake owirira. Owona akuti nthawi zina anyani agalu amasaka nyama, koma amachita izi pafupipafupi, ngakhale kuti chidziwitso chokhudza izi sichinatsimikizidwe.
Mdani wonyenga kwambiri wa arapaima amatha kuonedwa ngati munthu yemwe wakhala akusaka nsomba yayikulu kwazaka zambiri. Amwenye omwe amakhala ku Amazon ankawona ndipo akuonabe nsomba iyi ngati chakudya chachikulu. Iwo kalekale adapanga njira yoti agwire: anthu adapeza arapaima ndi mpweya wake wamphokoso, pambuyo pake adachigwira ndi ukonde kapena harpoon.
Nyama ya nsomba ndi yokoma kwambiri komanso yathanzi, ndiyokwera mtengo kwambiri ku South America. Ngakhale kuletsa kusodza kwa arapaima sikuimitsa asodzi ambiri akumaloko. Amwenye amagwiritsa ntchito mafupa a nsomba ngati mankhwala, komanso amapangira mbale. Masikelo a nsomba amapanga mafayilo amisomali abwino kwambiri, omwe amadziwika kwambiri pakati pa alendo. M'nthawi yathu ino, zitsanzo zazikulu kwambiri za arapaima zimawerengedwa kuti ndizosowa kwambiri, zonse chifukwa choti kwazaka mazana ambiri Amwenye mosadalirika adagwira anthu akulu kwambiri komanso olemera kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi arapaima amawoneka bwanji
Kukula kwa chiwerengero cha arapaima posachedwapa kwatsika kwambiri. Kusodza mwadongosolo komanso kosasamala kwa nsomba, makamaka mothandizidwa ndi maukonde, kwapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha nsomba chikuchepa pang'onopang'ono mzaka zapitazi. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri idavutika makamaka, yomwe imawonedwa ngati chikho chosiririka ndipo idayikidwa ndi umbombo waukulu.
Tsopano ku Amazon, ndizosowa kwambiri kukumana ndi nsomba zopitirira mamita awiri m'litali. M'madera ena, kuletsedwa kwa kugwira arapaima kwakhazikitsidwa, koma izi sizimayimitsa osaka nyama omwe akuyesera kugulitsa nyama ya nsomba, yomwe siyotsika mtengo. Amwenye-asodzi aku India akupitiliza kusaka nsomba zazikulu, chifukwa kuyambira kalekale azolowera kudya nyama yake.
Nsomba yayikulu komanso yakale ya arapaima sinawerengedwe bwino, palibe chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane cha ziweto zake. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa nsomba kwatsika, lingaliro limangotengera kuchuluka kwa mitundu yayikulu, yomwe idayamba kupezeka kawirikawiri. IUCN sichitha kuyika nsomba iyi mgulu lililonse lotetezedwa.
Pakadali pano, arapaima wapatsidwa mbiri yosakwanira "yosakwanira". Mabungwe ambiri oteteza zachilengedwe amatsimikizira kuti nsombazi zimafunikira njira zapadera zotetezera, zomwe akuluakulu a mayiko ena akutenga.
Kuteteza arapaime
Chithunzi: Arapaima wochokera ku Red Book
Monga tanenera kale, zitsanzo zazikulu za arapaima zakhala zosowa kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake, ngakhale kumapeto kwa zaka za makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo, akuluakulu aboma la Latin America anaphatikizira nsomba iyi mu Red Data Books m'magawo awo ndipo adatenga njira zapadera zotetezera izi, zisanachitike, nsomba munthu.
Arapaima sikuti imangokhala ndi chidwi cha m'mimba, koma ndiyofunika kwambiri kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ndi akatswiri a zinyama, monga mtundu wakale, womwe umakhalabe mpaka pano kuyambira nthawi ya ma dinosaurs. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba samaphunziridwa kwenikweni. Chifukwa chake, m'maiko ena, kuletsedwa kosagwidwa kwa arapaima kwayambitsidwa, ndipo m'malo omwe nsomba ndizochuluka kwambiri, kuwedza nsomba kumaloledwa, koma ndi layisensi inayake, chilolezo chapadera komanso zochepa.
Alimi ena aku Brazil amabzala arapaima mu ukapolo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera.Amachita izi ndi chilolezo cha akuluakulu ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa nsomba. Njira zoterezi ndizopambana, ndipo mtsogolomo akukonzekera kukweza nsomba zambiri ukapolo kuti msika ukhale wodzaza ndi nyama yake, ndipo arapaima, wokhala kuthengo, savutika ndi izi mwanjira iliyonse ndikupitilizabe moyo wake wopambana kwa mamiliyoni ambiri azaka.
Mwachidule, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti Amayi Achilengedwe saleka kutidabwitsa, kusunga zolengedwa zodabwitsa komanso zakale monga arapaima... Modabwitsa, nsomba zakale izi zimakhala moyandikana ndi ma dinosaurs. Poyang'ana arapaima, poyang'ana kukula kwake kokongola, munthu amangoganiza mosaganizira za nyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimakhala padziko lathu lapansi zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo!
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/18/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/25/2019 pa 14:08
