Mphungu ya ku Africa - mbalame yokhayo yamoyo padziko lapansi yomwe ingathe kukwera mpaka mamita 11,000. Nchifukwa chiyani chiwombankhanga cha ku Africa chikwera pamwamba kwambiri? Kungoti kutalika kwake, mothandizidwa ndi mafunde achilengedwe, mbalame zimakhala ndi mwayi wouluka maulendo ataliatali, kwinaku zikuyesetsa pang'ono.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: African Vulture
Vulture waku Africa ndi wa banja la Hawk, genus Vultures. Dzina lake lachiwiri ndi Gyps rueppellii. Mitunduyi idatchedwa Eduard Rüppel, katswiri wazopanga ku Germany. Vulture imapezeka kwambiri kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa. Komwe mbalame zimapezeka mdera linalake zimadalira kuchuluka kwa ziweto.
Kanema: Vulture waku Africa
Mphungu ya ku Africa ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yodya nyama. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumafika mita 1.1, mapiko ake ndi 2.7 mita, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 4-5 kg. Mwakuwoneka, imafanana kwambiri ndi khosi, motero dzina lake lachiwiri ndi khosi la Rüppel (Gyps rueppellii). Mbalameyi ili ndi mutu wawung'ono womwewo wokutidwa ndi kuwala pansi, mlomo wofanana ndowe wokhala ndi ulusi wopota, khosi lalitali lomwelo, lozunguliridwa ndi kolala la nthenga ndi mchira wawufupi womwewo.
Nthenga za chiwombankhanga pamwamba pa thupi zimakhala ndi bulauni yakuda, ndipo pansi pake pamakhala chowala ndi utoto wofiira. Mchira ndi nthenga zazikulu pamapiko ndi mchira ndi zakuda kwambiri, pafupifupi zakuda. Maso ndi ang'onoang'ono, okhala ndi utoto wachikasu-bulauni. Miyendo ya mbalameyi ndi yaifupi, koma yolimba, ya mtundu wakuda wakuda, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zakuthwa. Amuna samasiyana ndi akazi mwakunja. Mwa nyama zazing'ono, mtundu wa maulawo ndi wopepuka pang'ono.
Chosangalatsa: Ma Rüppel miulu amawerengedwa kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri. Ndege zowuluka, mbalame zimatha kuuluka pa liwiro la makilomita 65 pa ola limodzi, ndikuuluka mozungulira (kusambira) - 120 km pa ola limodzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe chiwombankhanga cha ku Africa chikuwonekera
Ndi mawonekedwe a mbalame ya ku Africa, zonse zikuwonekeratu - ndizofanana kwambiri ndi chiwombankhanga, makamaka popeza mtunduwo ndi wa "Vultures". Tiyeni tikambirane china chake tsopano. Vulture waku Africa amatha kuuluka ndikuuluka pamwamba kwambiri, komwe sikuti kulibe mpweya wokha, komanso kuzizira koopsa - mpaka -50C. Kodi sizimawuma konse kutentha koteroko?
Zikuoneka kuti mbalameyi imakhala yabwino kwambiri. Thupi la khosi limakutidwa ndi gawo lolimba kwambiri pansi, lomwe limakhala ngati jekete lotentha kwambiri pansi. Kunja, pansi pake pamaphimbidwa ndi nthenga zomwe zimatchedwa kuti mizere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbalameyo ikhale yolimba komanso yowoneka bwino.
Zotsatira zakusintha kwazaka mamiliyoni azaka zambiri, mafupa a khosi `` adakonzedweratu '' ndipo adasinthidwa kuti aziuluka bwino kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, chifukwa cha kukula kwake (kutalika kwa thupi - 1.1 m, mapiko - 2.7 m), mbalameyo imalemera modzichepetsa - ndi makilogalamu 5 okha. Ndipo chifukwa mafupa akulu a mafupa a khosi ali "airy", ndiye kuti, ali ndi mawonekedwe opanda pake.
Kodi mbalame imapuma motani kutalika kwake? Ndiosavuta. Njira yopumira ya bala imasinthidwa bwino kuti izikhala ndi mpweya wochepa. Thupi la mbalameyi muli timatumba tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalumikizidwa ndi mapapo ndi mafupa. Mbalameyi imapuma mosagwirizana, ndiye kuti imangopuma ndi mapapu ake, ndikupumira ndi thupi lonse.
Kodi nkhwazi yaku Africa imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya ku Africa
Vulture waku Africa amakhala m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri, zigwa, nkhalango, savanna ndi zipululu za kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa Sahara. Mbalameyi imakhala moyo wongokhala, ndiye kuti, siyimasintha nyengo iliyonse. M'madera omwe amakhala, ziwombankhanga za Ruppel zimatha kusamuka pambuyo pa gulu la osapulumuka, omwe ndi omwe amawapatsa chakudya.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala nkhalango zaku Africa ndi malo owuma, komanso mapiri omwe amawona bwino malo okhala ndi mapiri ataliatali. Kuchokera pamenepo ndikosavuta kuti akwere mumlengalenga kuposa pansi. M'malo amapiri, mbalamezi zimapezeka pamtunda wa mamita 3500, koma pakuwuluka zimatha kukwera katatu - mpaka mita 11,000.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mu 1973, panali nkhani yachilendo - kugundana kwa mbalame yaku Africa ndi ndege yopita ku Abidjan (West Africa) pa liwiro la 800 km / h pamtunda wa 11277 m. Mbalameyi idagunda injiniyo mwangozi, yomwe pamapeto pake idawononga kwambiri. Mwamwayi, chifukwa cha zochita zoyendetsedwa bwino za oyendetsa ndegewo komanso mwayi, chomangacho chidakwanitsa kufika bwinobwino pa eyapoti yapafupi ndipo palibe aliyense mwa omwe adavulala, ndipo chiwombankhanga, adamwalira.
Pofuna kunyamuka pamalo athyathyathya, mbalame zaku Africa zimafunikira kuthamanga kwakanthawi. Pachifukwa ichi, miimba imakonda kukhala m'mapiri, m'miyala, m'miyala, pomwe imatha kunyamuka itangogundika ndi mapiko awo.
Kodi vulture waku Africa amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: African Vulture akuthawa
Mvumbi waku Africa, monga abale ake ena, ndi wonyezimira, ndiye kuti amadya mitembo ya nyama. Pofunafuna chakudya, ziwombankhanga za Rüppel zimathandizidwa ndi maso akuthwa kwambiri. Monga mwalamulo, gulu lonse la nkhosa likugwira ntchito yosaka chakudya choyenera, nthawi iliyonse kuchita izi ngati mwambo. Gulu la ziwombankhanga limayamba kukwera kumwamba ndipo limagawidwa mosasunthika mdera lonse lolamulidwa, kufunafuna nyama kwakanthawi. Mbalame yoyamba yomwe imawona nyama yake imathamangira pa iyo, potero ikupereka chizindikiro kwa ena onse omwe akufuna "kusaka". Ngati pali miimba yambiri ndi chakudya chochepa, ndiye kuti amatha kumenyera nkhondo.
Mbalamezi ndizolimba kwambiri, choncho saopa njala konse ndipo amatha kudyetsa mosasinthasintha. Ngati pali chakudya chokwanira, ndiye kuti mbalame zimadzidalira zamtsogolo, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake - chotupa chofewa komanso mimba yayikulu.
Menyu ya Rüppel Neck:
- nyama zolusa (mikango, akambuku, afisi);
- nyama zopindika (njovu, antelopes, nkhosa zamphongo zamphiri, mbuzi, llamas);
- zokwawa zazikulu (ng'ona)
- mazira a mbalame ndi akamba;
- nsomba.
Ziimba zimadya mwachangu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la mbalame zazikulu khumi zimatha kuyamwa mtembo wa mphalapala mpaka m'mafupa mwa theka la ola. Ngati nyama yovulala kapena yodwala, ngakhale yaying'ono, ibwera panjira ya mbalame, mbalame sizimakhudza, koma dikirani moleza mtima mpaka kufa ndi imfa yake. Pakudya, membala aliyense wa gululo amagwira ntchito yake: mbalame zazikulu zimang'amba khungu lakuda la mtembo wa nyama, ndipo zina zimang'amba zotsalazo. Poterepa, mtsogoleri wa paketiyo amapatsidwa mokoma mtima nthawi zonse.
Zosangalatsa: Mwa kulowetsa mutu wanu mkati mwa nyama ya nyamayo, khosi silidetsedwa konse chifukwa cha kolala la khosi la nthenga.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Vulture waku Africa mwachilengedwe
Miimba yonse ili ndi chikhalidwe chokhwima komanso chodekha. Mikangano yosiyana pakati pa anthu pagulu imachitika pogawa nyama kapena ngati pali chakudya chochepa, koma pali mbalame zambiri. Ziwombankhanga zilibe chidwi ndi mitundu ina: sizimawaukira ndipo mwina wina anganene, osazindikira. Komanso, mbalamezi zimakhala zoyera kwambiri: akatha kudya bwino, amakonda kusambira m'madzi kapena kutsuka nthenga zawo kwa nthawi yayitali mothandizidwa ndi mulomo.
Chosangalatsa: Msuzi wam'mimba, wokhala ndi mankhwala enaake, omwe amalepheretsa poizoni wonse, amateteza ku poizoni wam'mimba wamiyendo.
Ngakhale thupi limawoneka ngati lalikulupo, ziwombankhanga ndizowoneka bwino komanso zoyenda. Akamauluka, amakonda kuuluka pamafunde akwezeka, akubweza makosi awo ndikuweramitsa mitu yawo, akuyang'anitsitsa malo ozungulira nyama. Mwanjira imeneyi, mbalame zimapulumutsa nyonga ndi nyonga. Amafunafuna chakudya masana okha, ndipo amagona usiku. Mbalamezi sizimatenga nyama kuchokera kwina kupita kwina ndipo zimangodyera komwe zimapezeka.
Anthu okhwima mwauzimu ogundana amakhala ndi banja limodzi, ndiye kuti, amapanga banja "kamodzi" kamodzi kokha, osungabe mokhulupirika kwa moyo wawo wonse. Ngati mwadzidzidzi m'modzi mwa "okwatirana" amwalira, nthawi zambiri winayo amatha kukhala yekha mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, zomwe sizabwino kwa anthu.
Chosangalatsa: kutalika kwa moyo wa miimba yaku Africa ndi zaka 40-50.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: African Vulture
Ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimaswana kamodzi pachaka. Amafika pokhwima pogonana ali ndi zaka 5-7. Nyengo yokomera mbalame imayamba mu February kapena Marichi. Pakadali pano, miimba iwiri ikugwirana ndikuuluka, ikuyenda mogwirizana, ngati akuwonetsa chikondi chawo ndi kudzipereka. Asanakwatirane, yamphongoyo imadzikongoletsa pamaso pa yaikazi, ikufalitsa nthenga za mchira ndi mapiko.
Mbalame zimamanga chisa chawo malo ovuta kufikako:
- zitunda;
- pa zingwe za matanthwe;
- pamapiri.
Amagwiritsa ntchito nthambi zowuma ndi zowonda ndi udzu wouma pomanga zisa. Chisa ndi chachikulu kukula - 1.5-2.5 mita mulifupi ndi 0.7 m kutalika. Chisa chikangomangidwa, banja limatha kuchigwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka zingapo.
Chosangalatsa: Ziwombankhanga zaku Africa, monga abale awo, ndizachilengedwe. Kudya mitembo ya nyama, amakunkha mafupa mwakhama kotero kuti palibe chomwe chatsalira pa iwo pomwe mabakiteriya opatsirana amatha kuchulukana.
Ikakwerana, yaikazi imaikira mazira m'chisa (1-2 ma PC.), Omwe ali oyera ndi mawanga abulauni. Onse awiri amasinthana kusinthana ndi zowalamulira: pamene wina akufunafuna chakudya, wachiwiri akutentha mazira. Makulitsidwe amatha masiku 57.
Anapiye amatha kuthyola onse nthawi imodzi komanso ndi masiku 1-2. Amakutidwa ndi yoyera pansi, yomwe imakhala yofiira m'mwezi umodzi. Makolo nawonso akuchita nawo kudyetsa ana mosinthana, kubwezeretsanso chakudya ndikusamalira nyama zazing'ono motere mpaka miyezi 4-5. Patatha miyezi itatu, anapiyewo amasiya chisa, kukhala odziyimira pawokha komanso osadalira makolo awo.
Adani achilengedwe a ziwombankhanga zaku Africa
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya ku Africa
Mbalamezi zimakonda kupanga zisa m'magulu awiri mpaka awiri, kumangapo zisa m'miyala, m'ming'alu kapena pamapiri ena osafikirika. Pachifukwa ichi, mbalame sizikhala ndi adani achilengedwe. Komabe, nthawi zina zinyama zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimadya nyama yakutchire (ma cougars, cheetahs, panther) zimatha kuwononga zisa zawo, kudya mazira kapena anapiye osaswa. Inde, miimba imangoyang'anitsitsa ndipo imayesetsa m'njira iliyonse kuti iteteze nyumba ndi ana awo, koma nthawi zina samachita bwino nthawi zonse.
Chosangalatsa: Pakakhala fumbi kapena mvula yambiri, mbalamezi sizimakonda kuuluka ndikuyesera kudikirira nyengo yoipa, kubisala m'zisa zawo.
Nthawi zina, polimbana ndi gawo labwino kwambiri, makamaka ngati kulibe chakudya chambiri komanso mbalame zambiri, mimbulu ya Rüppel nthawi zambiri imakonza ndewu ndipo imatha kuvulazana wina ndi mnzake. Adani achilengedwe a miimba imaphatikizaponso omwe akupikisana nawo pakudya, omwe amadyanso nyama zakufa - afisi, mimbulu, ndi mbalame zina zikuluzikulu. Podzitchinjiriza kwa omalizawa, miimba imapanga mapiko awo akuthwa, motero imamenya olakwirawo. Ndi afisi ndi mimbulu, muyenera kumenya nkhondo polumikiza osati mapiko akulu okha, komanso mulomo wamphamvu wakuthwa kuti mutetezedwe.
Chosangalatsa: Kuyambira nthawi zakale, mbalame zaku Africa zidagwidwa ndi mbadwa za nthenga zowongolera komanso zowuluka, zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kukongoletsa zovala zawo ndi ziwiya zawo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe chiwombankhanga cha ku Africa chikuwonekera
Ngakhale kufalikira kwa ziwombankhanga zaku Africa kudera lonselo, mzaka zingapo zapitazi, mothandizidwa ndi zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwawo kudayamba kuchepa. Ndipo mfundoyi sikuti imangotengera kulowererapo kwa anthu m'chilengedwe, komanso mikhalidwe yatsopano yaukhondo, kuwonetsa kufalikira kwa mitembo ya nyama zakufa.
Izi zidakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha zolinga zabwino zokhazikitsira ukhondo ndi matenda mdziko lonse lapansi, koma kwenikweni zikuwoneka kuti izi sizowona. Popeza miimba yaku Africa ndi yopanda chakudya, izi zikutanthauza chinthu chimodzi chokha kwa iwo: kusowa chakudya nthawi zonse, zotsatira zake ndikuchepa kwa chiwerengero chawo.
Pomwe mbalame zomwe zimafunafuna chakudya zidayamba kupita pagulu lonselo, izi zadzetsa mavuto ena, chifukwa mwanjira ina zimasokoneza zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwazaka zambiri. Nthawi idzanena zomwe zidzachitike. Chifukwa china chochepetsera ziwombankhanga ndi kugwidwa kwakukulu kwa mbalame ndi anthu am'deralo kuti achite miyambo yachipembedzo. Ndi chifukwa cha izi, osati chifukwa chosowa chakudya, kuchuluka kwa mbalame kunatsika pafupifupi 70%.
Malinga ndi akatswiri ochokera ku International Union for Conservation of Nature, ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimapezeka zitaphedwa popanda zopondera ndi mitu. Chowonadi ndichakuti asing'anga amadzipangira mankhwala kuchokera kwa iwo - mankhwala otchuka kwambiri ku matenda onse. Kuphatikiza apo, m'misika yaku Africa, mutha kugula ziwalo zina za mbalame, zomwe akuti zimatha kuchiza matenda ndikubweretsa mwayi.
Kupezeka kwa ziphe zosiyanasiyana kumakhalabe chiwopsezo china kupulumutsira ziwombankhanga m'maiko aku Africa. Ndi zotchipa, zimagulitsidwa mwaulere, ndipo amazigwiritsa ntchito mosasankha. Mpaka pano, palibe munthu m'modzi yemwe adazunzidwapo chifukwa chakupha poyizoni kapena kupha chiwombankhanga, chifukwa kuwononga poizoni ndi amodzi mwa miyambo yakale kwambiri yamakolo aku Africa.
Kuteteza kwa ziwombankhanga zaku Africa
Chithunzi: Vulture waku Africa waku Red Book
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000, International Union for Conservation of Nature idaganiza zopatsa chiwopsezo ku mitundu ya Vulture yaku Africa. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa ziwombankhanga za Rüppel pafupifupi anthu zikwi 270.
Pofuna kuteteza mwanjira zina nyama ndi mbalame zaku Africa ku ziphe ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mu 2009 kampani yaku America ya FMC, yopanga mankhwala odziwika kwambiri owopsa mmaiko aku Africa, furadan, idakhazikitsa kampeni yobwezera katundu woperekedwa kale ku Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali nkhani yomveka yokhudza poizoni wambiri wa nyama ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, akuwonetsedwa mu imodzi mwamapulogalamu atolankhani a TV ya CBS (USA).
Kuopseza kwa anthu kumakulitsidwanso chifukwa cha kuswana kwa ziwombankhanga za Rüppel. Kupatula apo, amakwanitsa kubereka mochedwa - ali ndi zaka 5-7, ndipo amabereka ana kamodzi pachaka, kapena ziwiri zokha. Kuphatikiza apo, kufa kwa anapiye mchaka choyamba cha moyo ndikokwera kwambiri ndipo pafupifupi 90%. Malinga ndi kuneneratu kopatsa chiyembekezo kwa akatswiri odziwa za mbalame, ngati simukuyamba kuchitapo kanthu kuti muteteze mitundu ya zamoyozi, mzaka 50 zikubwerazi ziwombankhanga zaku Africa m'malo awo zitha kutsika kwambiri - osachepera 97%.
Mphungu ya ku Africa - wonyezimira wamba, osati wolusa nyama, monga anthu ambiri amakhulupirira chifukwa cha umbuli. Nthawi zambiri amasamala nyama zawo kwa nthawi yayitali - makamaka kwa maola ambiri akuyenda mlengalenga pamafunde akwezeka. Mbalamezi, mosiyana ndi ziwombankhanga za ku Ulaya ndi ku Asia, pofunafuna chakudya sizigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yawo ya kununkhiza, koma maso awo akuthwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/15/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 15.08.2019 pa 22:09
