Dugong - Achibale apafupi a ng'ombe zam'nyanja zomwe zatha komanso ma manatee omwe alipo. Ndiye yekhayo m'banja la dugong amene adapulumuka. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, anali iye anali zinachitika za nthano zongopeka. Dzinalo "dugong" lidatchuka koyamba ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku France a Georges Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, atalongosola za nyama yochokera pachilumba cha Leyte ku Philippines. Mayina ena odziwika ndi "ng'ombe yam'nyanja", "ngamira wanyanja", "porpoise".
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Dugong
Dugong ndi nyama yayitali. Munthu wakale kwambiri wolemba ali ndi zaka 73. Dugong ndi mitundu yokhayo yomwe ilipo ya banja la Dugongidae, ndipo imodzi mwamitundu inayi ya dongosolo la Siren, enawo amapanga banja la manatee. Idasankhidwa koyamba mu 1776 ngati Trichechus dugon, membala wa mtundu wa manatee. Pambuyo pake adadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa mitundu yochokera ku Dugong ndi Lacépède ndipo amagawidwa m'banja lawo.
Kanema: Dugong
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ma Dugong ndi ma sireni ena sagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyama zina zam'madzi, amalumikizana kwambiri ndi njovu. Ma Dugong ndi njovu zimagawana gulu la monophyletic kuphatikiza hyrax ndi anteater, m'modzi mwa ana oyamba kubadwa.
Zakale zakumboni zimatsimikizira kuwonekera kwa ma sireni ku Eocene, komwe mwina amakhala m'nyanja yakale ya Tethys. Amakhulupirira kuti mabanja awiri a siren omwe adapulumuka adasokera pakati pa Eocene, pambuyo pake ma dugong ndi abale awo apamtima, ng'ombe ya Steller, adagawika kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi ku Miocene. Ng'ombeyo inatha m'zaka za zana la 18. Zakale zakufa za mamembala ena a Dugongidae kulibe.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku wama DNA awonetsa kuti anthu aku Asia ndi osiyana ndi mitundu ina ya mitunduyo. Australia ili ndi mizere iwiri ya amayi, umodzi uli ndi ma dugong ochokera ku Arabia ndi Africa. Kusakaniza kwa majini kwachitika ku Southeast Asia ndi Australia mozungulira Timor. Palibenso umboni wokwanira wa majini wokhazikitsa malire omveka pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe dugong imawonekera
Ma dugong ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zowirira zokhala ndi zipsepse zazifupi, zopindika ngati kutsogolo ndi mchira wowongoka kapena wa concave womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotumphukira. Mwa kapangidwe kake, mchira umawasiyanitsa ndi manatees, momwe amawonekera. Zipsepse za Dugong zimafanana ndi zipsepse za dolphin, koma mosiyana ndi ma dolphin, kulibe kotsekera kumapeto. Akazi ali ndi zilonda zam'mimba pansi pa zipsepse. Ma dugong achikulire amalemera pakati pa 230 ndi 400 kg ndipo amatha kutalika kuchokera 2.4 mpaka 4 m.
Khungu lakuda ndi lofiirira ndipo limasintha mtundu pakamera ndere. Ziphuphu zilipo m'ma dugong onse, koma zimawoneka mwa amuna okhwima komanso akazi achikulire. Makutu alibe mavavu kapena ma lobes, koma ndiwowoneka bwino. Amakhulupirira kuti ma dugong amakhala ndi chidwi chambiri chothandizira kuthana ndi masomphenya.
Pakamwa pake ndi chokulirapo, chakuzunguliridwa ndipo chimathera pakhoma. Kuduka kumeneku ndi milomo yolimba yomwe imapachika pakamwa pokhota ndikuthandizira dugong kusaka udzu wakunyanja. Nsagwada zonyoweka zimakhala ndi zikuluzikulu zokulirapo. Zilonda zam'mimba zimaphimba milomo yawo yakumtunda kuti zithandizire kupeza chakudya. Ma bristles amathanso kuthupi la dugong.
Chosangalatsa: Mitundu yokhayo yomwe imadziwika m'banja la Dugongidae ndi Hydrodamalis gigas (ng'ombe yam'madzi ya Steller), yomwe idazimiririka mu 1767, patangopita zaka 36 zitatulukira. Anali ofanana m'maonekedwe ndi mtundu wa ma dugong, koma anali ochulukirapo, okhala ndi kutalika kwa 7 mpaka 10 m komanso kulemera kwa 4500 mpaka 5900 kg.
Mphuno ziwiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popumira mpweya pomwe dugong imatuluka mphindi zochepa zilizonse, zili pamwamba pamutu. Mavavu amawatseka nthawi yolowera m'madzi. Dugong ili ndi ma vertebrae asanu ndi awiri aziberekero, 18 mpaka 19 thoracic vertebrae, zinayi mpaka zisanu lumbar vertebrae, pafupifupi sacral imodzi, ndi 28 mpaka 29 caudal vertebrae. Scapula ndi mawonekedwe a kachigawo, klavicle kulibe kwathunthu, ndipo ngakhale fupa la pubic kulibe.
Kodi dugong amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Marine Dugong
Makulidwe amtundu wa dugong amakhudza magombe a mayiko 37 ndi madera ochokera ku East Africa kupita ku Vanuatu. Amatenga madzi ofunda agombe oyambira kunyanja ya Pacific mpaka kugombe lakummawa kwa Africa, komwe kuli pafupifupi makilomita 140,000 m'mbali mwa gombe. Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wawo wakale umafananira ndi udzu wam'madzi wamabanja a Rdestovy ndi Vodokrasovye. Kukula kwathunthu kwamtundu woyambirira sikudziwika kwenikweni.
Pakadali pano, ma dugong amakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa mayiko ngati awa:
- Australia;
- Singapore;
- Cambodia;
- China;
- Igupto;
- India;
- Indonesia;
- Japan;
- Yordani;
- Kenya;
- Madagascar;
- Mauritius;
- Mozambique;
- Philippines;
- Somalia;
- Sudan;
- Thailand;
- Vanuatu;
- Vietnam, ndi zina.
Ma Dugong amapezeka pagombe lalikulu la mayiko awa, pomwe ambiri amakhala m'malo otetezedwa. Dugong ndiye nyama yokhayo yodyera zam'madzi, popeza mitundu yonse ya manatee imagwiritsa ntchito madzi abwino. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu chimapezekanso m'misewu ikuluikulu komanso yosaya yozungulira zilumba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, momwe madambo a algae amafala.
Nthawi zambiri, amapezeka pamtunda wokwana pafupifupi 10 m, ngakhale m'malo omwe khola la Continental limakhala locheperako, ma dugong amapitilira 10 km kuchokera pagombe, kutsikira mpaka 37 m, pomwe udzu wakuya munyanja umapezeka. Madzi akuya amathawira kumadzi ozizira apanyanja m'nyengo yozizira.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe dugong amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chakudyachi.
Kodi dugong amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Dugong wochokera ku Red Book
Ma dugong ndi nyama zakuya zam'madzi zokha zomwe zimadya nderezo. Izi makamaka ndi ma rhizomes audzu a m'nyanja omwe ali ndi chakudya chambiri, chomwe chimakhazikitsidwa panthaka. Komabe, samadyetsa kokha pazinyumba za zomera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa. Nthawi zambiri amadyera kuya kwa mita ziwiri kapena sikisi. Komabe, mizere yokhazikika yokhotakhota kapena zigwa zomwe zimachoka mukamadyetsa ziweto zapezekanso pakuya kwamamita 23. Kuti afike ku mizu, ma dugong apanga maluso apadera.
Amafika ku mizu motsatizana:
Pamene mlomo wapamwamba wooneka ngati mahatchi ukupita patsogolo, chinyezi chimachotsedwa,
ndiye mizu imamasulidwa padziko lapansi, kutsukidwa ndikugwedezeka ndikudya.
Amakonda udzu wosakhwima wam'madzi womwe nthawi zambiri umachokera pagulu la Halophila ndi Halodule. Ngakhale alibe michere yambiri, ali ndi michere yambiri yosungika mosavuta. Algae ena okha ndi omwe ali oyenera kudyedwa chifukwa chodya nyama mwapadera.
Chosangalatsa: Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti ma dugong amakhudza kwambiri mitundu ya algae pamalopo. Njira zodyetsa zidapezeka pamamita 33, pomwe ma dugong adawonedwa pa 37 mita.
Madera a algae omwe ma dugong amakonda kudyetsa, popita nthawi, michere yochulukirapo, yomwe imakhala ndi nitrogeni. Ngati kulima kwa ndere sikugwiritsidwe ntchito, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yodzaza ndi ulusi kumakulanso. Ngakhale nyamazo zimakhala zodya kwambiri, nthawi zina zimadya nyama zopanda mafupa: jellyfish ndi molluscs.
M'madera ena akumwera kwa Australia, akuyang'ana mwachidwi nyama zazikulu zopanda mafupa. Komabe, izi sizachilendo kwa anthu ochokera kumadera otentha, kumene nyama zopanda mafupa sadyedwa nawo konse. Amadziwika kuti amaunjika gulu la mbewu pamalo amodzi asanadye.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dugong wamba
Dugong ndi mtundu wazikhalidwe, womwe umapezeka m'magulu a 2 mpaka 200 anthu. Magulu ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi amayi ndi ana awiri. Ngakhale ziweto za ma dugong mazana awiri zakhala zikuwonedwa, si zachilendo kwa nyamazi chifukwa minda ya algae sitha kuthandiza magulu akulu kwakanthawi. Ma Dugong ndi mitundu yopandaulendo. Amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kuti akapeze bedi linalake, koma amathanso kukhala m'dera lomwelo nthawi yayitali pamoyo wawo chakudya chikakhala chokwanira.
Chosangalatsa: Nyama zimapuma masekondi 40-400 aliwonse zikudya msipu. Pamene kuya kumawonjezeka, nthawi yayitali yopumira imakulanso. Nthawi zina amayang'ana pozungulira kwinaku akupuma, koma nthawi zambiri mphuno zawo zimangotuluka m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri, akamatulutsa mpweya, amapanga mawu omwe amamveka kutali.
Kusuntha kumatengera kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa chakudya chawo, algae. Ngati madera a algae akwanuko atha, amayang'ana ena otsatira. Popeza ma dugong nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madzi amatope, ndizovuta kuziwona popanda kuwasokoneza. Mtendere wamumtima ukasokonezedwa, amasuntha mwachinsinsi komanso mwachinsinsi komwe amachokera.
Nyamazo zimakhala zamanyazi, ndipo poyang'ana mosamala, amayang'anitsitsa zouluka kapena bwato patali, koma amazengereza kuyandikira. Chifukwa cha ichi, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi machitidwe a dugongs. Amalumikizana ndi kulira, kupindika ndi kuimba muluzi. Kupyolera mu izi, nyama zimachenjeza za zoopsa kapena zimalumikizana pakati pa mwana ndi mayi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Dugong Cub
Khalidwe lokhalirana limasiyana pang'ono kutengera komwe kuli. Ma dugong achimuna amateteza madera awo ndikusintha machitidwe awo kuti akope akazi. Pambuyo pokopa akazi, ma dugong achimuna amadutsa magawo angapo ophatikizana. Magulu aamuna amatsata wamkazi m'modzi pofuna kukwatirana.
Gawo lomenyanali limakhala ndi madzi owaza, kuwombera mchira, kuponyera thupi ndi mapapo. Zitha kukhala zachiwawa, monga zikuwonekera ndi zipsera zomwe zimawonedwa mthupi la akazi ndi amuna omwe akupikisana nawo.
Kukwatana kumachitika pamene wamwamuna mmodzi asunthira wamkazi kuchokera pansi, pomwe amuna ambiri amapitilizabe kupikisana nawo. Zotsatira zake, mkazi amatengera maulendo angapo ndi amuna ampikisano, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti ali ndi pakati.
Ma dugong achikazi amakula msinkhu wazaka 6 ndipo amatha kukhala ndi mwana wawo woyamba pakati pa 6 ndi 17 wazaka. Amuna amakula msinkhu wazaka zapakati pa 6 ndi 12. Kubereka kumatha kuchitika chaka chonse. Kuchuluka kwa ma dugong ndikotsika kwambiri. Amangobereka njuchi imodzi pakatha zaka 2.5-7 kutengera malo. Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha bere lalitali, lomwe ndi miyezi 13 mpaka 14.
Chosangalatsa: Amayi ndi ana amphongo amapanga mgwirizano wapamtima womwe umalimbikitsidwa panthawi yayitali yoyamwa bere, komanso pogwirana thupi posambira komanso poyamwitsa. Mkazi aliyense amakhala pafupifupi zaka 6 ndi mwana wake wamwamuna.
Pakubadwa, ana amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 30, amatalika mamita 1.2. Amakhala osatetezeka kwambiri kwa adani. Amphongo amayamwitsidwa kwa miyezi 18 kapena kupitilira apo, nthawi yomwe amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo, nthawi zambiri amagubuduza kumbuyo kwawo. Ngakhale ana a dugong amatha kudya udzu wanyanja pafupifupi atangobadwa, nthawi yoyamwa imawalola kukula msanga kwambiri. Akafika pokhwima, amasiya amayi awo kukafunafuna anthu oti adzakwatirane nawo.
Adani achilengedwe a dugong
Chithunzi: Dugong
Ma Dugong ali ndi nyama zachilengedwe zochepa kwambiri. Kukula kwake kwakukulu, khungu lolimba, kapangidwe kake kakang'ono ka mafupa, komanso kutseka magazi mwachangu kumathandizira. Ngakhale nyama monga ng'ona, anamgumi akupha ndi nsombazi zimawopseza nyama zazing'ono. Zinalembedwa kuti dugong imodzi yamwalira ndi kuvulala itapachikidwa ndi chute.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma dugong nthawi zambiri amaphedwa ndi anthu. Amasakidwa ndi mafuko ena ku Australia ndi Malaysia, amakodwa mu maukonde ndi maukonde opangidwa ndi asodzi, ndipo amakumana ndi achiwembu ochokera m'mabwato ndi zombo. Amatayikiranso malo awo okhala ndi chuma chawo chifukwa cha zochitika zaumunthu za anthu.
Zowopsa za dugong ndizo:
- nsombazi;
- ng'ona;
- anamgumi;
- anthu.
Mlandu udasungidwa pomwe gulu la dugongs limodzi lidakwanitsa kuthamangitsa shark yowasaka. Komanso, ziweto zambiri zimakhudza nyamazi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda topezeka ndi helminths, cryptosporidium, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda a bakiteriya ndi majeremusi ena osadziwika. Amakhulupirira kuti 30% ya kufa kwa dugong imayambitsidwa ndi matenda omwe amawazunza chifukwa cha matenda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe dugong imawonekera
Maiko / madera asanu (Australia, Bahrain, Papua New Guinea, Qatar ndi United Arab Emirates) amakhalabe ndi anthu ambiri a dugong (mwa zikwizikwi) ndi makumi masauzande kumpoto kwa Australia. Chiwerengero cha anthu okhwima chimasiyana pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana, koma amakhala pakati pa 45% ndi 70%.
Zambiri zamtundu wa masheya a dugong zimangopezeka mdera la Australia. Ntchito zaposachedwa potengera DNA ya mitochondrial zikuwonetsa kuti anthu aku Australia a dugong sali panimia. Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Australia chidakali ndi mitundu yambiri yazibadwa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kutsika kwaposachedwa kwa anthu sikunawonetsedwebe mumitundu.
Zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zomwezo zikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu akumwera ndi kumpoto kwa Queensland. Kafukufuku woyambirira wamitundu ya dugong kunja kwa Australia akupitilizabe. Zowunikira zikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwamphamvu m'chigawo. Anthu aku Australia amasiyana ndi anthu ena akumadzulo kwa Indian Ocean mosagwirizana ndipo alibe mitundu yambiri yamitundu.
Pali makolo apadera ku Madagascar. Zomwe zikuchitika m'chigawo cha Indo-Malay sizikudziwika, koma nkutheka kuti mizere ingapo ya mbiri imasakanikirana pamenepo. Thailand ili ndi magulu osiyanasiyana omwe mwina adasokonekera pakusintha kwamadzi am'madzi a Pleistocene, koma atha kusakanikirana ndimaderawa.
Mlonda wa Dugong
Chithunzi: Dugong kuchokera ku Red Book
Ma Dugong adatchulidwa kuti ali pangozi ndipo adatchulidwa mu Zowonjezera I za CITES. Udindo uwu umalumikizidwa makamaka ndikusaka komanso zochitika za anthu. Ma Dugong mwangozi amakodwa muukonde wokhala ndi nsomba ndi shark ndipo amamwalira chifukwa chosowa mpweya. Amavulazidwanso ndi mabwato ndi zombo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonongeka kwa nyanja kumapha ndere, ndipo izi zimasokoneza ma dugong. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zimasakidwa nyama, mafuta ndi zina zofunikira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anthu aku Dugong sangachiritse msanga chifukwa cha kuchepa kwambiri. Ngati ma dugong azimayi onse pagulu amapangidwa ndi mphamvu zonse, kuchuluka komwe anthu angakwere ndi 5%. Chiwerengerochi ndi chotsika, ngakhale amakhala ndi moyo wautali komanso amafa mwachilengedwe chifukwa chosowa nyama.
Dugong - akuwonetsa kuchepa kwanthawi zonse manambala. Ngakhale malo ena otetezedwa adakhazikitsidwa, makamaka pagombe la Australia. Maderawa amakhala ndi udzu wambiri wam'madzi komanso malo abwino oti ma dugong azikhalamo, monga madzi osaya komanso malo obayira. Malipoti apangidwa akuwunika zomwe dziko lirilonse mu dugong liyenera kuchita kuti zisunge ndikukonzanso nyama zofatsa izi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/09/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 12:26
