Nkhono za mphesa chimodzi mwazofala kwambiri zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimapezeka m'mayendedwe athu. Zilombozi zimapezeka kulikonse, nkhono zimakhala tchire lobiriwira m'nkhalango ndi m'mapaki, minda ndi minda yamasamba. Nkhonozi ndizolimba kwambiri, zimaberekana mwachangu komanso mosavuta zimadzaza malo akulu. Nkhono za mphesa zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nkhono zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka ku Europe. Kuyambira kale, nyama izi zimadyedwa, popeza nkhonozi zimapezeka nthawi zonse, ndipo nyama yake imathandiza kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nkhono za mphesa
Helix pomatia kapena nkhono za mphesa ndi nkhono zapadziko lapansi zomwe zili m'gulu la ma gastropods, dongosolo la zimayambira, banja la ma cholicides. Mtundu wa Helix ndi mtundu wa nkhono za mphesa za Helix pomatia. Komanso nkhonoyi imadziwika kuti nkhono za Apple kapena nkhono za Apple, nkhono za Mwezi kapena nkhono za Burgundy. Nkhono ndi zina mwa zolengedwa zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Ngakhale m'nyengo ya Cretaceous ya nthawi ya Mesozoic, nkhono zakhala zikukhala kale m'dziko lathu. Zotsalira zakale kwambiri za oimira ma gastropods ali ndi zaka 99 miliyoni. Zotsalazo zidapezeka ku Burma pofukula za amber. Mollusk wakale amateteza ngakhale minofu yofewa, chifukwa nkhonoyo inalowa mu amber ndipo sinathe kutuluka.
Kanema: Nkhono za mphesa
Helix pomatia adafotokozedwa koyamba ndi wasayansi waku Sweden a Karl Linnaeus mu 1758. Nkhono za mphesa zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nkhono yayikulu kwambiri ku Europe, kukula kwa chipolopolo cha munthu wamkulu mpaka 46 mm, m'lifupi mwa chipolopolocho mpaka 47 mm. Wamkulu amatha kulemera mpaka magalamu 45. Nkhono za mphesa ndi gastropod mollusc yayikulu kuchokera pamaso oyang'ana phesi.
Thupi la mollusk silofanana. Mutu ukufotokozedwa bwino. Mutu uli ndi ma tenti awiri ndi diso. Chipolopolocho chimakhala chopindika mozungulira ndipo chimatembenuka 4.5. Mtundu wa nkhono ya mphesa ndi yunifolomu yachikasu-lalanje. Mollusk imeneyi imapuma mpweya mothandizidwa ndi mapapo. Pneumatic - kabowo kakang'ono kamene kamapuma kamakhala pakati pa khola la malaya ndikutsegula mphindi iliyonse.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhono ya mphesa imawonekera
Nkhono za mphesa ndi zazikulu kwambiri. Chigoba cha munthu wamkulu chimakhala chachikulu masentimita 3.5 mpaka 6. Mollusk imayikidwa mu chipolopolo chonse. Thupi la mollusk, mwendo ndi mutu zimayima, pamutu pali 2 maso ndi mahema. Ziwalo zamkati zimatetezedwa ndi chovala, ndipo gawo lina la malayawo limawoneka kuchokera panja. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 3.5 mpaka 5.5 Thupi limakhala lolimba, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nkhono imatha kutambasulidwa mwamphamvu, mtundu wa thupi ndi wofanana ndi chipolopolo, nthawi zambiri umakhala wachikaso ndi bulauni kapena bulauni.
Thupi lonse la nkhono limakhala lofananira ndi makwinya, ndipo anthu ambiri amakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe pathupi. Madontho a chinyezi amasungidwa m'makwinya mwendo. Chipolopolocho ndi chachikulu, chopindika ngati mawonekedwe, ndipo chimasinthasintha 4-5. Chipolopolocho chimakhala chowoneka ngati chimbale, chopindika kumanja, chamtundu wachikasu. Pakati pa kutalika kwa zipolopolo zitatu zoyambirira, pali mikwingwirima 5 yopepuka ndi mikwingwirima 5 yakuda.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mtundu wa nkhono za mphesa umatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wazakudya zawo. Pali magawo awiri awiriawiri pamutu wa nkhono pamwamba pakamwa. Zolemba za Labial ndizofupika, kuyambira 2 mpaka 4.5 mm. Zoyang'ana m'maso ndizotalika 1 mpaka 2.2 cm Maso ali pazoyang'ana m'maso. Nkhono sizikuwona bwino, zimatha kuwona zinthu pamtunda wa 1 cm kuchokera pamaso a mollusk. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhono zonse ndizosaoneka bwino, sizingathe kusiyanitsa mitundu - izi ndichifukwa choti ma receptors onse omwe amakhala ndi masomphenya ali ndi mtundu umodzi wa pigment.
Kapangidwe ka nkhono zamphesa ndi kofanana ndi nkhono zina. Njira yogaya imakhala ndi ectodermal foregut ndi pakati ectodermal. Nkhonozi zimapuma ndi mapapo ake. Mtima wazunguliridwa ndi pericardium ndipo umakhala ndi ventricle ndi kumanzere atrium. Mtima umapopa magazi opanda utoto. Mchitidwe wamanjenje umakhala ndi mfundo zingapo zamitsempha.
Nkhonozi zimayenda pang’onopang’ono, pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo. Poyenda, nkhonoyo imagwira minofu ya mwendo ndikuyenda pamwamba pake, ndikumangoyenda pang'ono. Pamaulendo, ntchofu yapadera yamadzi imatulutsidwa kuchokera ku nkhono, zomwe zimachepetsa kukangana. Nkhonoyo imayenda mosavuta pamasamba. Komanso, nkhonoyo imakhala yolimba kwambiri pamwamba pake, choncho imatha kukwawa mosavuta ngati ili yopingasa. Kotero ili pamtunda. Nkhono zimakhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali. Kumtchire, nthawi yayitali nkhono za mphesa ndi zaka 6-8, komabe, anthu ambiri amakhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri. Pali nkhono zomwe zimakhala zaka 25-30.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nkhono zimatha kusinthika, ndikutaya gawo limodzi la thupi, nkhonoyo imatha kuibwezeretsanso m'masabata angapo.
Kodi nkhono za mphesa zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhono za mphesa ku Russia
Poyamba, nkhonozi zimapezeka ku Central ndi South-Eastern Europe. Masiku ano, malo okhala nkhonozi ndi otakata kwambiri, nkhono zafalikira ku Europe konse, ku Australia zabweretsedwanso ku South America. Anthu amakonda kusunga nkhono izi monga ziweto, chifukwa cha izi zimapezeka padziko lonse lapansi.
Nkhono zimaberekana mwachangu kwambiri, zimabweretsa ana ambiri, ndipo zimakhazikika m'malo atsopano. Nthawi zambiri anthu amabala nkhono mosazindikira akuponya mazira owonjezera. Nkhono ziwiri zokha ndi zomwe zimatha kubweretsa ana ochulukirapo kotero kuti zimawononga zomera zonse m'munda wawung'ono. Chifukwa chowononga minda yolimidwa m'maiko ambiri, kulowetsa nkhono zamphesa ndikoletsedwa.
Kumtchire, nkhonozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'mapiri, m'nkhalango momwe muli zomera zambiri zokuta nthaka, m'mapaki ndi m'malo osungira. Komanso nkhono za mphesa zimakonda kukhazikika m'minda ndi minda ya zipatso yokhala ndi miyala yamiyala kapena choko. Chinthu chachikulu pamisomali ndi kukhalapo kwa masamba obiriwira obiriwira. Makamaka nkhono zamtunduwu zimaukira mpesa, ndikudya masamba akulu amphesa, omwe amadzitcha dzina. M'minda, nkhonozi zimawononga zomera ndikudya masamba.
Nkhono za mphesa zimakonda nyengo yotentha komanso yotentha. Sakonda kuwala kwa dzuwa, masana amabisala padzuwa pansi pamasamba ndi miyala. Usiku, akukwawa mwakachetechete pazomera, ndikudya masamba. Nkhono zimabisala pamalo omwe amakhala mobisala pakati pamiyala, m'mizu ya mitengo ndi malo ena obisika m'nyengo yozizira amagwera makanema ojambula. Amatha kukhala kumeneko kwa miyezi isanu.
Kodi nkhono zamphesa zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nkhono zazikulu za mphesa
Nkhono za mphesa ndizodyetsa. Amadyetsa masamba obiriwira owoneka bwino.
Zakudya za nkhono za mphesa zikuphatikizapo:
- dandelion;
- burdock;
- masamba amphesa;
- masamba a sitiroberi;
- mapapu;
- kabichi;
- saladi;
- sorelo;
- masamba a horseradish;
- masamba a letesi;
- masamba a rasipiberi;
- nettle ndi mitundu yoposa 30 yazomera zosiyanasiyana;
- masamba ndi zipatso.
Nkhono zimafunikiranso mchere wa calcium kuti apange zipolopolo zawo, ndipo miyala ya miyala yamchere imatha kudyedwa kuthengo. Sanyoza humus, womwe uli ndi mchere wosiyanasiyana. Mu ukapolo, m'pofunika kupereka nkhono zowonjezera mavitamini.
Nkhono zapakhomo zimadyetsedwa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Nkhono zimakonda maapulo, zukini, nthochi, beets, nkhaka, maungu, mavwende, mbatata, radishes. Komanso pitani ndi masamba, masamba a dandelion, beet ndi nsonga za karoti, masamba obzala. Mukamadyetsa nkhono zomwe zili mu terrarium, chakudya chimadulidwa mzidutswa tating'ono kwambiri. Mkate wodziviika amaonedwa kuti ndi wapadera kwa nkhono, koma ndi bwino kuupereka pang'ono pokhapokha ngati zakudya zowonjezera. Zotsalira za zakudya zowonongedwa zimachotsedwa, apo ayi nkhono zimatha kuthiridwa poyizoni. Nkhono zimakhala ndi njala nthawi zonse, ndipo sizimva kukhuta, chifukwa chake muyenera kupereka chakudya m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Ndibwino kusadyetsa nkhonoyi kuposa kudyetsa.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe mungadyetse nkhono zanu zamphesa. Tiyeni tiwone momwe amakhala kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nkhono za mphesa m'chilengedwe
Nkhono za mphesa ndi nyama yodekha, yochedwa kuyenda ndipo imangokhala. Kukhazikika m'malo achinyezi, kuyesera kukhala pakati pa udzu ndi tchire, pomwe kuwala kwa dzuwa sikugwa. Masana, imatha kubisala pansi pamiyala komanso mumthunzi wamitengo. Nkhonoyi imakhala pachikopa chake pafupifupi tsiku lonse. Dzuwa likulowa, amakwawa mwakachetechete pa udzu ndipo amadya pafupifupi nthawi zonse. Nkhono zimakonda mvula kwambiri, mvula ikatha imakonda kukwawa pa udzu woterera. Pakakhala chilala, nkhonozi zimasanduka daze, panthawiyi nkhonoyo imakhala yolemetsa, imalowa m'chigoba chake ndikumata pakhomo pake ndi kanema wowonekera.
Nkhono zimachedwa kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri kwa nkhono ndi 7 cm pamphindi. yozizira. M'dzinja, kutentha kwa mpweya kukatsikira ku 17-12'C, nkhonoyi imabisala. Imabisala mu mphando wapadera womwe unakumba pansi pakuya masentimita 5 mpaka 10. Nkhonoyi imadzibisa yokha m'nthaka. Nkhono zimatha kukhala m'mizere yoimitsidwa mpaka miyezi 5 panthawiyi, imachepa kwambiri, ikadzuka, nkhonoyo imabwerera mwakale milungu ingapo. Ndikudzuka koyambirira, imatha kupirira kukhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwakanthawi kochepa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chigoba cha nkhonoyi ndi champhamvu kwambiri, chimatha kupirira kuthamanga mpaka 12.5kg. Nkhonoyo imadzibisa pansi pang'onopang'ono osawopa kuti ingaphwanyidwe.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nkhono za mphesa ku Belarus
Kutha msinkhu mu nkhono za mphesa kumachitika ali ndi zaka 1-1.5. Nkhono zimakhala ndi mapiri angapo obereketsa, woyamba mchaka atangodzuka ku tulo tofa ndi kumapeto kwa Marichi-Juni. Nthawi yachiwiri yobereketsa imachitika koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira. Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi, nkhono imayenda pang'onopang'ono mozungulira, nthawi zina imakweza kutsogolo kwa thupi lake. Ima ngati ikufuna winawake.
Nkhono ziwiri zikakumana nazo, zimayamba kutambasula imodzi pamwamba pa inayo, kumamvana ndi mahema, ndikumakhudza mapazi awo. Patapita kanthawi, nkhonoyi imagwa pansi ndikutsamira pansi moteromo, imangokhala osayenda pafupifupi mphindi 15. Pambuyo pake, masewerawa amakwereranso mpaka nkhono imodzi ilumikizane ndi ziwalo zina zoberekera. Pakukopana, nkhono zonse zimakhala zazimuna ndi zachikazi. Pambuyo pothana, nkhonozi zimafalikira mbali zosiyanasiyana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pakukhwimitsa, nkhonoyo imalandira ma spermophones, omwe amatha kusunga chaka chonse, mpaka itapeza mpata woyikira mazira.
Pokuikira mazira, nkhonoyo imapanga clutch pakukumba dzenje lakuya masentimita 5-10, kenako, kupondaponda nthaka, imapanga makoma a pogona. Nthawi zina zibangili zimapangidwa m'misasa yachilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, pafupi ndi mbewu za rhizomes. Panthawi imodzi, mazira 40 amtundu wa ngale amakhala mu clutch. Kuikira mazira a nkhono ndi kovuta, ndipo pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nkhono amafa atasiya ana. Nthawi yosakaniza imatha pafupifupi mwezi. Nkhono zomwe zimaswa kuchokera mu dzira ndi kope kakang'ono ka wamkulu. Ali ndi chipolopolo chosalala bwino komanso chowonekera bwino chokhala ndi ma curls 1.5 okha. Patsiku la 10, nkhono zazing'ono zimasiya chisa chawo ndikupita kukafunafuna chakudya.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhono za mphesa
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhono ya mphesa imawonekera
Nkhono ndi nyama zopanda chitetezo zomwe adani ambiri amakonda kudya.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhono za mphesa ndi awa:
- tizilombo tosiyanasiyana todyera monga kafadala, ntchentche, crickets, millipedes.
- ziphuphu;
- zikopa;
- mbewa;
- achule;
- achule;
- abuluzi;
- mbalame;
- asales ndi ena ambiri odyetsa.
Komanso nkhono za mphesa zitha kuukiridwa ndi nkhono zolusa. Zowononga zimatha kuluma chipolopolo cholimba, kapena kuyamwa nkhonoyi pogona pake. Nyongolotsi zambiri ndi tizilombo tikhoza kukwawa mkati mwa chipolopolocho kudzera mu dzenje lopumira lomwe lachigwira modzidzimutsa. Komanso nkhono nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa ndi mbozi zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana.
Nkhono zimatha kupatsira ziweto ndi ziweto matenda opatsirana omwe amatha kudyedwa ndi nkhono. Kuphatikiza pa nyama zakutchire, anthu amagwiritsanso ntchito nkhono. M'mayiko ambiri, nkhono zimaŵetedwa kuti azidya. Nyama ya nkhono za mphesa ndizopatsa thanzi kwambiri, imakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, vitamini B12.
Nkhono zamphesa zimayambanso chimfine, makamaka zitatuluka kutulo, zimatha kupirira kuzizira, koma kwakanthawi kochepa, zimazizira msanga ngati sizibisala mnyumba munthawi yake. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhono sizimalola kuwala kwa dzuwa; nthawi yachilala amayesa kubisala mumthunzi. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikukhala m'tawuni kumasokoneza kuchuluka kwa nkhono za mphesa, popeza nkhono zimasowa malo awo okhala.
Udindo ndi kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nkhono za mphesa
Kutengera kusanthula kwakapangidwe ka anthu a Helix pomatia kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa magawo awo kochitidwa ndi asayansi E.A. Senegin. ndi Artemichuk O.Yu. kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi pakadali pano sikuli pachiwopsezo. Pakuwunika, madera pafupifupi makumi awiri amtundu wa nkhono za mphesa adaphunziridwa ndi njira ya protein gel electrophoresis. Malinga ndi zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu, kuchuluka kwa mitundu iyi sikuwopsezedwa masiku ano. Ngakhale zikhalidwe zakusintha kwamatauni, ma molluscs awa amakhala osangalala ndipo amatha kuberekana. Zimakhala zovuta kutsatira kuchuluka kwa nkhono za mphesa, chifukwa malowa ndi otakata, ndipo nkhono zimakhala moyo wachinsinsi kwambiri.
Zikudziwika kuti mitunduyo ndi yochulukirapo ndipo safuna chitetezo chapadera. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhono zamphesa nthawi zambiri zimawombedwa m'matumba ndi minda yapadera. Nkhonozi amazigulitsa ngati ziweto ndipo m'masitolo ndi m'malesitilanti monga chakudya. Zaulimi, nkhono zamphesa zimawerengedwa ngati tizirombo, chifukwa zimatha kudya masamba a zokolola ndikupatsira nyama matenda oopsa a parasitic. Chifukwa chake, alimi ambiri akuyesetsa kuchotsa nkhonozi m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Nkhono za mphesa wodekha kwambiri, amatsogolera moyo wodekha komanso woyezedwa. Amatha kukhala moyo wawo wonse m'malo amodzi. Nkhono za mphesa ndi zolengedwa zodabwitsa zomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa kuziwona. Mukakhala ndi nkhonozi kunyumba, mutha kudabwa ndi zizolowezi zawo ndi zizolowezi zawo. Mu ukapolo, nkhono zimayenda bwino, ndipo zimakhala motalikirapo kuposa abale achilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.08.2019 chaka
Tsiku losintha: 28.09.2019 nthawi 11:40
