Nkhunda

Nkhunda akhala kwathu oyandikana nawo, okhala ndi nthenga, omwe amapezeka kulikonse, ngakhale kumadera akumizinda yayikulu. Nkhunda yomwe imatha kuyendera ikangoyenda pakhonde kapena kukhala pawindo. Kulira kwa njiwa kumadziwika pafupifupi pafupifupi aliyense, koma si aliyense amene amadziwa za zizolowezi ndi mawonekedwe avian. Tiyeni tiyesetse kumvetsetsa nkhanizi, panthawi imodzimodzi ndikuphunzira malo okhala nkhunda, zomwe amakonda kudya, kuswana kwawo komanso zina zamoyo.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Nkhunda

Nkhunda yamwala imatchedwanso cisar, iyi yamphapayi ndi ya banja la njiwa komanso dongosolo la nkhunda. Zofukula m'mabwinja zawonetsa kuti, kuweruza zotsalira zakale, mitundu ya nkhunda idapangidwa pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni makumi anayi kapena makumi asanu zapitazo, kunali kutha kwa Eocene kapena kuyamba kwa Oligocene. Dziko lakwawo limadziwika kuti ndi North Africa, South Europe ndi Southwest Asia. Ngakhale kalekale, anthu akhala akuweta mbalamezi.

Kanema: Nkhunda ya buluu

Kusamukira kumalo ena okhalamo, munthu adanyamula ndi katundu wake yense yemwe adatenga, amatenga nkhunda, popeza mbalame zimakhazikika padziko lonse lapansi ndipo zimadziwika ndi anthu akumidzi komanso anthu akumatauni. Pali nthano zambiri ndi miyambo yokhudzana ndi nkhunda; zimawerengedwa kuti zimabweretsa mtendere, zomwe zimaimira chiyero chauzimu.

Chosangalatsa: Babulo adawonedwa ngati mzinda wa nkhunda. Pali nthano yonena za zomwe Mfumukazi Semiramis, kuti akwere kumwamba, adasanduka nkhunda.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya njiwa:

• synanthropic, yomwe yakhala ikuwongoleredwa kale, mbalamezi zimakhala limodzi ndi anthu. Popanda mbalamezi, simungaganizire misewu yamizinda, malo okhala anthu ambiri, mabwalo, mapaki ndi mabwalo wamba;
• zakutchire, nkhunda izi zimasiyana, osadalira zochita za anthu. Mbalame zimakonda mitsinje ya miyala, madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi zitsamba.

Kunja, mitundu iyi ya nkhunda siyosiyana, koma zizolowezi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe awo. Si zachilendo kwa nkhunda zakutchire kukhala panthambi zamitengo, ndi mbalame zokhazokha zomwe zimatha kuchita izi, nkhunda zakutchire molimba mtima zimaponda pamalo amiyala ndi nthaka. Zisisi zakutchire ndizopupuluma kuposa zamatawuni, zimatha kufikira liwiro la makilomita 180 pa ola limodzi, zomwe ndizoposa mphamvu za mbalame zoyandikira anthu. Nkhunda zomwe zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana ngakhale makontinenti sizimasiyana konse, zimawoneka chimodzimodzi, ngakhale ku Africa yotentha, ngakhale mdziko lathu. Kenako, tifotokoza mawonekedwe awo akunja.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Kodi njiwa imvi imawoneka bwanji

Thupi la nkhunda limakhala lalikulu kwambiri komanso lalitali pang'ono, kutalika kwake kumasiyana masentimita 37 mpaka 40. Limawoneka lochepa kwambiri, koma mafuta osanjikiza ake amakhala ochepa.

Chosangalatsa: Unyinji wa mbalame za mtundu wa nkhunda zakutchire zimakhala pakati pa 240 mpaka 400 magalamu, zitsanzo zamatawuni nthawi zambiri zimavutika ndi kunenepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake zimakhala zolemera kwambiri.

Mutu wa nkhunda ndi wawung'ono, mlomowo ndi wautali masentimita 2.5, ndi wokutira pang'ono kumapeto komanso wosalongosoka. Mtundu wa milomo nthawi zambiri umakhala wakuda, koma pansi pake pamakhala sera loyera. Mbalame zam'mlengalenga zomwe zili pansi pa nthenga sizimawoneka, koma zimagwira zoyera kotero kuti khutu la munthu silimazindikira. Khosi la mbalame silitali ndi chosiyanitsa chodziwika (pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa nthenga) chotupa. Ndi m'dera lino momwe nthenga zimanyezimira ndimayendedwe ofiira, osandulika kukhala mawonekedwe owala a vinyo.

Mchira wa njiwa wazunguliridwa kumapeto, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 13 kapena 14, malire akuda amawonekera m'mapikowo. Mapiko a mbalame ndi aatali kwambiri, amatha kutalika kuchokera pa 65 mpaka 72 cm, m'munsi mwake mulifupi, ndipo malekezero ake ndi akuthwa. Nthenga zouluka zili ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kwambiri. Mukayang'ana mapikowo, mutha kumva mphamvu ya nkhunda, mbalame zimatha kuuluka pamtunda wa makilomita 70 pa ola limodzi, ndipo nkhunda zakutchire nthawi zambiri zimakhala mphezi mwachangu, zimatha kuthamanga mpaka 170.

Chosangalatsa: Mtunda wapakati womwe cisar imatha kuyenda tsiku lililonse ndi wopitilira makilomita 800.

Maso a mbalame ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya irises, atha kukhala:

• golide (wamba);
• chofiyira;
• lalanje.

Masomphenya a nkhunda ndiabwino kwambiri, azithunzi zitatu, mitundu yonse ya mbalame imasiyanitsidwa mosamala, imagwira kuwala kwa ultraviolet. Kusuntha kwa nkhunda poyenda kumawoneka ngati kwachilendo, chifukwa cisara woyenda pansi amayenera kuyang'ana masomphenya ake nthawi zonse. Miyendo ya mbalame ndi yaifupi, mitundu yawo imatha kuperekedwa mosiyanasiyana kuyambira pinki mpaka wakuda, mu mbalame zina zimakhala ndi nthenga. Mtundu wa nkhunda ndiwofunika kuyankhulapo padera. Mtundu wake wodziwika bwino kwambiri ndi wamtambo wabuluu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nkhunda zakutchire ndizopepuka pang'ono kuposa anzawo. M'malire amzindawu, titha kuwona mbalame zamitundumitundu, zomwe zimasiyana ndi mtundu wamba.

Ponena za utoto, njiwa ndi izi:

• matalala oyera (monochromatic ndi mawanga amitundu ina);
• ofiira ofiira pang'ono ndi nthenga zoyera;
• bulauni wakuda (mtundu wa khofi);
• mdima;
• wakuda kwathunthu.

Chosangalatsa: Pakati pa nkhunda zakumatauni, pali zoposa kotala zana limodzi lamitundu yonse.

M'dera la khosi, mutu ndi chifuwa, utoto umasiyana ndi maziko akulu a nthenga. Apa imawala ndimayendedwe achikaso, obiriwira komanso obiriwira-violet okhala ndi chitsulo chonyezimira. Kudera lamatenda, utoto umatha kukhala vinyo. Mwa mkazi, kumenyetsa pabere sikuwonekera kwambiri ngati amuna. Kupanda kutero, ali ofanana, njonda yamphongo yokhayo ndiyokulirapo kuposa mayiyo. Achinyamata amawoneka osaziririka, kudikirira molt woyamba.

Kodi nkhunda imakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Nkhunda ya buluu ku Russia

Sisari adagonjetsa makontinenti onse, sapezeka ku Antarctica kokha. Ambiri mbalamezi zakhazikika m'madera awiri: ku Eurasia, komwe kumakhala madera ake apakati ndi akumwera, komanso ku Africa yotentha. Ponena za Eurasia, apa nkhunda zasankha mapiri a Altai, kum'mawa kwa India, mapiri a Tien Shan, madera kuyambira Yenisei basin mpaka Nyanja ya Atlantic. Komanso, nkhunda zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nzika zokhazikika ku Crimea Peninsula ndi Caucasus. Kumadera akutali kwa Africa, nkhunda zinakhazikika m'mbali mwa nyanja ku Darfur ndi Gulf of Aden, ndikukhala m'malo ena a Senegal. Anthu ochepa a nkhunda amakhala ku Sri Lanka, Great Britain, zilumba za Canary, Mediterranean ndi zilumba za Faroe.

Ma cisars achilengedwe onga mapiri, amatha kuwonekera kumtunda kwa 2.5 mpaka 3 km. Amakhalanso kutali ndi zigwa zaudzu, komwe kuli madzi amadzi oyandikira pafupi. Nkhunda izi zimamanga zisa zawo m'ming'alu yamiyala, zigwa ndi m'malo ena obisika kutali ndi anthu. Nkhunda zimakhala kutali ndi nkhalango zowirira. Malo omwe mpumulowu ndi wosasangalatsa komanso wotseguka kwambiri nawonso siabwino kwa iwo, chifukwa mbalame zimafunikira miyala kapena miyala.

Nkhunda yotchedwa synanthropic pigeon imakopeka ndi madera omwe kuli nyumba zambiri zazitali; amakhalanso m'malo amalo osiyanasiyana ogulitsa mafakitale, omwe atha kukhala kutali ndi mizinda. M'madera akumidzi, mbalamezi zimatha kukhala paliponse: m'minda yayikulu ndi malo opaka, padenga, m'malo okhala anthu ambiri, m'nyumba zowonongedwa kapena zosamalizidwa. M'madera akumidzi, gulu la nkhunda limatha kuwonedwa pakadali pano, pomwe amasunga ndi kusinja tirigu, koma nkhunda sizimapezeka kwenikweni m'midzi. Sisari wam'mizinda amakhala komwe kumakhala kosavuta komanso kotetezeka kuti apange zisa zawo, ndipo nthawi yozizira, yovuta, nthawi yachisanu amakhala pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala mozungulira malo otayira zinyalala.

Chosangalatsa: M'mayiko ena, nkhunda zinkayambitsidwa mwanzeru. Izi zidachitika ku Nova Scotia, komwe aku France adabweretsa mbalame zingapo nazo mu 1606.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mbalameyi imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nkhunda imadya?

Kodi nkhunda imadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Nkhunda ya mbalame

Nkhunda zamatanthwe amatchedwa omnivorous komanso osadzichepetsa pakusankha chakudya.

Zakudya zawo za nkhuku zomwe zimakonda zimakhala:

• mbewu zonse;
• mbewu zamaluwa;
• zipatso;
• maapulo achilengedwe;
• zipatso zina zowuma;
• nyongolotsi;
• nkhono;
• tizilombo tosiyanasiyana.

Kumene chakudya chimakhala chochuluka, nkhunda zimadyetsa pagulu la mbalame khumi mpaka zana. Nkhumba zambiri zimawonedwa m'munda nthawi yokolola, pomwe mbalame zamapiko zimatola mbewu ndi udzu kuchokera pansi.

Chosangalatsa: Nkhunda ndizolemera kwambiri, ndipo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena ake, omwe salola kuti mbalame zizidula mbewu m'makutu, chifukwa chake mbalame sizikhala pachiwopsezo kumunda wolimidwa, m'malo mwake, zimabzala mbewu zambiri za namsongole.

Sisari ndiwolimba kwambiri, amatha kudya pafupifupi magalamu makumi anayi a mbewu nthawi imodzi, ngakhale kuti kudya kwawo tsiku ndi tsiku kuli kofanana ndi magalamu makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Izi zimachitika pakakhala chakudya chochuluka ndipo njiwa ikufulumira kudya kuti adzagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo. Nthawi yakumva njala, mbalame zimawonetsa ukadaulo ndikukhala achangu kwambiri, chifukwa zomwe sizingachitike kuti zipulumuke. Mbalame zimayamba kudya chakudya chachilendo kwa iwo: utawaleza wopota, zipatso zouma. Sisari ameza miyala yaying'ono, zipolopolo ndi mchenga kuti apange chimbudzi. Nkhunda sizingatchulidwe kuti ndizopusa komanso zosankha, munthawi zovuta sizinyansitsa zovunda, zotayira zinyalala mumzinda ndi zitini zonyansa, zitosi za agalu.

Chosangalatsa: Nkhunda zimakhala ndi masamba 37; mwa anthu, muli 10,000.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Nkhunda ya buluu ikuthawa

Sisarei amatha kutchedwa mbalame zokhazikika, zogwira ntchito masana. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zimauluka m'malo osiyanasiyana mpaka dzuwa kulowa. Koma m'mizinda, ntchito yawo imatha kupitilirabe dzuwa litalowa, kukadali mdima wandiweyani. Nkhunda zimapuma usiku, koma asanagone amayesa kumwa madzi. Akazi amagona mu chisa, ndipo amuna ali kwinakwake pafupi, chifukwa amateteza nkhunda zawo ndi ana awo. Atapunthwa ndikubisa mitu yawo pansi pa phiko, njiwa zimagwera mumaloto, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, koma zimakhalapo mpaka mbandakucha.

Sisari amakonda kuyenda pamwamba padziko lapansi, ndipo maulendo awo amangowerengera pafupifupi masenti atatu pa nthawi yamasana. Mbalame zakutchire zimagwira ntchito kwambiri, zimayenda mtunda wa makilomita 50 kuchokera pamalo obisalapo kuti zipeze chakudya, nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika nthawi yachisanu, zinthu zikakhala zolimba ndi chakudya. Mwambiri, moyo ndi wovuta kwambiri kwa oteteza nthenga, chifukwa sangathe kubisala m'matumba ofunda, samadyetsedwa ndi anthu.

Nkhunda zakhala anzawo osasinthika kwanthawi yayitali, nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kulingalira misewu yamizinda yopanda anthu okhala ndi nthenga zodziwika bwino. Nkhunda ndi anthu zimalumikizana m'magawo osiyanasiyana, omwe atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuweruza mayendedwe a avian, zizolowezi ndi luso lawo. Mawonekedwe abwino mumlengalenga omwe amapangidwa kale ndi akatswiri odalirika ochokera ku nkhunda. Nkhunda ndi yochenjera ndipo imatha kukumbukira bwino zinthu. atayenda makilomita zikwizikwi, nthawi zonse amadziwa njira yobwerera kwawo.

Nkhunda zimaphunzitsidwa, tonse tawona mbalamezi zikuchita bwalo lamasewera. Koma kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pakusaka, ndi ochepa okha omwe amadziwa. Mbalamezi zinaphunzitsidwa kufuula mokweza pamene chovala chachikasu chinapezeka ndikungoyenderera pamwamba pomwe anasowa. Sisari akuneneratu masoka achilengedwe, chifukwa amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusintha kwakanthawi kwamlengalenga komanso phokoso lochepa kwambiri lomwe anthu sangathe kulimva.

Chosangalatsa: Oyang'anira mbalame amakhulupirira kuti kuyang'ana kwa nkhunda mumlengalenga kumayenderana ndi dzuwa komanso maginito. Zatsimikiziridwa mwoyeserera kuti mkati mwa malire amzindawu, mbalame zimatsogozedwa ndi nyumba zomangidwa ndi anthu.

Pafupifupi aliyense wamva nkhunda zikulira, mawu ake amafanana ndi kukhosomola kwapakhosi. Mothandizidwa ndi izi, abwana amakopa anzawo ndipo amatha kuthamangitsa osafuna. Nthawi zambiri, kulira kumachitika mwa amuna. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, ndi chosiyana kotheratu ndipo chimagawidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, asayansi apeza mitundu isanu ya kulira kwa njiwa.

Chifukwa chake, kulira kwa mbalame kumachitika:

• okonda;
• Kulembetsa;
• choletsa;
• kukaikira mazira;
• chakudya (chofalitsidwa pakudya).

Kuwonjezera pa kulira kwa mawu, nkhunda zimalankhulana kwinaku zikugwetsa mapiko awo.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: A nkhunda ziwiri

Sizachabe kuti okonda nthawi zambiri amatchedwa nkhunda, chifukwa mbalamezi zimapanga banja kwa moyo wonse, kukhalabe okhulupirika komanso okondana wina ndi mnzake. Nkhunda zimakhwima pofika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Nkhunda zomwe zimakhala kumadera otentha zimaberekana chaka chonse, komanso mbalame zakumpoto kokha m'nyengo yotentha. Wokwerayo amasamalira nkhunda yomwe amakonda, kuyesera kuti amusangalatse. Pachifukwa ichi, abambo amphongo oitanira ena, amatulutsa mchira wawo, amapanga mayendedwe, amayesa kukumbatira mkaziyo ndi mapiko ake, amatulutsa nthenga m'khosi mwake.

Kusankha kumangokhalabe ndi mnzake, ngati amakonda njondayo, banja lawo lidzakhala moyo wonse wa mbalame, womwe umatha zaka zitatu mpaka zisanu mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, ngakhale ali mu ukapolo njiwa imatha kukhala ndi zaka 15. Banjali litapangidwa, limayamba kudzipangira chisa , yamphongo imabweretsa zida zomangira (nthambi, fluff, nthambi), ndipo mayi woyembekezera amamanga chisa momasuka nawo. Wotsutsana akawonekera, ndewu pakati pa amuna zimachitika pafupipafupi.

Oviposition imayamba patatha milungu iwiri mutakwatirana. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala awiri okha, mazira amakhala ochepa, oyera kwathunthu kapena abuluu pang'ono. Katatu dzira limaikidwa patatha masiku angapo kuchokera pa loyamba. Njira yolumikizira imatenga masiku 16 mpaka 19. Makolo amaswa ana, m'malo mwake. Nthawi zambiri, yamphongo imakhala mchisa masana, ndipo mayi woyembekezera amakhala m'mazira usiku wonse. Ana samaswa nthawi yomweyo, kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe a anapiye kumatha masiku awiri.

Pomwepo pakubadwa, mutha kumva kulira kwa nkhunda zomwe zilibe nthenga ndipo zimafunikira kutentha. Mpaka masiku 25, makolo amachiza ana ndi mkaka wopangidwa ndi zokwawa za mbalame. Mwezi ukafika, nkhunda zimalawa njere zonyowa m'milomo yawo, zomwe zimachotsa kukhosi kwa amayi kapena abambo awo ndi milomo yawo. Ali ndi zaka 45, anawo amakhala olimba ndikuphimbidwa ndi nthenga, chifukwa chake amasiya kale malo awo okhala, ndikukhala ndi moyo wachikulire komanso wodziyimira pawokha.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pa nyengo imodzi, nkhunda imodzi imatha kuberekana kuchokera ku ana anayi mpaka asanu ndi atatu, koma si anapiye onse omwe amapulumuka.

Adani achilengedwe a nkhunda yabuluu

Chithunzi: Kodi njiwa imvi imawoneka bwanji

Nkhunda zimakhala ndi adani okwanira machilengedwe. Zowononga nthenga zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri kwa iwo. Osadandaula kuyesa nyama za nkhunda. Ndiowopsa kwambiri nthawi yakunyamula njiwa. Zakudya zakuda ndi zinziri zimakondwera kudya njiwa, m'modzi yekha mwa mabanja awo amatha kudya nkhunda zisanu patsiku.

Hawks amawopseza, choyambirira, a saezars okhwima, ndi abale awo a synanthropic amawopa kwambiri nkhandwe za peregrine, amapita makamaka kumatauni kuti alawe nkhunda kapena kudyetsa anapiye ake. Kuchuluka kwa nkhunda kumakhudzidwanso ndi akhwangwala, onse akuda ndi otuwa, omwe, makamaka, amalimbana ndi anapiye kapena mbalame zofooka zakukalamba. Amphaka wamba omwe amakonda kuwasaka amakhalanso owopsa kwa nkhunda.

Zisa za njiwa nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka:

• nkhandwe;
• ferrets;
• njoka;
• alireza.

Miliri yayikulu imawononganso mapiko ambiri, chifukwa njiwa zimakhala zodzaza, chifukwa chake matendawa amafalikira ndi liwiro la mphezi. Adani a nkhunda amathanso kukhala ndi munthu yemwe angathe kupha njiwa mwadala, pomwe pali ochuluka kwambiri m'dera lomwe amakhala, chifukwa amawona kuti ali ndi matenda owopsa ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi zitosi za njiwa.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Nkhunda ya mbalame

Malo ogawa nkhunda ndi ochuluka kwambiri, mbalamezi ndizofala m'malo ambiri. Anthu amawazolowera kotero kuti samvera chilichonse, ndipo kulira kwawo ndizodziwika bwino kwa aliyense. Kuchuluka kwa nkhunda sikumayambitsa nkhawa iliyonse pakati pa mabungwe osamalira zachilengedwe, ngakhale zadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa ma saezar akuchepa. Nthawi zambiri amaphatikizana ndi amatawuni.

Ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira kuti kuchuluka kwa nkhunda sikuli pachiwopsezo, sikudzafa konse, koma, pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu, ikupitilizabe kuberekana ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwake. M'madera ena, pali vuto loti pali nkhunda zambiri, motero anthu amayenera kuzichotsa ndi poizoni wa miliri. Izi ndichifukwa choti zitosi zambiri za nkhunda zimaphwanya mawonekedwe amizinda, kuwononga nyumba ndi zina, komanso kuwononga zokutira zamagalimoto. Nkhunda zimatha kupatsira anthu matenda monga chimfine cha mbalame, torulosis, psittacosis, motero ambiri ndi owopsa kwa anthu.

Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti nkhunda zamiyala sizomwe zili pachiwopsezo, ziweto zawo ndizazikulu kwambiri, nthawi zina zimakhala zochulukirapo. Sizaris sanatchulidwe pamndandanda uliwonse wofiira, samakumana ndi zoopseza kukhalapo kwawo, chifukwa chake, safuna njira zina zotetezera, zomwe sizingasangalatse.

Kuphatikiza, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera kuti nkhunda wokongola kwambiri, wolemekezeka komanso wachisomo, nthenga zake zokongola ndizokongola komanso zimalodza, sizopanda pake kuti m'masiku akale anali kulemekezedwa komanso kukhala mwamtendere, chikondi ndi kudzipereka kopanda malire. Sesar ili pafupi ndi munthu, akuyembekeza kuti amuthandize ndi kuthandizira, chifukwa chake tiyenera kukhala achifundo kwa nkhunda ndikusamalira, makamaka nyengo yachisanu yozizira.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/31/2019

Tsiku losinthidwa: 01.08.2019 pa 10:21