Mwina mbalame ngati pang'ono, sizodziwika kwa ambiri, koma kuchokera pa dzinalo zimawonekeratu kuti kulira kwake sikachilendo. Tiyeni tiyesere kudziwa kuti munthu wamphapayu ndi uti, ali ndi malo okhalamo okhazikika, ndi zakudya zotani zomwe zili ndi menyu, momwe zimawonekera panja komanso mawonekedwe ake ngati mbalame?
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Mbalamezi zimakhudzana ndi banja la heron ndi dongosolo la dokowe. Sikovuta kuganiza kuti dzina la mbalameyo limalumikizidwa ndi liwu loti "kubuula", i.e. kutulutsa kukuwa, ndipo chakumwa sichachilendo ndipo ndi chachilendo, ngakhale chowopsa pang'ono.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Asilavo akale anali kuwopa kulira kwa bittern, kuwawona ngati kulira kwa mizimu yoyipa komanso nthawi zonse. Anthu samapita m'modzi m'madambo owopsa, omwe amawoneka kuti ndi owopsa. Ndiye panali chikhulupiriro kuti kumva kulira kwa chakumwa pachithaphwi kumayimira china chake choyipa, ndipo mbalameyo imadziwika kuti chizindikiro chonyansa.
Kunja, pang'ono pang'ono sichowopsa monga akunenera, koma sichingatchedwe chosangalatsa. Maonekedwe a bittern ndiwachiyambi kwambiri, zachidziwikire, pakuwonekera kwake pali mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mphalapala, koma mbalameyo imawoneka yoyambirira, singasokonezedwe ndi munthu wina aliyense wam nthenga. Tiyeni tiyesere kufotokoza mwachidule mawonekedwe amitundu ina ya bitterns, tikufotokozera za bittern yayikulu pambuyo pake, chifukwa ifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.
Kanema: Pang'ono
American bittern ndiyapakatikati. Amadziwika ndi khosi lalikulu komanso lalikulu ndi miyendo yayifupi, pamiyendo yake pomwe zikhadabo zake zimawoneka bwino. Mitengo yayikulu ya mbalameyi ndi yofiirira, yokongoletsedwa ndi mitundu yonse yamizeremizere ndi mawanga. Mapikowo amakhala ndi mthunzi wakuda, ndipo khosi, m'malo mwake, ndi lopepuka kuposa maziko akulu. Pamimba pamakhala nthenga zoyera ndikutuluka kwakuda. Mbalamezi zinasankhidwa ndi Canada ndi United States. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti pang'ono pang'ono kameneka kamakuwa, koma mwanjira yake, nthawi zina mwamphamvu komanso kwanthawi yayitali. Anthu akumaloko amakhulupirira kuti kukuwa uku ndikofanana ndi phokoso lomwe limapangidwa ndi pampu yotseka.
Kakang'ono kakang'ono kameneka sikasiyana kukula kwake kwakukulu, kutalika kwa thupi lake kumafika masentimita 36, ndipo kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi magalamu 150. Mitundu ya abambo okhala ndi nthenga imasiyana ndi azimayi okhala ndi mapiko. Amuna ali ndi chipewa chakuda chokhala ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira pamutu pawo. Khofi wawo ali ndi utoto woyera poteropo, nsonga zoyera zilipo nthenga m'munsimu, ndipo zili pansi. Mlomo wa wamwamuna ndi wachikasu. Akazi ali ndi diresi losiyanasiyana la bulauni, pomwe mawanga amtundu wa ocher amawoneka. Mbalamezi zimakhala ku Eurasia, Australia ndi ku Africa yotentha, zimapezekanso m'dziko lathu.
Pamwamba pa Amur palinso mitundu ya bittern. Ili ndi nthenga yaying'ono, kutalika kwa thupi lake sikudutsa masentimita 39. Mlomo ndi miyendo yakumtunda ndizopakidwa zachikaso. Mtundu wa nthenga uli ndi mawu ofiira ofiira, pomwe mabala amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe amdima wakuda amawonekera. Anthu okhala ndi nthengawa amakhala, makamaka, malo a ku Asia.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi pang'ono imawoneka bwanji
Tiyeni tifotokozere mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe akunja pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha bittern yayikulu. Monga tanenera kale, mawonekedwe a bittern yayikulu ndiyabwino kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndi chachikulu, chifukwa mwa mitundu ina yonse, ili ndi kukula kwakukulu kwambiri. Akazi ndi ocheperako kuposa azimuna awo, omwe unyinji wawo umakhala pakati pa kilogalamu imodzi mpaka ziwiri, ndipo amuna amakula mpaka masentimita 65 - 70. Kutalika kwa mapiko amphongo ndi pafupifupi masentimita 34, ndipo akazi - masentimita 31. Kukula kwa mapiko a amuna kumasiyana osiyanasiyana kuchokera 120 mpaka 130 cm.
Ngati tidziwa mtundu wa mbalame, ndiye kumtunda kwake nthenga zimakhala ndi utoto wakuda wakuthwa chachikaso, mtundu womwe uli pamutu ndi wofanana. Mimba ya bittern ndi ocher wachikuda; imakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa bulauni. Toni yachikasu yofiirira yokhala ndi zokongoletsera zakuda zosiyana zimawonekera mchira. Mchira wa mbalameyo ndi wamfupi komanso wozungulira kumapeto. Sikuti pachabe phula lili ndi utoto wotere, limalola mbalameyo kuti izidzibisa yokha, chifukwa chake nthenga yomwe ili ndi nthenga sizovuta kuzizindikira m'mitengo ya bango ndi bango, yomwe, nthawi zambiri, imamera m'malo achithaphwi.
Mtundu wa mlomo wa bittern yayikulu ndi wachikaso chonyezimira, wokhala ndi timadontho toderako tomwe timawonekera bwino. Mlomo womwewo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri ndipo umakhala ndi notches zazing'ono. Maso a mbalame amakhalanso achikaso kapena owoneka pang'ono bulauni. Miyendo ya bittern imakhala yojambulidwa ndi imvi, pomwe kamvekedwe kabiriwira kamawonekera. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira poyerekeza ndi mbalame zokhwima. Mbalame ya bitternyo ikauluka, kufanana kwake ndi kadzidzi kumaonekera.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mbalame ya mbalame imawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone kumene nyama iyi imapezeka.
Kodi bittern amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bittern pothawa
Malo ogawira a bittern lalikulu ndi ochulukirapo, mbalameyi ili m'malo awa:
- Mayiko akum'mawa kwa Europe;
- Portugal;
- Iran;
- Kumwera kwa Palestina;
- Afghanistan;
- Sakhalin;
- Japan;
- Caucasus;
- Transbaikalia;
- Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia;
- Nyanja ya Mediterranean;
- India;
- Kumpoto ndi South Africa.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti bittern ilibe mgwirizano wokhazikika ndipo siyosiyana manambala. Kumene kuli nyengo yofatsa, bittern imangokhala, ndipo m'malo ovuta kwambiri komanso ozizira kwambiri imawulukira nthawi yozizira kumadera ofunda, kupita ku Africa, kumpoto kwa India, Burma, Arabia ndi kumwera kwa China.
Kuchokera pa dzina la mbalameyi, zikuwonekeratu kuti American bittern idasankhidwa ndi United States, komanso idalembetsedwa ku Canada. Pakakhala chosowa (nyengo yozizira), mbalameyi imasamuka, ndikuyandikira ku Central America ndi ku Caribbean. Pamwamba pa Amur amakonda malo otseguka aku Asia.
Amakhala pang'ono pang'ono kumadzulo kwa dziko lathu, adasankha madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi:
- Africa;
- Australia;
- Eurasia.
Ponena za malo okhala nkhono, malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi madambo, madambo owoneka bwino, maiwe okhala ndi alder ndi msondodzi. Mbalameyi imakonda malo omwe pano kulibiretu, kapena ofooka kwambiri. Amatha kukonzekeretsa malo ake pazisumbu zazing'ono zamitsinje yaulesi. Amakonda bango lamatabwa ndi mabango, momwe amalumikizana ndi utoto wake wobisika.
Kodi bitterner imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Bittern
Mu chakudya, bittern ndi wodzichepetsa, zakudya zake zimakhala zosiyana.
Koposa zonse mu mbalame menyu pali nsomba, iye samanyansidwa ndi chotukuka:
- pike yaying'ono;
- carp;
- nsomba;
- ziphuphu;
- Eels.
Amakonda kumwa kuti azidya achule, amadya anapiye, makoswe ang'onoang'ono amadzi, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, nyongolotsi, ntchentche, mitundu yonse ya tizilombo ta m'madzi ndi mphutsi zawo. Mwambiri, cholengedwa chilichonse chokhala m'madambo ndi choyenera kulawa ndi chakudya chochepa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'nthawi yovuta, zinthu zikakhala zothinana ndi chakudya, nthiti imalanda, kuwononga malo okhala anthu ena a mbalame zam'madzi, komwe imaba mazira ndikudya anapiye. Mbalameyi imanyamula ana ake ongobadwa kumene ndi nkhanu.
Mbalamezi zimasaka madzulo. Pakadali pano, amawoneka wachisoni komanso wopandaubwenzi, amatsokomola nthawi zonse, koma pakusaka akuwonetsa kulimba, chidwi, kuthekera kwamphamvu komanso kuwongola. Mbalamezi zimatenga masitepe angapo, kenako zimaundana m'malo mwake, ndikuyang'ana nyama yomwe ingagwire, kenako imapanga chingwe chofulumira, imagwira osauka ndi mulomo wake, womwe umakhala wolimba kotero kuti umagwira mosavuta eel yoterera kwambiri. Ngakhale, atalowa mkwiyo wosaka, bitternut saiwala za zoopsa, kotero amakhala tcheru nthawi zonse, kuwonetsa chidwi ndi kusamala.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Pang'ono kuchokera ku Red Book
Bittern ndi ya mbalame zosamuka; imabwerera kudera la dziko lathu kuchokera kumadera ofunda kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka Meyi, zonsezi zimadalira nyengo yakomweko komwe mbalameyi imalembetsa. Ndipo zamapiko zimasamukira kumwera kale mu Seputembala. Bittern amakhala wosungulumwa, chifukwa chake amawulukira m'nyengo yozizira ali yekhayekha, osagwirizana. M'mayiko ena ku Europe, kuli mbalame zomwe zimangokhala pansi zomwe zimatha kufa m'nyengo yozizira ngati malo omwe amakhala amakhala ndi ayezi.
Monga tanenera kale, bittern imagwira ntchito nthawi yamadzulo, ndipo masana nthawi zambiri imakhala yozizira m'mabango kapena bango. Imangoima chilili chilili, mbalame ija imabweza mutu wake, ikuseka mwachidwi ndi kuponda mwendo umodzi womwe sunadalirepo. Bittern ndi luso lodzibisa, ndizovuta kuziwona pansi, zimawoneka ngati zimayambira. Mbalame yam nthenga ikaona kuti ili pachiwopsezo, imayamba kutambasula, mutu wake utanyamuka kuti chithunzi chonse chiyambe kufanana ndi bango.
Pali nthano zoyipa zakufuula kwa bittern, zimamveka kuchokera pamtunda wamakilomita angapo, zimamveka makamaka munthawi yaukwati. Chifukwa cha kulira kwa mbalame, bittern idatchedwa "boogey", ndipo mbalameyi imatchedwanso "booze". Phokoso likhoza kufananizidwa ndi phokoso la mphepo yomwe imawomba mapaipi kapena kubangula kwa ng'ombe. Mbalameyi imamveka choncho ndi kutupa kwake, komwe kumamveka koyambirira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mu ntchito yotchuka ya K. Doyle yonena za galu wa a Baskervilles, kufuula koopsa kwamadzulo komwe kumawopseza ngwazi zolembedwa kunali kwa kuwawa kwa dambo.
Njira yosungunulira molumikiza kumachitika kamodzi pachaka, ndipo imayamba kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka koyambirira kwa Januware. Mbalame zimapanga awiriawiri m'nyengo yachilimwe, kenako zimakhala ndi anapiye, ndipo nthawi zina zonse zimakonda kusungulumwa kwathunthu. Bittern angatchulidwe kuti ndi wosavomerezeka yemwe sakonda kukhala pagulu, zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala moyo wosakhazikika, wobisalira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwana wankhuku
The bittern amakhala wokhwima pogonana atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi. Amuna ndi akazi amakonda banja lokhalokha, kutali ndi achibale awo omwe ali ndi nthenga. Tanena kale momwe mikoko yamitengo ya anzawo imagwirira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi phokoso lawo. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti amuna amafunafuna osankhidwa awo kwanthawi yayitali, akuyenda m'madambo ndi madambo. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mikangano ndi ndewu pakati pa abambo.
Akapanga awiri, azimayi amayamba kukonzekereratu malo okhala, omwe amapezeka m'mabedi amiyendo ndi mabampu. Pakatikati kakang'ono, chisa chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, chimafikira theka la mita, ndipo mbali zake ndizoposa masentimita 25. Kumbali imodzi, khoma la chisa limapindika pang'ono ndikuponderezedwa, chifukwa imagwira ntchito ngati malo ogulitsira mbalame. Pamene anapiyewo akula, chisa pang’onopang’ono chimayamba kumira m’madzi, koma makolo achikondi ndiwo amamanga.
Mazira samayikidwa nthawi imodzi, koma pang'onopang'ono, pakadutsa masiku angapo, kotero ana amabadwa munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Kawirikawiri mu clutch ya bittern, pamakhala mazira asanu ndi limodzi (mwina kuchokera pa zidutswa zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu), zomwe mkazi amayenera kusanganiza, ndipo bambo wamtsogolo amakhala pafupi, amateteza ndikuthandiza wosankhidwa wake akafuna kuti asinthidwe. Chigoba cha mazira chimakhala ndi utoto wofiirira.
Nthawi yosakaniza imatha pafupifupi milungu inayi. Monga tanenera kale, anapiye amaswa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mwana womaliza kubadwa, nthawi zambiri amamwalira. Ana a mapiko amakhala okutidwa ndi kufinya kofiyira, ndipo utoto wobiriwira ukuwonekera bwino pamiyendo, kumutu ndi pakamwa. Ali ndi zaka zitatu zamasabata, makanda akuyesera kutuluka pachisa kuti akafufuze malo oyandikana nawo. Makolo samasiya kudyetsa ana mpaka mwezi ndi theka. Pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, anapiye amayamba kuwuluka mosadalirika.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anapiye owawa pafupifupi kubadwa kwawo amayamba kutulutsa mitu yachilendo komanso yachilendo, yofanana ndi kugundana kwamadzi.
M'nyengo yachilimwe, ma bitters amapanga imodzi yokha, ndipo banjali likakwaniritsa udindo wawo monga kholo, ndipo ana atakula, mgwirizano wa mbalame zokhwima umatha, chifukwa chaka chamawa akuzifunira zawo zatsopano. Nthawi yomwe moyo umayesedwa ndi kuwawa ndi yayitali kwambiri, mbalame zimatha kukhala zaka pafupifupi 15, mu izi zimathandizidwa ndi chenjezo lawo ndi luso losayerekezeka lobisalira.
Adani achilengedwe achilengedwe
Chithunzi: Imwani m'nyengo yozizira
Bittern amakhala m'malo ovuta kufikako komwe zolusa zimawavuta kufikako. Komabe, ali ndi adani, omwe amaphatikizapo mbalame zolusa monga kadzidzi, kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga, ndi chotchinga. Osowa nzeruwa, choyambirira, amayesetsa kuukira nyama zazing'ono komanso anapiye ang'onoang'ono. Mayi wokhwima mtima ali ndi kulimba mtima, chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha ana ake, amakhala wokonzeka kuchita chilichonse, amateteza chisa chake mwakhama, osawopa ngakhale nyama zolusa zazikulu komanso zokwiya.
Osapeputsa chobisalira chomwe chapulumutsa miyoyo yambiri yamapiko. Mbalameyi ikaona kuti kuli ngozi, imatambasula khosi lake, ndikukweza mutu wake, ndipo umakhala wosaonekera kwambiri komanso wofanana ndi bango. Mbalamezi imathamangira mpaka kumenya mizere ya bango. Ngati winawake adapeza ndikumenya nthengayo, ndiye kuti ili ndi njira zake zodzitetezera. Mbalame yam'mimbayo imamangirira chakudya chomwe chidadyedwa kupita kwa adani, kenako ndikuwuluka mofulumira.
Mdani wobisalira kwambiri komanso wosagonjetseka wa mbalame ndi munthu amene amalowa m'malo okhala mbalame, amatulutsa mathithi, amawatengera zosowa zake, chifukwa dothi lili lachonde kwambiri, potero limachotsa mkwiyo m'malo omwe anthu amakhala, omwe amakhudza anthu ake ochepa kale. Kwa zaka mazana angapo motsatira, anthu adasaka mbalame yomwe ikuyenda, kudya nyama yake, zomwe zidadzetsanso kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa ma bitterns.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi pang'ono imawoneka bwanji
Ngakhale kuti mbalamezi zimakhala zochuluka kwambiri, mbalamezi sizingatchulidwe kuti ndi zochuluka. Komwe kanyama kameneka kamakonda kukhala, kamapezeka m'mitundu imodzi kapena awiriawiri, mbalame sizipanga masango akuluakulu. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti pali mbalame 10 mpaka 12 zikwi zikwi za mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku Europe, ku UK kwangotsala 20 zokha. M'dera lathu, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana a mbalamezi, pali mitundu 10 mpaka 30,000. Ku Turkey, bittern amadziwika kuti ndi wosowa, pali mitundu 400 mpaka 500 ya mbalamezi.
Chiwerengero cha ma bitterns chikuchepa pafupifupi kulikonse, m'malo ena mbalamezi zimakhalabe zazing'ono kwambiri, ma bitterns akulu nawonso amapezeka kwambiri m'maiko osiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake amatetezedwa mwapadera. Izi ndichifukwa cha zomwe anthu amalingalira molakwika, zomwe zidadzetsa vuto lotere kuchuluka kwa mbalame. Choyambirira, kuwuma kwa madambo ndi matupi ena amadzi, kuipitsa kwawo kudapangitsa kufa kwa mbalame zambiri.
Mbalame zambiri zomwe zimangokhala kumadera aku Europe zidamwalira munthawi yozizira, pomwe madzi anali atazizira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, owawa akuchepa kwambiri ndipo kuchepa kumeneku kukupitilizabe mpaka pano, mbalameyi ikuwopsezedwa kuti ithe, zomwe sizingadandaule mabungwe osamalira.
Mlonda Wowawa
Chithunzi: Pang'ono kuchokera ku Red Book
Kuchokera pamwambapa, zikuwonekeratu kuti phula limafunikira njira zapadera zotetezera, chifukwa kuchuluka kwake kumadera ena ndikochepa kwambiri. Ku UK, mbalameyi yatetezedwa kwazaka zopitilira 40. M'madera a Belarus, bittern idalembedwa mu Red Book. Ponena za dziko lathu, mbalameyi yatchulidwa mu Red Book of Moscow kuyambira 2001, ndipo m'chigawo cha Moscow yatetezedwa kuyambira 1978. The bittern ili m'mndandanda wofiira wa Komi Republic, Bashkortostan, dera la Kirov.
Pafupifupi kulikonse, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri ndi monga:
- kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe zamadzi;
- kuchepa kwa nsomba;
- ngalande zamatope ndi madera ena amadzi;
- kusaka mbalame;
- kutentha masika kwa bango louma;
- kusungidwa kwa misampha kuti agwire muskrat.
Zonsezi zimachepetsa kwambiri kukula kwa anthu owawa; chifukwa chake, njira zotsatirazi ndizofunikira ndikuzitenga:
- kuphatikiza malo obisaliramo mbalame pamndandanda wamalo otetezedwa;
- kuletsa kutentha kwa zomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'madzi;
- kuchuluka kwa chindapusa cha mabango oyaka;
- kuletsa kusaka;
- Kukhazikitsa njira zotsatsira ndikukhazikitsa maphunziro azachilengedwe pakati pa anthu;
- kuyang'anira mosalekeza malo okhala ndi zisa;
- kuletsa kusodza m'malo omwe nkhono zimakhazikika.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera izi pang'ono m'mawonekedwe komanso osadziwikiratu, wowonekera pang'ono, wosagawanika, amakhala ngati kuthamangitsidwa, koma ndiwoyambirira, wosangalatsa komanso wosazolowereka. Kuganizira pang'ono pang'ono ndikosowa komanso mwayi, koma kumva kukuwa kwake koopsa komanso kowopsa ndizotheka. Ndipo mulole nthano zachinsinsi, zowopsya zipange za iwo, wamwamuna sasamala za izi, amangofuna kukopa ndikukopa mnzake wokhala ndi nthenga.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.08.2019 chaka
Tsiku losintha: 07/05/2020 nthawi ya 11:10
