Salmon (Latin Salmonidae) ndi nthumwi za banja lokhalo lomwe lili mwa dongosolo la Salmoniformes ndi gulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi Ray.
Kufotokozera kwa nsomba
Ma salmonid onse ali mgulu la nsomba zomwe zimatha kusintha moyo wawo mosavuta, mawonekedwe ake wamba, komanso mawonekedwe akulu, kutengera mawonekedwe akunja.
Maonekedwe
Kutalika kwa thupi la achikulire kumasiyana masentimita angapo mpaka ma mita angapo, ndipo kulemera kwake kwakukulu ndi 68-70 kg... Kapangidwe ka gulu la oimira Salmoniformes ikufanana ndi mawonekedwe a nsomba zazikuluzikulu za Herringiformes. Mwa zina, mpaka posachedwa, banja la Salmon limadziwika kuti hering'i, koma kenako idapatsidwa dongosolo lodziyimira palokha - Salmoniformes.
Thupi la nsombayo ndilotalika, lopanikizika kuchokera mbali, lokutidwa ndi masikono ozungulira kapena ozungulira, omwe amagwa mosavuta. Zipsepse za m'chiuno zimakhala zamitundu yambiri, yomwe ili mkatikati mwa mimba, ndipo zipsepse zam'mimba mwa nsomba zazikuluzikulu zimakhala zotsika, osakhala ndi kuwala kwa sipinachi. Zipsepse ziwiri zakumaso za nsombazi zikuyimiridwa ndi zipsepse zamakono ndi zotsatirazi. Kukhalapo kwa adipose fin yaying'ono ndichinthu chodziwika komanso chimodzi mwazomwe zimasiyanitsa oimira Salmoniformes.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbali yapadera ya dorsal fin ya salmonids ndikupezeka kwa cheza khumi mpaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, pomwe oimira imvi ali ndi cheza cha 17-24.
Chikhodzodzo cha nsomba, monga lamulo, chimalumikizidwa ndi kholingo ndi ngalande yapadera, ndipo pakamwa pa salimoni pali malire kumtunda ndi mafupa anayi - ma premaxillary awiri ndi mafupa a maxillary. Akazi amasiyana pamiyeso yamtundu woyambira kapena alibe iyo, chifukwa chake, mazira onse okhwima kuchokera mchiberekero amagwa mosavuta mthupi. Matumbo am'madzi amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwazinthu zambiri za pyloric. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi zikope zowonekera. Ma salmonid ambiri amasiyana mosagwirizana kwathunthu ndi mafupa, ndipo gawo la crane limayimilidwa ndi matenda a karotila ndi ofananira nawo omwe sanakwane ma vertebrae.
Gulu, mitundu ya nsomba
Banja la Salmon likuyimiridwa ndi mabanja atatu:
- mibadwo itatu yabanja laling'ono la Whitefish;
- mibadwo isanu ndi iwiri ya banja laling'ono la salmonids yoyenera;
- mtundu umodzi wa banja laling'ono la Grayling.
Oyimira onse a banja la Salmonidae ndi achikulire mpaka pakati, amakhala ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono, komanso kamwa yayikulu yokhala ndi mano otukuka komanso olimba. Mtundu wa chakudya cha banjali ndiwosakanikirana kapena wodya nyama.
Mitundu yayikulu ya salimoni:
- American ndi arctic char, kunja;
- Nsomba pinki;
- Ishkhan;
- Chum;
- Nsomba za Coho, nsomba ya chinook;
- North American Christiwomer;
- Nsomba zofiirira;
- Lenok;
- Steelhead Salmon, Clark;
- Nsomba yofiira;
- Salimoni kapena nsomba ya Noble;
- Sima kapena Mazu;
- Danube, Sakhalin Taimen.
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa banja laling'ono la Sigi ndi ma salmonid oyenera kumayimilidwa ndi tsatanetsatane wamapangidwe a chigaza, kamwa kakang'ono kwambiri ndi masikelo akulu. Banja laling'ono la Grayling limadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mphindikati yayitali kwambiri komanso yayitali kwambiri, yomwe imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso mitundu yowala. Grey zonse ndi nsomba zamadzi..
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Salimoni ndi nsomba zodabwitsa zomwe zimakonda kukhala m'madzi am'nyanja kapena am'nyanja, ndipo zimakwera m'mitsinje cholinga chongobereka. Zochita zamoyo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizofanana, koma zili ndi mawonekedwe ake. Monga lamulo, zikafika zaka zisanu, nsomba zimalowa m'madzi othamanga ndi mitsinje, nthawi zina zimakwera kumtunda kwamakilomita angapo. Zomwe zakanthawi kochepa polowera nsomba mumadzi amtsinje sizofanana ndipo zimatha kusiyanasiyana.
Pofuna kukhazikika m'madzi amtsinje nthawi isanakwane, nsomba sizisankha malo akuya komanso osathamanga kwambiri, omwe amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa miyala yamchenga kapena miyala yamiyala pansi. Nthawi zambiri, madera amenewa amakhala pafupi ndi malo obalirako, koma pamwambapa.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'madzi a m'nyanja, nsomba zimatha kukhala ndi liwiro lokwanira poyenda - mpaka makilomita zana tsiku limodzi, koma mumtsinje liwiro loyenda kwa nsomba zotere limachepetsa kwambiri.
Pokonzekera kukhala m'malo amenewa, nsomba "ikutsalira", chifukwa chake mtundu wawo umadetsedwa mowonekera ndipo mbedza imapangidwa pachibwano, chomwe chimadziwika kwambiri mwa amuna am'banja lino. Mtundu wa nyama ya nsomba panthawiyi umakhala wochepa, ndipo mafuta onse amacheperachepera, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chosowa zakudya zokwanira.
Utali wamoyo
Utali wonse wamasaloniu sakuposa zaka khumi, koma mitundu ina imakhala yokhoza kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi kotala la zana.... Taimi pakadali pano ali ndi mbiri yakukula kwa thupi komanso kutalika kwa moyo. Pakadali pano, mtundu wamtunduwu walembetsedwa mwalamulo, wolemera makilogalamu 105 wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 2.5 m.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Salimoni amakhala pafupifupi kumpoto konse kwa dziko lapansi, ndichifukwa chake pali chidwi chogulitsa nsomba zoterezi.
Ishkhan, nsomba yamtengo wapatali kwambiri, amakhala m'madzi a Nyanja ya Sevan. Kusodza kwamphamvu kwa mbuye woyang'anira wa Pacific expanses - chum saumoni - kumachitika osati m'dziko lathu lokha komanso ku America.
Malo okhala kwambiri mumtsinje wofiirira amaphatikizapo mitsinje yambiri yaku Europe, komanso madzi a White, Baltic, Black ndi Aral Seas. Mazu kapena Sima amakhala m'chigawo cha Asia m'madzi a Pacific, ndipo nsomba yayikulu kwambiri Taimen amakhala m'mitsinje yonse ku Siberia.
Zakudya za salimoni
Zakudya za Salmonids ndizosiyanasiyana. Monga lamulo, m'mimba mwa akulu muli nsomba zazing'ono za pelagic ndi ana awo, komanso ma crustaceans osiyanasiyana, ma molluscs okhala ndi mapiko, pela squid ndi nyongolotsi. Pafupifupi kangapo, timadzi tating'onoting'ono ta zisa ndi jellyfish amapatsidwa nsomba zazikulu.
Mwachitsanzo, chakudya chachikulu cha nsomba zaana nthawi zambiri chimayimiridwa ndi mphutsi za tizilombo tambiri ta m'madzi. Komabe, a parr amatha kudyetsa limodzi ndi nsomba zina zodyetsa, sculpin ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zazing'ono. Zakudya za salmonids zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo komanso malo okhala.
Kubereka ndi ana
M'madzi akumpoto kwamtsinje, nthawi yobala imachitika mu theka lachiwiri la Seputembara kapena Okutobala, kutentha kwamadzi kuyambira 0-8 ° C. M'madera akumwera, ma Salmonid amabala kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Januware, pamadzi otentha a 3-13 ° C. Caviar imayikidwa m'zimbudzi zokumbidwa pansi, pambuyo pake siyimakonkhedwa kwambiri ndi osakaniza pamiyala ndi mchenga.
Ndizosangalatsa! Khalidwe la ma salmonid panthawi yosamukira komanso nthawi yobereka imasintha, chifukwa chake, pakukwera, nsomba imagwira ntchito kwambiri, imasewera mwamphamvu ndipo imatha kudumphira m'madzi mokwanira, koma pafupi ndi momwe zimayambira, kudumpha kotereku kumakhala kosowa kwambiri.
Pambuyo pobzala, nsomba zimachepa ndikuchepera msanga, chifukwa chake gawo lalikulu la iyo imafa, ndipo anthu onse otsala amapita kunyanja kapena m'madzi am'madzi, koma amatha kukhalabe m'mitsinje mpaka nthawi yamasika.
M'mitsinje, ma salmonid omwe amatulutsa samapita patali ndi malo oberekera, koma amatha kusunthira kumalo akuya komanso opanda phokoso. Masika, achinyamata amawoneka kuchokera m'mazira omwe abala, ofanana ndi ma pied trout... Mumtsinje madzi mwachangu amatha chaka chimodzi mpaka zisanu.
Munthawi yotereyi, anthu amatha kutalika mpaka 15-18 cm. Asanalowerere m'nyanja kapena m'madzi am'nyanjayi, ana amataya mtundu wamawangamawanga ndipo mamba amayamba kukhala otuwa. Ndi m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja pomwe nsomba zimayamba kudyetsa mwachangu komanso kunenepa.
Adani achilengedwe
Mazira oyamwa ndi achinyamata ndi nyama yosavuta yaimvi yakuda, thambo lofiirira, pike ndi burbot. Ambiri mwa omwe amasamukira kumtsinje amadyedwa mwachangu ndi mbalame kapena mbalame zina zomwe zimadya nsomba. M'madzi am'nyanja, adani achilengedwe a salimoni amaphatikizapo cod, saumoni ndi ndevu, komanso nyama zina.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pakadali pano, pali zinthu zingapo zoyipa zomwe zimasokoneza kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso mtundu wawo. Zotsatira za kusaka nyama m'malo ophera nyama ndikusokoneza komwe kumadza, komanso kuwononga anthu onse... Zinanenedwa kuti kupha nyama moperewera sikuti kumangododometsa kapangidwe kake ka nsomba ndi nsomba, komanso kumatha kumana ngakhale mitsinje ikuluikulu ya nsomba zonsezi kwazaka zingapo.
Mavuto amakhalanso ndi mafunde amphamvu am'nyanja komanso mafunde, kusowa kwa chakudya, kuwedza nsomba mopitirira muyeso komanso kuipitsa pakamwa pamtsinje. Salmon mwachangu nthawi zambiri amawonongedwa ndi kuipitsidwa kwaulimi, m'matawuni ndi mafakitale. Pakadali pano, zotsatirazi zidalembedwa mu Red Book: Sakhalin ndi Oriminary taimen, Lake saumoni, Mikizha ndi Malorotaya paliya, Eoutamskaya trout ndi Kumzha, komanso Svetovidova ndi Davatchan wa ndalama yayitali.
Mtengo wamalonda
Lero, zinthu zopha nsomba ndi Lolets ndi Gorbusha, komanso nsomba zokoma Ishkhan, nsomba za Keta kapena Far East, Salmon ndi mitundu ina yomwe ili ndi nyama zamtengo wapatali, zopatsa thanzi, zokoma ndi caviar.
