Andean condor Ndi mbalame yaku South America ya banja la Cathartidae, nthambi yokhayo pamtundu wa Vultur. Amapezeka m'mapiri a Andes komanso kufupi ndi Pacific Pacific ku South America. Ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kophatikizana komanso mapiko ake. Mapiko ake otalika kwambiri ndi 3.3 m, amapitilira kokha mapiko a mbalame zinayi zam'nyanja ndi zamadzi - ma albatross ndi nkhono.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Andean Condor
The Andean condor idayambitsidwa ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Sweden Karl Linnaeus mu 1758 ndipo adakali ndi dzina loyambirira loti Vultur gryphus mpaka lero. Mawu akuti Vultur amatengedwa kuchokera ku Latin vultur, kutanthauza kuti vulture. Ma epithet ake enieni amachokera ku liwu losiyana lachi Greek γρυπός (grupós, "hook nose").
Zosangalatsa: Malo enieni a taxonomic a Andesan condor ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yotsala ya ziwombankhanga za New World sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Ngakhale ziwombankhanga m'makontinenti onse ndizofanana m'mawonekedwe komanso zimakhala ndi zochitika zachilengedwe, zimachokera kwa makolo osiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi ndipo zilibe ubale wapamtima. Momwe mabanja awiriwa aliri osiyana lero zikukambidwa ndi asayansi.
Mtundu wa Andes ndi mtundu wokhawo wazamoyo wamtunduwu, Vultur. Poyerekeza ndi condor ya ku California (G. californianus), yomwe imadziwika kuchokera pazakale zakale ndi abale ena owonjezera, zolemba zakale za condor ya Andes ndizochepa.
Zikuganiziridwa kuti mitundu yoyambirira ya ma Pleistocene aku South America condors sanali osiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu yapano. Ngakhale mtundu wina wabwera kwa ife kokha kuchokera m'mafupa ochepa ochepa omwe amapezeka mu Pliocene dipatimenti ya dipatimenti ya Tarija, Bolivia, atha kukhala kuti anali subspecies yaying'ono, V Gryphus Patruus.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe condor ya Andes imawonekera
Makondomu a Andes ali ndi nthenga zakuda, zonyezimira zokhala ndi kolala yoyera m'munsi mwa khosi. Pomwe achinyamata ali ndi nthenga zaimvi ndi zofiirira. Mbalamezi zimakhalanso ndi nthenga zoyera pamapiko awo, ndipo zimatchulidwa kwambiri mwa amuna. Pakhosi ndi pamutu wa makondomu achikulire, nthenga sizikupezeka ndipo, monga mwalamulo, zimakhala zakuda mpaka zofiirira zakuda. Achinyamata m'malo awa ali ndi imvi, zomwe pambuyo pake zimawonongeka. Dazi ili mwina ndichotengera ukhondo, popeza khungu lopanda kanthu ndikosavuta kukhalabe loyera komanso louma mukamadya zovunda.
Kanema: Andean Condor
Mlomo umakhadzula nyama yovunda kuchokera pamtembowo. Maziko a nsagwada zawo zakumtunda ndi zapansi ndi mdima, ndipo milomo yonseyo ndi yonyezimira. Ma conde a Andes amalemera makilogalamu 7.7 mpaka 15 ndipo amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 97.5 mpaka 128. Miyendo ya ma conde a Andes ndiopanda mphamvu kwambiri komanso ndi zikhadabo zazifupi, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama. Chala chakumbuyo sichinakule bwino, koma chala chapakati chimakhala chachitali kwambiri kuposa enawo. Mapazi awo ndi miyendo yokutidwa ndi mamba yoyera yakuda.
Zosangalatsa: Mapiko a mapiko a 3.2m ndi mapiko ataliatali kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse zapamtunda.
Ma conde a Andean ndi mitundu yokhayo m'mabanja a Cathartidae yomwe imawonetsa kusakhazikika kwakugonana. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zambiri zodya nyama, zamphongo za Andesan zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zazikazi. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu, pomwe akazi alibe. Kugonana kwa mbalame kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana, amuna amakhala ndi ana abulauni, pomwe akazi amakhala ofiira. Amuna ndi akazi onse amatha kusintha mtundu wa khungu lowonekera pakhosi ndi nkhope kutengera momwe akumvera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikizana pakati pa anthu komanso ziwonetsero munthawi yokomana.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe condor ya Andes imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi condor ya Andes imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Andean Condor Bird
Condor imapezeka ku South America ku Andes, kuphatikiza mapiri a Santa Marta. Kuchokera kumpoto, mulingo wake umayambira ku Venezuela ndi Colombia, komwe mbalameyi ndiyosowa kwambiri, kenako imakafika kumwera kutsidya la Andes ku Ecuador + Peru + Chile, kudutsa Bolivia ndi Argentina kupita ku Tierra del Fuego yomwe. M'zaka za zana la 19, condor ya Andes idapezeka kulikonse kuchokera ku Venezuela kupita ku Tierra del Fuego, koma malowo adachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu.
Chochititsa chidwi: M'mapiri akutali a Andes aku Colombia ndi Ecuador, ziwerengero za mbalame zimakhulupirira kuti zikuchepa. Anthu amakhala okwera kwambiri kumadera akumwera kwa North Peruvian Low, komwe amakhala m'malo akulu a mapiri, zipululu ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Malo ake amakhala makamaka ndi malo otsegulira udzu ndi mapiri okwera mpaka 5000m.Amakonda madera otseguka, opanda nkhalango zomwe zimaloleza kuti iwonere zovunda kuchokera mlengalenga, monga paramo kapena mapiri amiyala. Nyumba za Andes zimakhala ndi chisa pamiyala m'miyala yaying'ono kapena m'mapanga. Amagwiritsa ntchito mafunde otentha kuti anyamuke ndikuuluka kwa maola ambiri osachita khama posaka chakudya.
Nthaŵi zina, condor ya Andes imapezeka kumadera otsika kum'maŵa kwa Bolivia, kumpoto kwa Peru ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Brazil, mbalameyi imatsikira ku madera a m'chipululu a Chile + Peru ndipo imapezeka m'nkhalango za beech ku Patagonia. Kummwera kwa Patagonia, malo odyetserako udzu ndiofunika kwa ma Andesan condors, chifukwa nyama zodya nyama zitha kupezeka m'malo amenewa. Kudera lino, Andesan condor range amakhudzidwa ndi kupezeka kwa madambo, komanso miyala yopangira zisa ndi kugona usiku wonse.
Kodi condor ya Andes imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Great Andes Condor
Mbalameyi imagwirizanitsidwa nthawi zambiri kuti ikhale yolumikizana popita kukasaka nyama zakutchire ndi ma catharts akuda aku America, omwe amafunafuna nyama mwa kununkhiza, pomwe ma conde aku Andes amazindikira chakudya powonekera. Makondomu akuluakulu a ku Andes ndi abwino kwambiri kuti atsegule khungu lolimba la nyama yomwe yaphedwa kumene kapena yakufa. Ziombankhanga zazing'ono, komano, zimapindula ndi ntchito ya condor ndikudya zomwe zatsala ndi nyama yomwe yapezedwa posachedwa.
M'zaka zapitazi, pakhala kusintha kwachilengedwe pakupezeka kwa chakudya chodziwika bwino cha mitundu yakomweko m'malo ambiri a Andesan. Zonsezi ndizopambana ndi nyama zoweta monga ng'ombe, akavalo, nkhosa, mbuzi. Komanso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka masewera (akalulu, nkhandwe, nguluwe ndi agwape).
Zakudya zoyambirira za ma conde aku Andes zinali:
- ziphuphu;
- alpaca;
- matenda;
- guanaco;
- armadillos.
Mitundu imeneyi tsopano yalowedwa m'malo ndi nyama zoweta. Ma conde a Andes amadyanso nyama zam'madzi za anamgumi ndi nyama zina zazikulu zam'madzi zomwe zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Amakhala obisalira, koma nthawi zina amasaka nyamzi, mbalame ndi akalulu, ndipo nthawi zina amalanda zisa za mbalame zazing'ono kuti zidye mazira.
Ma conde a Andes alibe njira zosakira bwino, koma amatha kuthamangitsa ndikugwira nyama, pamenepo amayamba kudyetsa nyama isanafe. Ma conde a conde amagwira nyama yawo poyimirira, chifukwa alibe miyendo yolimba, yolimba yomwe nyama zambiri zosaka zimakhala nazo.
Chosangalatsa: Mukamayandikira nyama yatsopano, ma conde aku Andes nthawi zambiri amayamba kukhadzula nyama pafupi ndi anus ndikupita kumutu. Chakudya choyamba nthawi zambiri chimakhala chiwindi, kenako minofu. Palibe zoyesayesa zofunikira kuti atsegule chigaza ndikudya ubongo.
Kumpoto kwakumtunda, ma conde aku Andes akukumana ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziwerengero zomwe zimakhudzana ndi vuto la chakudya. Ma conde a Andean nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda chakudya kwa masiku angapo, kenako amadya chakudya chochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti sangathe kukwera mlengalenga. Amakhala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri lazachilengedwe, kumadya zovunda zomwe zikadakhala malo oberekera matenda.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Andean condor akuthawa
Ndi mbalame zokhazokha zomwe zimakwatirana moyo wonse. Amagwira ntchito masana. Monga achikulire ndi achinyamata, mbalame zimakhalira limodzi pamipando ndi ma slabs opumira, koma sizimaswana kumeneko monga miimba ina. Chiwerengero chachikulu (chopitilira zidutswa 196) cha ma condor adawonedwa m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri ku Patagonia ndi Argentina. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo azisangalalo kumawonjezeka chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira.
Kuyanjana pakati pa anthu m'malo ochezera kumawonetsera ulamuliro wolamulira: amuna amalamulira akazi ndipo akulu amalamulira achinyamata. Khalidwe lotsogolali ladzetsa magawano ogona, pomwe mbalame zapamwamba kwambiri ndizomwe zimakhala m'malo abwino okhala ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa komanso kutetezedwa ndi mphepo.
Zosangalatsa: Monga ziwombankhanga zambiri za New World, ma conde aku Andes ali ndi chizolowezi chodzichitira pa mapazi awo, zomwe zimapangitsa mbalameyo kuyenda mozungulira nthawi zonse mapazi ake ataphimbidwa ndi zoyala zoyera za uric acid. Asayansi ena amati mwanjira iyi kuzizira kumatheka pamapazi ndi miyendo. Komabe, izi sizikumveka m'malo ozizira a mbalame a Andes.
Pamene condor ya Andes yanyamuka, mapiko ake amakhala mozungulira ndipo nthenga zake zoyambirira zimayang'ana mmwamba kumapeto. Imagubuduza mapiko ake ikamakweza pansi, koma, ikafika pamtunda wokwera kwambiri, imapitabe patsogolo mapiko ake, kudalira matenthedwe.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Andean Condor
Ma condor awiri a Andes amatha kusankha malo okhala ndi chisa kenako nkukhazikika pafupi nawo miyezi iwiri ndi theka asanakwatirane. Nthawi yoti iyike mazira ikayamba kuyandikira, yaikazi imayamba kukhazikika pang'ono pang'ono pafupi ndi mphasa ya chisa, mpaka itatsalira usiku.
Asanakwerane, yamphongo imayamba ndikutambasula mapiko ake ndikutulutsa khosi. Khosi ndi khungu lake limasintha utoto wonyezimira. Amayandikira chachikazi ndi mapiko otambasula, khosi lalitali komanso lopindika. Wamphongo amatembenukira pang'ono kumanzere ndi kumanja akamapita kwa mkazi, yemwe amathanso kutambasula mapiko ake ndikutsanzira machitidwe ake. Kukwatirana ndi kukwatirana ndizolumikizana mosagwirizana ndi udindo wamwamuna ngati mkazi wamkulu komanso kugonjera mkazi kwa iye.
Zosangalatsa: Nyengo ya mating imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala kuyambira February mpaka June. Mtsinje wa Andes si mbalame yosamuka, choncho nyengo zimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa malire akumpoto ndi akumwera. Nthawi yoswana imasiyananso kutengera mtundu wa malo okhala komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya.
Makondomu ambiri samamanga zisa, koma amaikira dzira limodzi paphiri lopanda kanthu. Ena mwa mitunduyi amatolera timitengo tingapo kuti tizimwaza pamwamba pake. Mazirawo ndi oyera ngati buluu, amalemera pafupifupi 280 g ndipo amakhala ndi masentimita 7.6 mpaka 10.1. Dzira limodzi limakhala masiku 54-58. Makolo onsewa amasamalira anapiye mpaka atauluka ali ndi zaka 6 mpaka 7 zakubadwa. Anapiye amakhala ndi makolo awo mpaka zaka ziwiri, pamene awiriwo ayambiranso kuswana. Kukula msinkhu kumachitika zaka 6-11.
Adani achilengedwe a ma conde aku Andes
Chithunzi: Andean Condor Bird
Makondomu achikulire athanzi alibe odziwika mwachilengedwe. Anapiye achichepere amatha kugwera mbalame zazikuluzikulu kapena ankhandwe. Nthawi zambiri mazira amatengedwa ndi zilombo zolusa chifukwa m'modzi mwa makolo amakhala chisa nthawi zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, Andean amavomereza chisa pazitali zazitali za miyala, pomwe amatetezedwa ku ziwopsezo zilizonse. Koma nthawi zina mbalamezi zimakhazikika m'malo oti anthu amatha kulowa pansi mosavuta. Amadziwika kuti amateteza chisa chawo mwankhanza kwa adani awo.
Zowononga zazikulu:
- nkhandwe;
- zolusa mbalame.
Ma conde a Andes amakonda kudyetsa nyama zazikulu, zakufa, ndipo nthawi zina amasaka nyama ndi odwala komanso ovulala. Mitundu yambiri yam'mapiri a Andes yasinthidwa ndi mitundu yoweta monga llamas, ng'ombe, akavalo, nkhosa ndi mbuzi, zomwe tsopano ndizomwe zimadya kwambiri. Izi zapangitsa kuti alimi ena komanso oweta ziweto aziwatenga ngati tizirombo tomwe timasowetsa ziweto zawo
Kupha poizoni kwa mbalame kwakhala kofala pazaka zana zapitazi, koma tsopano zikucheperachepera chifukwa chakuzindikira kwa anthu ambiri ndikuzindikira ma condor aku Andes monga zizindikilo za dera. Mu chikhalidwe chakale cha Inca ku Peru, condor imayimira imodzi mwazinthu zitatu zomwe zidakhalako - kumwamba; pomwe nyamazi zikuyimira dziko lapansi ndipo njoka ikuyimira dziko lapansi. Zikhalidwe zitatuzi zikuwonekera pagulu la Inca, kuphatikiza pakupanga kwawo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe condor ya Andes imawonekera
Mtunduwu uli ndi anthu ochepa padziko lonse lapansi, omwe akuganiziridwa kuti akuchepa mwachangu chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa ndi anthu. Chifukwa chake, amadziwika kuti ali pangozi. Imawopsezedwa makamaka kumpoto kwa malo ake, ndipo makamaka ku Venezuela ndi Colombia. Popeza mbalameyi imafa kwambiri, koma mitengo yotsika kwambiri yobereka.
Mitunduyi imakhala pachiwopsezo kwambiri m'malo ena, chifukwa anthu amathamangitsa mbalameyo chifukwa chakuwombera ziweto. Kuwonjezeka kwa zokopa alendo kumadera ena a Chile ndi Argentina kwadzetsa kuchepa kwa kuzunzidwa, kuwonetsa kufunikira kwa mitunduyi pa zokopa alendo. Kuwononga mikango yamphiri ndi nkhandwe chifukwa chake kumatha kukhudza mtundu uwu m'malo ena. Ku Argentina, ma condor amadalira kwambiri nyama zakutchire, zomwe zimapanga 98.5% yazakudya zawo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kusintha kwa ziweto. Mpikisano wapakati pamitembo m'malo omwewo ukhoza kukhala ndi zoyipa kwa anthu amtundu wama condor.
Andean Condors ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kupulumuka kwawo m'malo awo achilengedwe ndikofunikira pakusamalira zachilengedwe. Ma conde a Andes amawonedwanso kawirikawiri kumalo osungira nyama, ndipo ndi nyama yotchuka chifukwa cha momwe alili. Iwo akhala othandizira pophunzitsa malo osungira nyama kuti akhale ndi chidziwitso pakupanga ukapolo wama condor akulu.
Andean Condor Alonda
Chithunzi: Andean condor kuchokera ku Red Book
Condor ya Andes ndi chizindikiro cha mayiko m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Mbalameyi imathandiza kwambiri m'nthano ndi miyambo ya madera a Andes. Condor ya Andes imadziwika kuti ili pangozi ndipo yatchulidwa ngati nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Amavulazidwa ndi kutayika kwa malo okhala ndi poizoni ndi mitembo ya nyama yapoizoni. Mapulogalamu obereketsa andende akhazikitsidwa m'maiko angapo.
Mapulogalamu obwezeretsedwanso kuti akatulutse mbalame zomwe zasungidwa m'malo osungira nyama aku North America kuthengo kuti athandizire anthu akumaloko adziwitsidwa ku Argentina, Venezuela ndi Colombia. Mwana wankhuku woyamba wopangidwa ndi andean condor adatulutsidwa kuthengo mu 1989.
Chosangalatsa: Mukamakula ma condor, kulumikizana ndi anthu kumakhala kochepa. Anapiye amadyetsedwa ndi zidole za magolovesi, omwe ali ofanana ndi mbalame zazikulu za mtunduwo, kuti alepheretse anapiye kuti azolowere anthu, zomwe zitha kuwaika pachiwopsezo cha makondomu atamasulidwa, chifukwa sangawope anthu. Makondomu omwe atulutsidwa amatsatiridwa ndi satellite kuti ayang'anire mayendedwe awo ndikuwona ngati ali amoyo.
Andean condor zolembedwa mu Zowonjezera I ndi Zakumapeto II za CITES. Ntchito zachitetezo ku Andes zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi / makanema kuti azindikire mbalame iliyonse pamalo odyera. Kafukufuku wamaulendo ang'onoang'ono a mbalame komanso momwe ma condor angakhudzire ziweto.Komanso kuchita zokambirana ndi alimi pofuna kuchepetsa kuzunzidwa kwa mbalamezi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/30/2019 pa 21:25
