Mammoth - nyama yodziwika bwino kwa munthu aliyense chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chotchuka. Tikudziwa kuti anali zimphona zaubweya zomwe zidatha zaka zambiri zapitazo. Koma mammoths ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe apadera okhala, chikhalidwe ndi moyo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mammoth
Mamammoth ndi nyama zomwe zatuluka m'banja la njovu. M'malo mwake, mtundu wa mammoths udaphatikizira mitundu ingapo, yomwe asayansi akukambirana mpaka pano. Mwachitsanzo, amasiyana kukula (panali anthu akuluakulu ndi ochepa), pamaso pa ubweya, kapangidwe ka minyanga, ndi zina zambiri.
Mammoths adazimiririka pafupifupi zaka 10 zikwi zapitazo, mphamvu yaumunthu siyiyikidwa padera. Ndizovuta kudziwa kuti mammoth omalizira adamwalira liti, popeza kutha kwawo kumadera kunali kosafanana - mitundu yayikulu ya mammoth ku kontinenti ina kapena pachilumba china adapitilizabe kukhala moyo wina.
Chosangalatsa: Chibale chapafupi kwambiri cha mammoths, yofanana ndi physiology, ndi njovu yaku Africa.
Mitundu yoyamba ndi mammoth aku Africa - nyama zomwe pafupifupi zilibe ubweya. Adawonekera koyambirira kwa Pliocene ndipo adasamukira kumpoto - kwa zaka 3 miliyoni adafalikira ku Europe konse, ndikupeza zinthu zatsopano zosinthika - zazitali pakukula, adapeza minyewa yambiri ndi tsitsi lolemera.
Kanema: Mammoth
The steppe adasiyana ndi mtundu wa mammoths - adapita kumadzulo, kupita ku America, ndikusintha komwe amatchedwa Columbus mammoth. Nthambi ina ya steppe mammoth development yakhazikika ku Siberia - inali mitundu ya mammoths iyi yomwe inali yotchuka kwambiri, ndipo lero ndiyodziwika kwambiri.
Zotsalira zoyambirira zidapezeka ku Siberia, koma sizinali zotheka kuzizindikira nthawi yomweyo: adalakwitsa chifukwa cha mafupa a njovu. Ndi mu 1798 zokha pomwe akatswiri azachilengedwe adazindikira kuti mammoths anali mtundu wosiyana, okha pafupi ndi njovu zamakono.
Mwambiri, mitundu yayikulu ya mammoths imasiyanitsidwa:
- South Africa ndi North Africa, zosiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake kukula kwake;
- Romanesque - mitundu yoyambirira ya mammoth aku Europe;
- Southern mammoth - amakhala ku Europe ndi Asia;
- steppe mammoth, yomwe imaphatikizapo subspecies zingapo;
- American mammoth Columbus;
- Mammoth Achikopa a ku Siberia;
- mammoth ochokera ku Wrangel Island.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mammoth amawonekera
Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mammoth amawoneka mosiyana. Onsewo (kuphatikizapo amfupi) anali apamwamba kukula kwa njovu: kutalika kwake kunali mamita asanu ndi theka, misa imatha kufikira matani 14. Nthawi yomweyo, mammoth ochepa amatha kupitirira kutalika kwa mita ziwiri ndikulemera mpaka tani imodzi - miyeso iyi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa mammoth ena.
Mammoths amakhala m'nthawi ya nyama zazikulu. Anali ndi thupi lalikulu, lalikulu lofanana ndi mbiya, koma nthawi yomweyo anali ochepa miyendo yayitali. Makutu a mammoth anali ochepa poyerekeza ndi njovu zamakono, ndipo thunthu lake linali lolimba.
Ma mammoth onse anali okutidwa ndi ubweya, koma kuchuluka kwake kumasiyana mitundu ndi mitundu. Mammoth waku Africa anali ndi tsitsi lalitali, lowonda atagona mosanjikiza, pomwe mammoth yaubweya anali ndi malaya apamwamba komanso chovala chamkati chokhuthala. Anali wokutidwa ndi tsitsi kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumapazi, kuphatikiza thunthu ndi diso.
Zosangalatsa: Njovu zamakono sizimaphimbidwa konsekonse. Amagwirizana ndi mammoths kukhalapo kwa burashi kumchira.
Mammoths amadziwikanso ndi zilombo zazikulu (mpaka 4 mita m'litali komanso zolemera mpaka ma kilogalamu zana), zowongoka mkati, ngati nyanga zamphongo. Amuna ndi akazi onse anali ndi ming'oma ndipo mwina amakula moyo wonse. Thunthu la mammoth lidakulanso kumapeto, ndikusandulika ngati "fosholo" - kuti mammoths amatha kutulutsa chisanu ndi nthaka posaka chakudya.
Kudalira kwazithunzi kunadziwonetsera kukula kwa mammoths - akazi anali ochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna. Zomwezi zikuchitikanso masiku ano pamitundu yonse ya njovu. Chombo cha mammoth chimafota. Poyamba, amakhulupirira kuti adapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi ma vertebrae ataliatali, kenako asayansi pambuyo pake adazindikira kuti awa ndi mafuta omwe mammoth amadya munthawi ya njala, ngati ngamila.
Kodi mammoth amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mammoth ku Russia
Kutengera mitundu, mammoths amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mammoth oyamba kukhala Africa, kenako okhala ku Europe, Siberia ndikufalikira ku North America.
Malo okhala mammoths ndi awa:
- Kumwera ndi Central Europe;
- Zilumba za Chukchi;
- China;
- Japan, makamaka chilumba cha Hokkaido;
- Siberia ndi Yakutia.
Chosangalatsa: World Mammoth Museum idakhazikitsidwa ku Yakutsk. Poyamba, izi zidachitika chifukwa chakuti kutentha kwakukulu kunkasungidwa ku Far North nthawi yama mammoth - panali dome lamadzi otentha lomwe silimalola kuti mpweya wozizira udutse. Ngakhale zipululu zamakono za Arctic zinali zodzaza ndi zomera.
Kuzizira kunachitika pang'onopang'ono, kuwononga mitundu yomwe inalibe nthawi yosinthira - mikango yayikulu ndi njovu zopanda ubweya. Mammoths adakwanitsa kuthana ndi chisinthiko, kuti akhale ku Siberia mwanjira yatsopano. Mammoths amakhala moyo wosamukasamuka, nthawi zonse kufunafuna chakudya. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake zotsalira za mammoth zimagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Koposa zonse, adakonda kukhazikika m'maenje pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja kuti azipezako akasupe amadzi nthawi zonse.
Kodi mammoth idadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mammoths m'chilengedwe
Pomaliza tinganene za zomwe mammoth amadya potengera kapangidwe ka mano awo komanso kapangidwe ka ubweya. Zinyama zam'mimba zam'mimba zam'mimba zinali m'mbali iliyonse ya nsagwada. Zinali zazikulu komanso mosalala, zotopa m'moyo wa nyama. Koma nthawi yomweyo, anali olimba kuposa njovu zamasiku ano, anali ndi enamel yolimba.
Izi zikusonyeza kuti mammoths adadya chakudya cholimba. Mano adasinthidwa pafupifupi kamodzi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi - zomwe ndizofala kwambiri, koma pafupipafupi izi zidachitika chifukwa chofunafuna kudya kosalekeza. Mammoths amadya kwambiri, popeza thupi lawo lalikulu limafunikira mphamvu zambiri. Iwo anali herbivores. Mawonekedwe a thunthu la mammoths akummwera ndi ocheperako, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mammoth amatha kuthyola udzu wosowa ndikudula nthambi zamitengo.
Mammoths akumpoto, makamaka mammoth aubweya, anali ndi mathero athunthu a thunthu ndi mano onyengerera. Ndi mano awo, amatha kufalitsa chipale chofewa, ndipo ndi thunthu lawo lalikulu, amatha kuphwanya ayezi kuti akafike pachakudyacho. Palinso lingaliro loti akhoza kugwetsa chipale chofewa ndi mapazi awo, monga momwe agwape amakono amachitira - miyendo ya mammoths inali yocheperako poyerekeza ndi thupi kuposa njovu.
Chosangalatsa: Mimba yathunthu ya mammoth imatha kupitirira kulemera kwa 240 kg.
M'miyezi yotentha, mammoth amadya udzu wobiriwira ndi chakudya chofewa.
Zakudya zam'mammoths m'nyengo yozizira zidaphatikizapo izi:
- dzinthu;
- udzu wouma ndi wachisanu;
- nthambi zofewa za mitengo, khungwa lomwe amatha kutsuka ndi nyanga;
- zipatso;
- moss, ndere;
- mphukira za mitengo - birch, msondodzi, alder.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mammoths
Mammoths anali nyama zokonda kucheza. Misa ikapeza zotsalira zawo zikusonyeza kuti anali ndi mtsogoleri, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali mkazi wachikulire. Amunawa amakhala kutali ndi ziwetozo, akuchita zoteteza. Amuna ang'onoang'ono amakonda kupanga ziweto zawo zazing'ono ndikukhala m'magulu otere. Monga njovu, mammoths mwina anali ndi gulu lolimba la ziweto. Panali yamphongo yayikulu yopambana yomwe imatha kukwatirana ndi akazi onse. Amuna ena amakhala motalikirana, koma amatha kutsutsana ndi ufulu wake wokhala mtsogoleri.
Akazi nawonso anali ndi olamulira awo: akazi achikulire adakhazikitsa njira yomwe gulu lankhondo limasunthira, amafunafuna malo atsopano odyetsera, ndikuzindikira adani omwe akuyandikira. Akazi achikulire amalemekezedwa pakati pa mammoth, amadaliridwa "kuyamwitsa" achichepere. Monga njovu, mammoths anali ndi ubale wabwino kwambiri, amadziwa za ubale wawo.
Pakusuntha kwakanthawi, magulu angapo a mammoth amaphatikizidwa kukhala amodzi, kenako kuchuluka kwa anthu kudapitilira zana. M'gulu limodzi, mammoth adawononga zomera zonse zomwe zimadutsa, ndikuzidya. M'magulu ang'onoang'ono, mammoth amayenda maulendo ataliatali kufunafuna chakudya. Chifukwa cha kusamuka kwakanthawi kwakanthawi komanso kwakanthawi, akhazikika m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi ndipo adasandulika mitundu ina yosiyana pakati pawo.
Monga njovu, mammoths anali nyama zochedwa komanso zopumira. Chifukwa chakukula kwawo, amawopa pafupifupi kuwopseza kulikonse. Sankaonetsa nkhanza zosayenera, ndipo mammoth ang'onoang'ono amatha kuthawa pangozi. Physiology ya mammoths idawalola iwo kuthamanga, koma osati kuti apange liwiro lalikulu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mammoth Cub
Zachidziwikire, mammoths anali ndi nthawi yolimba, yomwe idagwa munthawi yofunda. Mwina, nyengo yobereketsa idayamba mchaka kapena chilimwe, pomwe mammoth samafunika kufunafuna chakudya nthawi zonse. Kenako amuna anayamba kumenyera akazi aang'ono. Wamphongo wamkulu amateteza ufulu wake wokwatirana ndi akazi, pomwe akazi amatha kusankha amuna onse omwe akufuna. Monga njovu, mammoth achikazi nawonso amatha kuthamangitsa amuna omwe sanakonde.
Ndizovuta kunena kuti mimba yayikulu idatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji. Kumbali imodzi, imatha kukhala yayitali kuposa njovu - zopitilira zaka ziwiri, popeza munthawi ya gigantism nthawi yamoyo wa nyama yayitali. Mbali inayi, pokhala nyengo yovuta, mammoth amatha kukhala ndi pakati pocheperako njovu - pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Funso la kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali m'mimba yayikulu ndiyotseguka. Tinyama tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapezeka m'madzi oundana zimazizira zimachitira umboni za kukula kwa nyama izi. Mammoths adabadwa kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachisanu, ndipo anthu akumpoto, thupi lonse poyamba lidakutidwa ndi ubweya, ndiye kuti, mammoth adabadwa ngati ubweya.
Zomwe zapezedwa pakati pa ziweto zazikuluzikulu zikuwonetsa kuti ana amphongo anali ofala - akazi onse amasamalira mwana aliyense. Mtundu wa "nazale" unapangidwa, womwe mammoth adadyetsa ndikutetezedwa koyamba ndi akazi, kenako ndi amuna akulu. Kumenya mwana wamphongo wamkulu kunali kovuta chifukwa cha chitetezo champhamvu chotere. Mammoth anali ndi mphamvu zolimba komanso kukula kwakukulu. Chifukwa cha izi, iwo, pamodzi ndi achikulire, adasamukira kumtunda kwakutali kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira.
Adani achilengedwe a mammoth
Chithunzi: Woolly mammoth
Mammoths anali oimira zazikuluzikulu za zinyama za m'nthawi yawo, kotero analibe adani ambiri. Inde, anthu adachita mbali yayikulu pakusaka nyama zazikulu. Anthu amangokhoza kusaka achichepere, achikulire kapena odwala omwe asochera pagulu, omwe samatha kudzudzula moyenera.
Kwa mammoth ndi nyama zina zazikulu (mwachitsanzo, Elasmotherium), anthu adakumba maenje okhala ndi mitengo pansi. Kenako gulu la anthu linayendetsa nyamayo pamenepo, ndikupanga phokoso lalikulu ndikuponyera mikondo. Mammoth adagwa mumsampha, pomwe adavulala kwambiri komanso komwe samatha kutuluka. Kumeneko adatsirizidwa ndi kuponya zida.
Munthawi ya Pleistocene, mammoths amatha kukumana ndi zimbalangondo, mikango yamphanga, anyani akuluakulu, ndi afisi. Mammoths adadziteteza mwaluso pogwiritsa ntchito mano, thunthu ndi kukula kwake. Amatha kubzala nyama zolusa m'manja, kuponyera pambali, kapena kungoponda. Chifukwa chake, nyama zolusa zimakonda kudzisankhira tokha tating'onoting'ono kuposa zimphona izi.
M'nthawi ya Holocene, mammoths adakumana ndi ziweto zotsatirazi, zomwe zitha kupikisana nawo mwamphamvu ndi kukula:
- Ma Smilodon ndi Gomotheria adazunza anthu ofooka m'magulu akulu, amatha kutsata ana omwe akutsalira kumbuyo kwa gulu;
- zimbalangondo zamapanga zinali theka la kukula kwa mammoth akulu;
- Wodya nyama kwambiri anali Andrewsarch, wofanana ndi chimbalangondo kapena nkhandwe yayikulu. Kukula kwawo kumatha kufika mamita anayi pofota, zomwe zidawapangitsa kukhala nyama zowononga kwambiri m'nthawiyo.
Tsopano mukudziwa chifukwa chomwe mammoth adafa. Tiyeni tiwone komwe kunali zotsalira za nyama yakale.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe mammoth amawonekera
Palibe lingaliro losatsutsika chifukwa chake mammoth adatha.
Lero pali malingaliro awiri wamba:
- Alenje apamwamba a Paleolithic adawononga kuchuluka kwa mammoth ndikuletsa achinyamata kuti akule mpaka kukhala achikulire. Lingaliro limathandizidwa ndi zomwe zapezedwa - zotsalira zambiri za mammoth m'malo omwe anthu akale amakhala;
- Kutentha kwanyengo, nthawi yamadzi osefukira, kusintha kwanyengo kwadzidzidzi kudawononga malo akudya a mammoth, ndichifukwa chake, chifukwa chosamuka nthawi zonse, sanadye komanso sanaberekane.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zina mwazinthu zomwe sizimadziwika kuti mammoth atha ndi kugwa kwa comet komanso matenda akulu, chifukwa chomwe nyama izi zidasowa. Malingaliro sakuthandizidwa ndi akatswiri. Ochirikiza nthanthi iyi akuti kwa zaka zikwi khumi anthu mammoth anali kukula, kotero anthu sakanakhoza kuwononga iwo mochuluka. Kutha kwa zinthu kumeneku kunayamba mwadzidzidzi ngakhale anthu asanafalikire.
M'dera la Khanty-Mansiysk, msana waukulu unapezeka, womwe unapyozedwa ndi chida chaumunthu. Izi zidakhudza kuyambika kwa malingaliro atsopano a kutha kwa mammoth, komanso kukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwa nyamazi komanso ubale wawo ndi anthu. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale anaganiza kuti kusokonezeka kwa anthu ndi ziphuphu sikungatheke, chifukwa mammoth anali nyama zazikulu komanso zotetezedwa. Anthu amasaka ana okhaokha komanso kufooketsa anthu. Mammoths ankasakidwa makamaka kuti apange zida zamphamvu kuchokera kumankhwala ndi mafupa awo, osati chifukwa cha zikopa ndi nyama.
Pachilumba cha Wrangel, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale adapeza nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe inali yosiyana ndi nyama zikuluzikulu. Awa anali mammoth ochepa omwe amakhala pachilumba chayokha kutali ndi anthu komanso nyama zazikulu. Chowonadi chakutha kwawo sichikudziwikabe. Ma mammoth ambiri m'chigawo cha Novosibirsk adamwalira ndi njala yamchere, ngakhale nawonso anali akusakidwa ndi anthu kumeneko. Mammoths adadwala matenda am'mafupa, omwe adayamba chifukwa chosowa zinthu zofunika mthupi. Mwambiri, zotsalira za mammoth zomwe zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi zikuwonetsa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zakutha.
Mammoth anapezeka atatsala pang'ono kukhazikika komanso osaphatikizidwa m'madzi oundana. Imasungidwa pachimake pachipale chofewa momwe imapangidwira, zomwe zimapereka mwayi wambiri pakuphunzira kwake. Akatswiri ofufuza za chibadwa akuganiza zothekanso kubwezeretsanso mammoth kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zilipo - kuti amererenso nyama izi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 25.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 20:58
