Gudgeon wamba ndi woimira banja la carp. Gudgeon amapulumuka bwino m'malo onse am'madzi amchere okhala ndi mchenga ndipo amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kukoma kwake. Ndi mtundu wosangalala ndipo umadyetsa nyama zopanda mafupa za benthic. Utali wa moyo wa nsomba usadutse zaka eyiti mpaka khumi.
Misonkho
| Malo: | Zolemba zamagetsi |
| Ufumu: | Nyama |
| Mtundu: | Chordates |
| Maphunziro: | Nsomba zopangidwa ndi Ray |
| Gulu: | Ma Carps |
| Banja: | Carp |
| Mtundu: | Minnows |
| Onani: | Gudgeon |
Kufotokozera kwa gudgeon
Banja la carp, lomwe ndi gudgeon, lili ndi mitundu masauzande ambiri, kapena genera mazana. Ndipo chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti mkati mwake mumakhala ma gudgeon a masentimita khumi ndi ma carps atatu-anayi.
Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono chonchi, nsombayi ndi yolusa ndipo imafunanso kwambiri asodzi. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika kapena chakudya kapena nyambo ya nsomba zowoneka bwino.
Maonekedwe
Maonekedwe a gudgeon ndiosangalatsa komanso osangalatsa, ngakhale utoto wake ndi wochepa. Ili ndi thupi lalitali, lowonda, fusiform, lozungulira lomwe limakula mpaka masentimita 12-15. Gudgeon wamasentimita makumi awiri ndi amene amakhala ndi mbiri pakati pazobadwa nawo ndipo ndi osowa kwambiri, kapena makamaka, monga ena onse. Unyinji wa munthu wamba umafika magalamu 80 okha.
Pathupi pa gudgeon wamba, pali zipsepse zazifupi zakuthambo ndi kumatako zomwe zilibe kuwala. Pamwamba pake pamakhala masikelo akuluakulu.
Pali ndevu yotchedwa labial pakona iliyonse pakamwa. Pakamwa pa gudgeon pamakhala mizere iwiri ya mano ozungulirazungulira, opindika pang'ono kumapeto kwake. Mutu wake ndi wokulirapo komanso wopindika, wokhala ndi mphuno yowongoka, nsagwada zakumunsi ndizofupikitsa kuposa zakumtunda ndipo zimawoneka ngati mphanda. Pali mbali ziwiri zakutsogolo zazikulu zazikulu zachikaso.
Thupi la gudgeon wamba limakhala ndi msana wobiriwira wobiriwira kumbuyo, mbali zake zasiliva. M'mbali mwa nsomba zachikasu, pali mizere ya mawanga akuda, nthawi zambiri imapanga mikwingwirima. Kumbali imodzi amapezeka kuyambira sikisi mpaka khumi ndi awiri, kutengera kukula ndi msinkhu wa nyama. Mimba ndi gawo lonse lakumunsi limakutidwa ndi zoyera kapena zasiliva, ndipo ziphuphu zam'mimba, m'chiuno ndi kumatako zimakhala zoyera ndi imvi. Zipsepse zakuthambo ndi zam'mbali zimakhala zofiirira komanso zotuwa. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti msinkhu wa nsombayo umasintha mtundu, kuchoka pamithunzi yopepuka kupita kumdima. Mwinanso, ndiko kubisa kwamtunduwu komwe kumathandiza nyama zazing'ono kukhala ndi moyo mosamalitsa kuchokera ku nsomba zikuluzikulu zolusa.
Kukula kwa nsomba
Nthawi zambiri, kutalika kwa gudgeon wokhwima, wamkulu wamkulu amafikira masentimita 12, osapitilira - 15. Dzinalo la gudgeon amathanso kutanthauza mitundu ina ya nsomba. Mitsempha yam'mbuyo imayamba pakati pa 2 mpaka 3 sentimita.
Moyo, machitidwe
Gudgeon amayenda m'madzi osaya nthawi yayitali, akusambira makamaka pamchenga komanso miyala yamiyala. Amagawidwa m'mitsinje yaying'ono yamapiri, mitsinje ikuluikulu komanso nyanja zazikulu. Nsombayi imakhalanso m'mitsinje yachangu yokhala ndi mchenga kapena miyala. Gudgeon amakhala pafupifupi nthawi zonse mdera lomwe adabadwiramo. Ngakhale ndimakonda kwambiri madzi osaya, nthawi yophukira imapita m'malo ozama, matope oti nyengo yachisanu. Gudgeon ndi chizindikiro cha kuyera kwa dziwe, chifukwa madzi odetsedwa amanyansidwa koposa zonse. Chifukwa cha madzi oundana omwe akukula komanso mitsinje, ma minn nthawi zambiri amasonkhana m'magulu pafupi ndi akasupe. Nsombazo zimakondanso mafunde osazizira panthawiyi, pomwe madzi amakhala okhutira ndi mpweya.
Nsombazi zimadya zakudya zazing'ono zazing'ono, ngakhale chakudya cha ndiwo zamasamba ndi gawo la chakudya chake, koma, monga chilombo chenicheni, nyama yamoyo ndiyokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa gudgeon. Zakudyazo zimachokera ku nyongolotsi, tizilombo ta m'madzi, mphutsi, timphamba tating'onoting'ono, caviar ya nsomba zakunja ndi mwachangu. Nyama zazing'ono zimagwira ntchito tsiku lonse, zikungoyang'ana posaka nyama. Usiku, imachita zinthu mwakachetechete, kuyesera kupeza mapiko ake ndi zipsepse zake pansi pamchenga kuti zisatengeke ndi mkokomo. Koma pamakhala zosiyana, makamaka ngati nyama zikuluzikulu zodya nyama zikugwira ntchito posungira masana. M'machitidwe awa, minnow posaka imangodikirira nthawi ina yamasana, yowunikira pang'ono.
Zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi kuti minnows wamba amatha kupanga mawu osokosera, omwe amawathandiza ngati njira yolumikizirana pakati pa anthu. Phokoso limasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya nyama ndi kutentha kwa madzi, koma sizidalira nyengo yoswana.
Chisa cha nsomba m'madzi osaya, m'malo omwe ali pamwamba pa miyala, mchenga ndi zokolola m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mazirawo amatulutsidwa pamwamba pa gawo lapansi, lomwe pambuyo pake limangoyenda ndi pano, likumira ndikumamatira kumunsi kwa mchenga. Mazira ndi mwachangu amapezeka pansi ndipo amakonda ma detritus, malo okhala mchenga wokhala ndi chakudya chambiri ndi mafunde ochepa kapena ofooka.
Minnow wamba amakhala m'magulu, omwe ndi anthu azaka zosiyana komanso akazi. Bungwe lotere limalola munthu kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi kumalo okhala nyama, chifukwa nthawi zonse pamakhala chiopsezo chodyedwa ndi nsomba yayikulu.
Kodi minnow amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kutalika kwa moyo wa gudgeon wamba sikupitilira zaka eyiti mpaka khumi. Koma nthawi yayitali nthawi yayitali ya nsomba imasokonezedwa ali ndi zaka za 3-5, bola ngati mwachangu osowa chochita adakwanitsa kudutsa mzere wa chaka chimodzi. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zomwe zimapezeka m'nyanja zitha kusungidwa m'malo am'madzi, zomwe zimakhalapo kuyambira zaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Gudgeon wamba amakhala m'madzi amadzi opanda madzi omwe amalowera kum'maŵa kwa nyanja ya Atlantic, North Sea, ndi madera a Baltic Sea. Ngalandezi zimaphatikizapo ngalande za Loire komanso kupitirira kum'mawa, UK ndi Rhone, Danube kumtunda ndi Dniester wapakatikati ndi wapamwamba, komanso ngalande za Bugai Dnieper m'mbali mwa Black Sea. Chifukwa chogawira nsomba zikuluzikuluzi sichinafotokozeredwebe, koma nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madzi, mitsinje ndi mitsinje yamitundu yonse, yomwe imakhala ndi mchenga kapena miyala yamiyala komanso madzi oyera.
Nyanja ya Atlantic, mabeseni a Kumpoto ndi Nyanja za Baltic, kuchokera ku ngalande za Loire kupita Kummawa, East Great Britain, ngalande za Rhone ndi Volga, kumtunda kwa Danube ndi pakati ndi kumtunda kwa Dniesters ndi ma Dnieper, pamlingo wina ndi mzake, ali odzazidwa kwenikweni ndi chilombo chaching'ono ichi. Adziwitsidwa kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Italy, Ireland, Wales ndi Scotland. Malire akum'mawa ndi akumwera kwa mndandandawo sakudziwika bwinobwino. Anthu ochokera ku Peninsula ya Iberia ndi Adour Basin kumwera kwa France ali mumzinda wa Lozanoi. Anthu okhala mu beseni la Caspian atha kuyimiranso mitundu ina.
Zakudya za gudgeon wamba
Kwenikweni, ma minnows wamba amadyetsa chilichonse chomwe chingapezeke pansi pa dziwe. Chakudya chimatha kukhala cha mbeu ndi nyama. Koma popeza nsombayo ndi yolusa, zocheperako zazinyama zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pamenyu. Chakudyacho chikuphatikizapo mphutsi za udzudzu, nyama zam'mimba zosagawanika, nyongolotsi zazing'ono, daphnia, cyclops ndi tizilombo. Nthawi yobereka - masika, chilombocho chimatha kudya mitundu ina ya nsomba. Minda ikufunafuna chakudya pakati pamiyala ndi mchenga, pogwiritsa ntchito tinyanga tomwe timakhala ngati vibrissae posaka.
M'malo okhala ndi mafunde okwanira, nsomba zachinyengo izi amabisalira. Ikabisala pang'ono kukhumudwa, gudgeon imatha kudikirira kanyama kakang'ono kapena mwachangu posambira, kuigwira ndikudya.
Kubereka ndi ana
Pofika zaka 3-4 za moyo, nsomba ya gudgeon imakhala yokhwima pogonana. Kusonkhana m'magulu, anthu amapita kumadzi osaya kuti apange. Minnow wamba imangobala kamodzi pachaka. Imatulutsa mazira pamwamba pa gawo lapansi, lomwe limayenda ndi madziwo, limamira mpaka pansi ndikutsatira gawo lapansi kudzera pachikopa chomata. Nthawi ina, mkazi amatulutsa mazira 10 mpaka 12,000. Kuthetheka komweko kumakhala ndi mtundu wabuluu, kumakhala ndi chipolopolo chomata. Zotsatira zake, pamakhala mchenga wambiri, womwe umagwira ntchito yoteteza ndi kubisalira ana amtsogolo. Mwachangu, ataswedwa m'mazirawo, apitilizabe kukhala pansi kwakanthawi, posankha malo okhala mchenga komanso otsika omwe ali ndi chakudya chambiri. Ana oswedwa amadyera pa detritus pansi.
Mazira amaikidwa kuyambira Epulo mpaka Ogasiti, pomwe kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala kopitilira 7-13 ° C, koma kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kwakukulu. Pakatikati pakati pa Russian Federation, gudgeon imayamba kubala mu Meyi. Nthawi yoberekera imakhala yayitali ndipo imakhala kuyambira masiku 45 mpaka 60. Nthawi yobereketsa m'madzi osaya imatsaguka ndi phokoso; mwakuya, nsomba sizimawoneka pansi pamadzi, chifukwa chake sipabweranso.
Adani achilengedwe
Tsoka ilo, kuthengo, zimakonzedwa kotero kuti chilombo chokulirapo chimadya chofooka ndi chaching'ono. Gudgeon ndiye nyama ya nyama zambiri zodya nsomba monga Eurasian otter, carp, pike kapena common kingfisher. Ngakhale kuti nsomba zazing'ono zotere sizingakwaniritse zosowa za chilombo chachikulu, imakhala ndi njira yamoyo ya minn, yomwe ndi kayendedwe kawo kusukulu. Chifukwa chake, kuwasaka kumadzakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri, chifukwa ngati mutafulumira, mutha kulowa mgulu, ndikulanda anthu angapo nthawi imodzi. Zikuoneka kuti ena ochepa nthawi yomweyo amadabwitsidwa ndi mchira woyenda, pambuyo pake amatha kupitiliza kudya mopanda changu, kungonyamula omwe agwawo. Ku Central Europe, pamitsinje ndi mitsinje, gudgeon amapanga 45% yazakudya zam'madzi zam'madzi izi. M'madera ena, chiwerengerochi chimachokera ku 25-35%.
Koma osati nsomba ndi otter okha omwe sagwirizana ndi phwando la gudgeon. Khansa imathanso kuvulaza anthu, kuwononga nyama zazing'ono zomwe sizikuwona bwino, kwakanthawi atabadwa, zikuzungulira pansi.
Chiwopsezo chikhoza kubisalira mlengalenga, komanso pagombe. Akuluakulu amakhumbira chakudya cha mbalame zodya nyama ndi nyama zina zazing'ono zomwe zimadya nyama. Komanso, ngakhale ili ndi phindu lochepa chotere, gudgeon imagwidwa ndi mbedza ndi asodzi. Pa ndodo wamba yophera nyambo ngati nyambo ngati nyongolotsi, mutha kukhala ndi anthu zana limodzi. Kuti mupeze gudgeon, muyenera kungochotsa mbedza pansi pomwepo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo iyankha chakudya chomwe chikubwera.
Mtengo wamalonda
Gudgeon ilibe phindu lochulukirapo. Ngakhale imakhala yosangalatsa komanso yosavuta kugwira, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphikira anthu. Nyama yake siyabwino kugulitsa, chifukwa nsomba ndizochepa ndipo nyama yakeyo ndi mafupa. Mutha kuphika kuchokera pamenepo, koma simungapewe kukangana. Nsombazi sizoyenera kuswana kwapangidwe pazifukwa zomwezo. Nthawi zambiri, gudgeon imakhala chinthu chosakira masewera kapena imagwidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nyambo zamtengo wapatali, zazikuluzikulu, monga pike, carp, carp kapena catfish. Komanso, nsomba zodabwitsa izi zimatha kusungidwa. Amakonda madzi abwino nthawi zonse komanso chakudya chochuluka. Ma minnows mu aquarium amakhala osadzichepetsa, amasintha msanga, ngakhale atagwidwa kutchire atakula msinkhu.
Ngakhale kutchuka kwa nsomba pazakudya, ndikofunikanso kutchula za phindu lake. Gudgeon ali ndi mchere komanso michere yambiri. Lili ndi mavitamini A ndi D, calcium, selenium, phosphorous ndi fluoride. Komanso minnow nyama imakhala ndi ayodini wokwanira komanso omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Mukakazinga, nsomba zimapeza kukoma kokoma, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi kumatha kukhala ndi thanzi labwino pamtima komanso pamitsempha yamagazi, mawonekedwe amaso, khungu, mafupa ndi mano. Iodini yomwe ili ndi nsomba imathandizira pamatenda a chithokomiro. Nyama siyothandiza kokha, ngakhale kuti ili ndi mafuta ochepa, omwe amapangitsa kuti ikhale gwero labwino kwambiri lazinthu zofunikira pakutsata zakudya kuti muchepetse thupi kapena nthawi yobwezeretsa mukadwala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Nsomba ya gudgeon imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuipitsa madzi. Komabe, ili ndi malo osiyanasiyana ndipo imapezeka m'malo ambiri. Sichikukumana ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zadziwika, ndichifukwa chake IUCN idati ndi mtundu 'Wosasamala'.
