Mphaka wakuda wakuda Ndi imodzi mwamagulu ang'ono kwambiri amphaka padziko lapansi komanso ocheperako ku Africa. Mphaka wamiyendo yakuda amatchulidwa ndi ziyangoyango zakuda ndi nsapato zakuda. Ngakhale ndi wamkulu, mphaka uyu amadziwika kuti ndiwowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amakwaniritsa kupha kwakukulu, kuthana bwino ndi chandamale 60% ya nthawiyo. Amphaka ena amphaka, monga mikango ndi akambuku, samachita bwino kupitirira 20% nthawiyo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mphaka wakuda wakuda
Amphaka amiyendo yakuda amapezeka kokha m'maiko atatu akumwera kwa Africa:
- Botswana;
- Namibia;
- South Africa.
Amphakawa amapezeka makamaka pazigwa zazifupi mpaka zapakatikati, zipululu zolusa ndi zigwa zamchenga, kuphatikiza zipululu za Kalahari ndi Karoo. Madera audzu okhala ndi makoswe ndi mbalame ochulukirapo amakhala malo abwino. Amawoneka kuti akupewa nkhalango ndi malo amiyala, mwina chifukwa cha kuwoneka kwa nyama zina zolusa. Mvula yapakati pachaka m'derali ndi 100-500 mm.
Kanema: Mphaka wamiyendo yakuda
Mphaka wamiyendo yakuda ndi wosowa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi amphaka ena ang'onoang'ono ku South Africa. Kudziwa zamachitidwe amphaka ndi zachilengedwe kutengera zaka zofufuza ku Benfontein Sanctuary ndi minda iwiri yayikulu mkatikati mwa South Africa. Ofufuza ku Blackfoot Working Group akupitiliza kuphunzira amphaka m'malo atatuwa.
Amphaka amphaka akuda amagawana nyama zina zolusa - nkhandwe zaku Africa, nkhandwe, nkhandwe zazitali komanso nkhandwe zakuda. Amakonda kusaka nyama zochepa kuposa amphaka amtchire aku Africa, ngakhale onsewo amakhala ndi mitundu yofananira (12-13) usiku uliwonse. Amphaka amakhala limodzi ndi nkhandwe (zolusa mphaka) pogwiritsa ntchito maenje tsiku lonse. Amagawana malo ndi nkhandwe za Cape Town, koma samakhala malo omwewo, nthawi yogwirira ntchito, ndipo samasaka nyama yomweyo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mphaka wamiyendo yakuda amaonekera
Wachibadwidwe ku madera akumwera kwa Africa, mphaka wamiyendo yakuda ali ndi nkhope yozungulira modabwitsa komanso thupi lofiirira lomwe lili ndi mawanga akuda omwe amakhala ochepa ngakhale poyerekeza ndi amphaka oweta.
Ubweya wa mphaka wamiyendo yakuda ndi wachikasu wofiirira ndipo umadziwika ndi mawanga akuda ndi abulauni omwe amaphatikizika kukhala mikwingwirima yayikulu pakhosi, miyendo ndi mchira. Mchira ndi wamfupi, wochepera 40% wamutu ndipo umadziwika ndi nsonga yakuda. Mutu wa mphaka wokhala ndi miyendo yakuda ndi wofanana ndi wamphaka woweta, wokhala ndi makutu akulu ndi maso. Chibwano ndi pakhosi ndi zoyera ndi mikwingwirima yakuda pakhosi ndi mchira wakuda. Mabulogu omvera amakulitsidwa ndi kutalika konse pafupifupi 25% kutalika kwa chigaza. Amuna amalemera kuposa akazi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kusiyana pakati pa amphaka akuda ndi amphaka ena ndikuti samakwera bwino ndipo samachita chidwi ndi nthambi za mitengo. Cholinga chake ndikuti matupi awo olimba komanso michira yayifupi zimapangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kukwera mitengo.
Amphakawa amapeza chinyezi chonse chomwe amafunikira kuchokera kwa nyama yawo, komanso amamwa madzi akapezeka. Amphaka amphaka akuda amadziwika chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwawo komanso kupirira kwawo. Maso a mphaka wakuda amawawona bwino kwambiri kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa anthu, mothandizidwa ndi maso akulu kwambiri. Amakhalanso ndi masomphenya abwino kwambiri usiku komanso kumva kosadetsa nkhawa, kotha kumva ngakhale kamvekedwe kakang'ono kwambiri.
Mphalapala wamtchire ndi 36 mpaka 52 cm wamtali, pafupifupi 20 cm wamtali, ndipo amalemera 1 mpaka 3 kg, malinga ndi International Endangered Cats Society. Zowona, kuyeza uku sikuwoneka kokongola kwambiri poyerekeza ndi amphaka akulu, omwe ndi ena mwa nyama zowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Koma ngakhale ndi yaying'ono, mphaka wa mapazi akuda amasaka ndikupha nyama zambiri usiku umodzi kuposa kambuku m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Kodi mphaka wamiyendo yakuda amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mphaka wakuda wakuda waku Africa
Mphaka wakuda amapezeka kudera lakumwera kwa Africa ndipo amapezeka makamaka ku South Africa ndi Namibia, komwe kulinso kosowa. Koma imapezekanso ku Botswana, zochepa ku Zimbabwe ndipo mwina ndizochepa kumwera kwa Angola. Zolemba zakumpoto kwambiri zili pafupifupi madigiri 19 kumwera ku Namibia ndi Botswana. Chifukwa chake, ndi mitundu yochepa ya mitundu yomwe imagawidwa pang'ono pakati pa amphaka ku Africa.
Mphaka wakuda wakuda ndi katswiri wazakudya zodyetserako ziweto, kuphatikizapo savanna yotseguka yotseguka yokhala ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'nthaka komanso malo obisalapo. Amakhala mchigawo chouma ndipo amakonda malo otseguka, opanda zomera monga malo otseguka, madera odyetserako ziweto, madera a Karoo ndi Kalahari okhala ndi zitsamba zochepa ndi chivundikiro cha mitengo komanso mvula yapachaka ya 100 mpaka 500 mm. Amakhala kumtunda kwa 0 mpaka 2000 m.
Amphaka amphaka zakuda amakhala usiku usiku m'malo ouma akumwera kwa Africa ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo okhala udzu wopanda mchenga. Ngakhale samaphunziridwa kwenikweni kuthengo, malo abwino kwambiri akuwoneka kuti ali m'malo a savannah ndi udzu wamtali komanso kuchuluka kwa makoswe ndi mbalame. Masana, amakhala m'mabowo osiyidwa omwe anakumbidwa kapena m'mabowo a milu ya chiswe.
M'chaka, amuna amayenda mpaka 14 km, pomwe akazi amayenda mpaka 7 km. Gawo lamwamuna limakhudza madera a akazi amodzi kapena anayi. Anthu okhala m'chipululu ndi ovuta kuwasungitsa kunja kwa kwawo. Ali ndi zofunikira pakukhala kwawo ndipo ayenera kukhala m'malo ouma. Ku Wuppertal Zoo ku Germany, komabe, kupita patsogolo kwabwino kwachitika ndipo anthu ambiri ali m'ndende.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala mphaka wakuda. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi mphaka wakuda amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mphaka wakuda wakuda wakuda
Mphaka wamiyendo yakuda amadya kwambiri, ndipo mitundu yoposa 50 ya nyama zodya nyama yadziwika. Amasaka makoswe, mbalame zazing'ono (pafupifupi 100 g) ndi nyama zopanda mafupa. Nyama imadyetsa makamaka zinyama zazing'ono monga mbewa ndi ma gerbil. Kawirikawiri nyama yake imakhala yochepera 30-40 g, ndipo imagwira makoswe ang'onoang'ono 10-14 usiku.
Nthawi zina mphaka wamiyendo yakuda amadyetsanso zokwawa komanso nyama zazikulu monga ma bustard (monga wakuda wakuda) ndi hares. Akasaka nyama zazikuluzikuluzi, amabisa nyama zawo, mwachitsanzo m'mabowo kuti adzazidya pambuyo pake. Mphaka wakuda wakusakayo amasakanso chiswe chomwe chikubwera, chimagwira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mapiko monga ziwala, ndipo zimawonedwa zikudya mazira a ma bustards akuda ndi lark. Amphaka amphaka zakuda amadziwikanso kuti otolera zinyalala.
Chimodzi mwazomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala malo owuma chimalola mphaka wakuda kuti apeze chinyezi chonse chomwe amafunikira kuchokera pachakudya. Potengera mpikisano wama interspecies, mphaka wamiyendo yakuda imagwira, pafupifupi, nyama zochepa kuposa nyama zakutchire zaku Africa.
Amphaka amphaka zakuda amagwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu zosiyana kuti agwire nyama yawo:
- njira yoyamba imadziwika kuti "kusaka mwachangu", momwe amphaka mwachangu komanso "pafupifupi mwangozi" amalumpha udzu wamtali, kugwira nyama zazing'ono, monga mbalame kapena makoswe;
- njira yachiwiri yomwe amawatsogolera imawatsogolera pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwawo, amphaka akamadikirira mwakachetechete komanso mosamala kuti athe kuzembera nyama yomwe ingakhale nyama;
- Pomaliza, amagwiritsa ntchito njira "yoyembekezera" pafupi ndi khola la mbewa, njira yomwe imatchedwanso kusaka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mu usiku umodzi, mphaka wa mapazi akuda amapha makoswe 10 kapena 14 kapena mbalame zazing'ono, pafupifupi mphindi 50 zilizonse. Ndi kupambana kwa 60%, amphaka amiyendo yakuda amakhala opambana katatu ngati mikango, zomwe zimapatsa mwayi wopha pafupifupi 20-25% yamilandu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mphaka wakuda wakuda waku Africa
Amphaka amphaka zakuda makamaka amakhala padziko lapansi. Ndi nyama zakutchire komanso zosungulumwa, kupatula zazikazi zomwe zimakhala ndi ana, komanso nthawi yokhwima. Amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri usiku ndipo amayenda pafupifupi ma 8.4 km kukafunafuna chakudya. Masana, samawoneka kawirikawiri akugona pamiyala yamiyala kapena pafupi ndi maenje omwe asiyidwa, ma gopher kapena nungu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'madera ena, amphaka afootfo amagwiritsa ntchito milu yakudzenje yakufa - njenjete zomwe zimapatsa nyamazo dzina loti "akambuku a nyerere."
Makulidwe anyumba amasiyanasiyana pakati pa zigawo kutengera zomwe zilipo ndipo ndi yayikulu kwambiri ku mphaka waung'ono wokhala ndi kukula kwa 8.6-10 km² kwa akazi ndi 16.1-21.3 km² kwa amuna. Amuna amnyumba amakhala ndi akazi a 1-4, ndipo mabanja ocheperako amapezeka m'malire akunja pakati pa amuna okhalamo (3%), koma pafupifupi 40% pakati pa akazi. Amuna ndi akazi amatsekemera kununkhira ndipo potero amasiya chizindikiro chawo, makamaka munthawi yakukwana.
Mphaka wakuda wakuda amathamangitsa nyama yake pansi kapena kudikirira pakhomo lolowera mbewa. Amatha kugwira mbalame mumlengalenga pamene zikuuluka, chifukwa ndimlumpha waukulu. Mphaka wakuda amagwiritsa ntchito malo onse obisalapo oyenera. Kudziwitsa kununkhiza mwa kupopera mkodzo pamagulu a udzu ndi zitsamba kumakhulupirira kuti kumathandiza kwambiri pakuchulukitsa komanso kukonza mabungwe. Amphaka amiyendo yakuda samalumikizana kwambiri. Amathamanga ndikubisala atazindikira kuti wina kapena china chake chili pafupi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Phokoso la amphaka amiyendo yakuda ndiloposa amphaka ena amisinkhu yawo, mwina kuti athe kuyimba maulendo ataliatali. Komabe, akakhala pafupi, amagwiritsa ntchito purren kapena gurgles. Ngati akuwona kuti awopsezedwa, azikalipira ngakhale kukuwa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mphaka wakuda wakuda ku Red Book
Nthawi yoswana ya amphaka akuda wakuda sinafotokozedwe bwino. Amphaka amtchire amakwatirana kuyambira kumapeto kwa Julayi mpaka Marichi, kusiya miyezi 4 yokha osakwatirana. Nyengo yayikulu yakumasirana imayamba kumapeto kwenikweni kwa dzinja, mu Julayi ndi Ogasiti (7 kuchokera pa 11 (64%) mating), zotsatira zake kuti malita amabadwa mu Seputembara / Okutobala. Amuna m'modzi kapena angapo amatsata wamkazi, omwe amatha masiku 2.2 okha ndipo amatenga maulendo 10. Kuzungulira kwa estrus kumatenga masiku 11-12, ndipo nthawi yoberekera ndi masiku 63-68.
Zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimabereka ana awiri, koma nthawi zina amphaka atatu kapena imodzi yokha imatha kubadwa.Izi ndizosowa, koma zidachitika kuti panali mphalasa zinayi. Mphaka amalemera magalamu 50 mpaka 80 pobadwa. Amphaka ndi akhungu ndipo amadalira kwambiri amayi awo. Amphaka amabadwa ndikuleredwa mumtanda. Amayi nthawi zambiri amasamutsa ana kupita nawo kumalo atsopano atakwanitsa pafupifupi sabata.
Ana amatsegula maso awo masiku 6-8, amadya chakudya chotafuna pakatha milungu 4-5, ndikupha nyama yodyera milungu 6. Amayamwa kuyamwa pamasabata asanu ndi anayi. Mwana wamphaka wakuda amakula msanga kuposa ana amphaka. Ayenera kuchita izi chifukwa komwe akukhala kumatha kukhala koopsa. Pakadutsa miyezi 5, anawo amakhala odziyimira pawokha, koma amakhalabe momwe mayi amafikirira nthawi yayitali. Zaka zakutha msinkhu kwa akazi zimachitika miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, ndipo spermatogenesis mwa amuna imachitika miyezi 9. Kutalika kwa moyo wa amphaka akuda wakutchire kutchire kumakhala zaka 8, ndikundende - mpaka zaka 16.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mlingo wambiri wa creatinine wapezeka m'magazi amphaka ndi miyendo yakuda. Zikuwonekeranso kuti zimafunikira mphamvu zambiri kuposa amphaka ena aku Africa.
Adani achilengedwe amphaka akuda
Chithunzi: Mphaka wakuda wakuda wakuda
Zowopsa zazikulu kwa amphaka akuda wakuda ndizowononga malo ndi njira zosasamala zowononga tizilombo monga kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni. Alimi ku South Africa ndi Namibia amawona nyama zamtchire zofananira zaku Africa ngati nyama yolusa ziweto zazing'ono ndipo amatchera misampha ndi nyambo zapoizoni kuti ziwachotse. Imawopsezanso mphaka wamiyendo yakuda, yemwe amamwalira mwangozi mumisampha yotereyi komanso pakusaka.
Kuwononga nyama poyang'anira nkhandwe nako kumatha kumuopseza, chifukwa mphaka wamiyendo yakuda amatenga zinyalala zonse mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, pali chidwi chowonjezeka cha amphaka amiyendo yakuda mumakampani osakira zikho, monga zikuwonetsedwera ndi ntchito zololeza komanso kufunsa kwa akatswiri amisonkho.
Chowopsezanso chimodzimodzi ndikupha poizoni kwa dzombe, zomwe ndizakudya zomwe amphakawa amakonda. Ali ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe m'malo olima, chifukwa chake amphaka akuda atha kukhala ofala kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Amakhulupirira kuti kutayika kwa zinthu zofunikira, monga malo ophera nyama ndi mapanga chifukwa chazomwe zimachitika, zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa mphaka wakuda. Makamaka kuchepa kwa anthu chifukwa chakusaka nyama zamtchire kumawopseza mitundu iyi.
M'mitundu yonseyi, ulimi ndi kudyetsa mopitilira muyeso zimakhazikika, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, ndipo zitha kudzetsa kuchepa kwa nyama zanyama zazing'ono zamphaka zamphaka zakuda. Mphaka wamiyendo yakufa amaferanso chifukwa chogundana ndi magalimoto ndipo amadwala chifukwa cha njoka, nkhandwe, nyama zakutchire ndi akadzidzi, komanso imfa za ziweto. Kuwonjezeka kwa mpikisano wa interspecific ndi chiwonongeko chitha kuwopseza mitunduyo. Amphaka apakhomo amathanso kuopseza amphaka akuda wakuda kudzera kufalikira kwa matenda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe mphaka wamiyendo yakuda amaonekera
Amphaka amphaka zakuda ndi omwe amadyetsa kwambiri mbalame ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala m'malo awo, motero zimawongolera kuchuluka kwawo. Mphaka wamiyendo yakuda amadziwika kuti Red Data Book ngati nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo, ndi yocheperako poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya mphaka zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala kumwera kwa Africa. Amphakawa amapezeka m'malo otsika kwambiri.
Kugawidwa kwawo kumawerengedwa kuti ndi ochepa komanso ochepa. Kutolera zolembedwa mzaka zisanu zapitazi, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zikwangwani, kwawonetsa kuti mphaka wamiyendo yakuda amafika pakulimba kwambiri m'chigawo chakumpoto chakumwera kudzera pakati pa South Africa. Pali zojambulidwa zochepa za gululi kummawa ndi kumadzulo.
Pakufufuza kwakanthawi kwa amphaka akuda a miyendo yakuda a 60 km² ku Benfontein, Northern Cape, Central South Africa, kuchuluka kwa amphaka akuda akuda pafupifupi 0.17 nyama / km² mu 1998-1999 koma 0.08 yekha / km² mu 2005-2015 Ku Newyars Fountain, kachulukidwe kameneka kanali pafupifupi amphaka akuda ndi 0.06 amphazi wakuda / km².
Komabe, kuchuluka kwa amphaka amiyendo yakuda akuyerekeza 13,867, pomwe 9,707 akuti ndi achikulire. Palibe anthu ochepa omwe akukhulupirira kuti ali ndi akulu opitilira 1000 chifukwa chakugawana kwamabala.
Kulondera amphaka akuda
Chithunzi: Mphaka wakuda wakuda ku Red Book
Mphaka wamiyendo yakuda akuphatikizidwa mu CITES Zowonjezera I ndipo amatetezedwa m'malo ake ambiri ogawa. Kusaka ndikoletsedwa ku Botswana ndi South Africa. Mphaka wamiyendo yakuda ndi imodzi mwazing'ono zophunziridwa kwambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri (kuyambira 1992) nyama zokhala ndi ma radar zakhala zikuwonedwa pafupi ndi Kimberley ku South Africa, kotero zambiri zimadziwika pazachilengedwe ndi machitidwe awo. Dera lachiwiri lofufuzira lakhazikitsidwa pafupi ndi De Aar, 300 km kumwera, kuyambira 2009. Popeza mphaka wakuda ndi wovuta kuwona, pakadalibe zambiri zakufalitsa kwake ndi momwe amasungira.
Njira zachitetezo zomwe zikulimbikitsidwa zikuphatikiza kafukufuku wambiri wogawa mitundu, zoopseza ndi momwe zinthu ziliri, komanso maphunziro owonjezera a zachilengedwe m'malo osiyanasiyana. Pakufunika mwachangu mapulani oteteza mphaka wakuda, zomwe zimafunikira zambiri zamitundu.
Bungwe la Blackfoot Working Group likufuna kuteteza zamoyozi kudzera pakufufuza kosiyanasiyana kwamitunduyo kudzera pazowonera zosiyanasiyana monga kujambula kanema, radio telemetry, ndikusonkhanitsa ndikuwunika mitundu yazachilengedwe. Njira zachitetezo zovomerezeka zikuphatikiza maphunziro ang'onoang'ono ogawa anthu, makamaka ku Namibia ndi Botswana.
Mphaka wakuda wakuda ndi mtundu umodzi chabe wamabanja amitundu yosiyanasiyana, ambiri mwa iwo omwe ndi ovuta kuwawona kuthengo ndipo sitimamvetsetsa bwino. Ngakhale amphaka ambiri amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chowononga malo okhala ndi kuwonongeka chifukwa cha zochitika za anthu, ntchito zachitetezo zitha kupangitsa kuti nyama zizikhala pachiwopsezo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/06/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 ku 22:20
