Iyi ndi nsomba yolemekezeka, yomwe a Pomors adatcha "salmon" kale pamaso pa anthu aku Norwegi, omwe pambuyo pake adalimbikitsa dzina lomweli ku Europe pamlingo waukulu.
Kufotokozera kwa nsomba
Salmo salar (salmon), yemwe amadziwikanso ndi asodzi monga Atlantic kapena lake saumoni, ndi membala wa nsomba za salmon za m'banja la salmon ndipo ndi m'modzi mwa nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray. Akatswiri azachipatala, atafufuza zamankhwala amuzolengedwa, adazindikira kusiyana pakati pa nsomba za ku America ndi ku Europe, ndikuzigawa m'magulu awiri - S. salar americanus ndi S. salar salar. Kuphatikiza apo, ndichizolowezi kulankhula za mitundu iwiri ya nsomba ya Atlantic, anadromous ndi madzi oyera / lacustrine, pomwe yachiwiri idawonedwa ngati mtundu wodziyimira pawokha. Salmon wokhala m'nyanjayi amadziwika kuti ndi morph wapadera - Salmo salar morpha sebago.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Oimira onse a mtundu wa Salmo (ndi salimoni nawonso) ali ndi pakamwa yayikulu komanso fupa lalitali lomwe limapitilira mzere wakutsogolo kwa diso. Nsombazi zikakula, mano ake amalimbanso. Amuna okhwima ogonana amakhala ndi mbedza yooneka bwino, atakhala kumapeto kwa nsagwada ndi "kunola" pansi pa nsagwada zakumtunda.
Thupi lalitali la salimoni limapanikizika pang'ono m'mbali ndipo limakutidwa ndi sikelo zapakatikati. Amathothoka mosavuta ndipo amakhala ozungulira ndi zisa m'mbali. Mzere wotsatira (kutengera kukula kwa munthu) uli ndi masikelo pafupifupi 110-150. Zipsepse za m'chiuno, zopitilira kuwala kwa 6, zili pakatikati pa thupi, ndipo zipsepse za pectoral zili pansi kwambiri pakatikati.
Zofunika. Chiphalaphala chaching'ono chotchedwa adipose chomera moyang'anizana ndi kumatako ndi kuseri kwa zipsepse zakuthambo chimakhala chizindikiro cha nsomba za mtundu wa salimoni. Mapiko a caudal, monga ma salmonid ena, ali ndi notch.
M'nyanja, kumbuyo kwa nsomba yayikulu ya ku Atlantic ndi yabuluu kapena yobiriwira, mbali zake zimakhala zasiliva, ndipo mimba imakhala yoyera nthawi zonse. Pamwambapa, thupi lili lodzaza ndi mawanga akuda osafanana omwe amatha pamene mukuyandikira pakati. Kuwona malo nthawi zambiri sikukuwoneka pansipa.
Zinyama zam'madzi za Atlantic zikuwonetsa mtundu wina (parr-mark) utoto - mdima wakuda wokhala ndi masamba 11-12 oyenda. Amuna omwe amapita kukasandutsa mkuwa, amatenga mawanga ofiira kapena a lalanje ndi zipsepse zosiyana. Inali nthawi imeneyi kuti nsagwada zazimuna zimapindika ndikutalika, ndipo kutuluka kooneka ngati mbedza kumawonekera kumunsi.
Zitsanzo zokhwima, zokula mafuta zimakula kupitilira 1.5 mita ndikulemera makilogalamu opitilira 45, koma kwakukulukulu, kutalika / kulemera kwa salimoni kumatsimikizika ndi kuchuluka ndi kulemera kwa fodya. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, kukula kwa nyanja ya salimoni kumasiyanasiyana ngakhale ndi mitsinje: mumtsinje. Ponoy ndi R. Ku Varzuga kulibe kuposa makilogalamu 4.2-4.7 kg, pomwe nsomba imakololedwa ku Onega ndi Pechora, yomwe imalemera makilogalamu 7.5-8.8.
M'mitsinje yoyenda mu Nyanja Yoyera ndi ya Barents, onse akulu ndi ang'ono (masamba ndi tinda) amakhala, pafupifupi theka la mita kutalika ndikulemera mpaka 2 kg.
Moyo, machitidwe
Akatswiri azachipatala adagwirizana kuti nsomba ngati mtundu wa saucous, womwe umakopeka ndi madzi akumwa mukakhala munyanja zazikulu. Nthawi yodyetsa m'madzi am'nyanja, nsomba za Atlantic zimasaka nsomba zazing'ono ndi nkhanu, ndikusunga mafuta oti zibalalike komanso nthawi yozizira. Pakadali pano, akuchulukirachulukira msinkhu ndi kulemera, ndikuwonjezera masentimita 20 pachaka.
Mwachangu nsomba zimathera munyanja kuyambira 1 mpaka 3 zaka, kukhala pafupi ndi gombe ndipo sizimira mozama kupitilira 120 m mpaka atakwanitsa zaka zachonde. Pofika kutha msinkhu, nsomba zazing'ono zimathamangira kukasambira mitsinje, ndikupambana pafupifupi 50 km patsiku.
Zosangalatsa. Mwa nsomba, pali amuna amphongo omwe amakhala mumtsinjewu nthawi zonse ndipo sanawonepo nyanja. Maonekedwe a "amfupi" amafotokozedwa ndi madzi ozizira kwambiri komanso kusowa kwa chakudya, zomwe zimachedwetsa kukhwima kwa achinyamata.
Ichthyologists amalankhulanso za nyengo yachisanu ndi masika ya nsomba za Atlantic, zomwe zimasiyana pamlingo wokhwima wazinthu zawo zoberekera, popeza zimapita nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka - nthawi yophukira kapena masika. Salmon yokhazikika yomwe ili yocheperako, koma yowoneka bwino kwambiri, imakhala ku Onega, Ladoga ndi nyanja zina zakumpoto. Apa amadyetsa kuti adzuke kuti adzabala mitsinje yapafupi.
Kodi nsomba imakhala moyo wautali bwanji
Ambiri mwa nsomba za Atlantic samakhala zaka zopitilira 5-6, koma amatha (kuphatikiza zinthu zabwino) amakhala moyo wautali kawiri, mpaka zaka 10-13.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Salmon ili ndi malo ambiri okuta kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic (komwe mawonekedwe a anadromous amakhala) ndi kumadzulo kwa Arctic Ocean. Ku gombe laku America, mitunduyo imagawidwa kuchokera kumtsinje. Connecticut (kumwera) kupita ku Greenland. Nsomba ya Atlantic imabereka m'mitsinje yambiri yaku Europe, kuyambira ku Portugal mpaka Spain mpaka kugombe la Barents. Maonekedwe a lacustrine amapezeka m'madzi am'madzi a Sweden, Norway, Finland ndi Russia.
M'dziko lathu, nsomba za m'nyanja zimakhala ku Karelia komanso ku Kola Peninsula:
- Nyanja za Kuito (Lower, Middle ndi Upper);
- Segozero ndi Vygozero;
- Imandra ndi Stone;
- Topozero ndi Pyaozero;
- Nuke ndi Sandal;
- Lovozero, Pyukozero, Kimasozero,
- Ladoga ndi Onega;
- Janisjärvi.
M'madera a Russian Federation, nsomba zimayikidwa m'mitsinje ya Baltic ndi White Seas, Pechora, komanso pafupi ndi gombe la Murmansk. Malinga ndi IUCN, mitunduyi idayambitsidwa ku Australia, New Zealand, Argentina ndi Chile.
Zakudya za nsomba za Atlantic
Salimoni ndi nyama yomwe imadya m'nyanja. Ndizomveka kuti omwe amapereka chakudya chamapuloteni ndi nyama zam'madzi (nsomba zamasukulu ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono):
- sprat, hering'i ndi hering'i;
- gerbil ndi kununkhiza;
- echinoderms ndi krill;
- nkhanu ndi nkhanu;
- timatumba tating'onoting'ono tating'ono (m'madzi oyera).
Zosangalatsa. Kumafamu a nsomba, nsomba zimadyetsedwa kwambiri ndi nkhanu, ndichifukwa chake mthunzi wa nyama ya nsomba umakhala pinki kwambiri.
Nsomba ya Atlantic yomwe ikubwera kuti ikabereke ndikulowa mumtsinje imasiya kudya. Achinyamata omwe akusangalala m'mitsinje ali ndi zomwe amakonda - benthos, zooplankton, caddis mphutsi, nsomba zazing'ono / nkhanu ndi tizilombo tomwe tagwera m'madzi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Salimoni amabala kuyambira Seputembara mpaka Disembala, amasankha ma rapids / ma rapids pafupi ndi gombe kuti abereke, omwe amakhala kumtunda kapena pakati pa mitsinje. Salimoni akupita kokolola amafanana ndi wankhondo wankhondo - amathamangira pamtsinjewo, akwawa pamiyala pamimba pake ndi mafunde apamadzi, kulumpha mamita 2-3. Palibe zopinga zosagonjetseka za nsomba: imafufuza zoyeserera mpaka kupambana.
Salimoni amalowa mumtsinje wamphamvu komanso wokwanira, kutaya mphamvu ndi mafuta pamene akuyandikira pomwe amadza: salinso kusambira mwachangu ndikudumpha m'madzi. Mkaziyo, atafika pamalo oberekapo, amakumba dzenje lalikulu (2-3 mita) ndikugona mmenemo, kudikirira wamwamuna yemwe amamuyendera dzuwa litalowa kapena m'mawa. Amadzaza gawo la mazira omwe wamkazi amasangalala amatulutsa. Zimamutsalira kuti asese mazira otsalawo ndipo, pambuyo pa umuna, aponye nthaka.
Zoona. Akazi a Atlantic nsomba zimabala (kutengera kukula kwake) kuchokera mazira 10 mpaka 26,000, 5-6 mm m'mimba mwake. Salmon yabzala kangapo katatu kapena kasanu.
Pogwira kubereka ana, nsombazo zimakakamizidwa kufa ndi njala, motero zimabwerera kuchokera kokabereka anaonda ndi ovulala, nthawi zambiri ndi zipsepse zovulala. Anthu ena, makamaka amuna, amafa chifukwa chotopa, koma iwo omwe amasambira kupita kunyanja amachira msanga - amayamba kudya bwino, kunenepa komanso kukhala ndi chovala chachizolowezi chasiliva.
Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa madzi otsika (osapitilira 6 ° C) m'malo opangira mazira, kukula kwa mazira kumalephereka, ndipo mphutsi zimangowonekera mu Meyi. Achinyamatawo ndiosiyana kwambiri ndi makolo awo kotero kuti amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wodziyimira pawokha. Kumpoto, salmon wachichepere adatchedwa parr, pozindikira mtundu wawo wosangalatsa - nsomba zili ndi misana yakuda ndi mbali, zokongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa ndi mawanga ozungulira (ofiira / abulauni).
Chovala cha motley chimabisala pakati pa miyala ndi zomera zam'madzi, pomwe nsombazi zimakhala nthawi yayitali (kuyambira chaka mpaka zaka 5). Salmon okhwima amapita kunyanja, mpaka masentimita 9-18 ndikusintha mtundu wawo wosiyanasiyana kukhala siliva, womwe akatswiri a zachthyologists amatcha smoltification.
Ma parrs omwe sanalowe m'nyanja amasandulika amuna achimuna, omwe, ngakhale ali ocheperako, amatenga nawo mbali pobzala, nthawi zambiri amakankhira kumbuyo amuna achimuna akulu. Zomwe amuna achichepere amatulutsa popanga mazira ndizofunikira kwambiri, zomwe zimamveka - amuna okhwima kwambiri amafunitsitsa kumenya nkhondo ndi omenyera omwewo ndipo samalabadira zazing'ono zomwe zimazungulira.
Adani achilengedwe
Ngakhale amuna amphongo amtundu womwewo amadya salmon caviar. Sculpin goby, minnow, whitefish ndi phwando pachakudya cha mphutsi ndi mwachangu. M'chilimwe, taimen amasaka nsomba za parr. Kuphatikiza apo, ana a nsomba za Atlantic amadya mosangalala ndi nyama zina zodyetsa:
- thovu wofiirira (mawonekedwe amadzi oyera);
- kudzera pa char;
- pike;
- burbot.
Pamalo oberekera, nsomba nthawi zambiri zimakodwa ndi otter, komanso mbalame zodya nyama - osprey, dipper, merganser wamkulu ndi mchira woyera. M'nyanja, nsomba za Atlantic zili pamndandanda wa anamgumi opha, anamgumi a beluga ndi ma pinniped monga zisindikizo zokhala ndi zisindikizo ndi zisindikizo za ndevu.
Mtengo wamalonda
Anali amalonda aku Russia omwe, zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, adapanga kazembe wotchuka wa salmon (wokhala ndi shuga), ndikusandutsa nsomba kukhala chokoma chodabwitsa. Salmon adagwidwa pa Kola Peninsula ndipo ataponyedwa mchere ndi kusuta, adapita nawo ku likulu - kukadya mafumu ndi olemekezeka ena, kuphatikiza atsogoleri achipembedzo.
Salmon ya Atlantic yokhala ndi nyama yake yosakhwima yokoma sinataye mtengo wake wamalonda, koma likulu la kubereketsa kwake (kopangira kale) kulibe ku Russia, koma ku Norway ndi ku Chile. Komanso, kulima kwa nsomba za salmon kumachitika ku Scotland, zilumba za Faroe, USA (zochepa) ndi Japan (zochepa). Pafamu ya nsomba, mwachangu imakula pamlingo wakuthambo, imapeza makilogalamu 5 pachaka.
Chisamaliro. Salmon waku Russia m'makola athu amachokera ku Far East ndipo amayimira mtundu wa Oncorhynchus - chum saumoni, pinki nsomba, sockeye salmon ndi coho salmon.
Kuperewera kwa nsomba zapakhomo kumafotokozedwa ndi kusiyana kwa kutentha ku Norway, mwachitsanzo, ndi Nyanja ya Barents. Chifukwa cha Gulf Stream, madzi aku Norway ndi ofunda ndi madigiri awiri: kusinthaku pang'ono kumakhala kofunikira mukamabereka nsomba za Atlantic. Ku Russia, samapeza misa yokwanira ngakhale atagwiritsa ntchito njira zaku Norway.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
International Union for Conservation of Nature ikukhulupirira kuti dziko la Atlantic padziko lonse lapansi (kumapeto kwa 2018) silofunika kwenikweni. Kenako, nyanja ya saumoni (Salmo salar m. Sebago) imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation mgulu lachiwiri, popeza ikuchepa. Kuchepetsa nsomba zamchere zamchere pafupifupi. Ladozhsky ndi pafupi. Onega, komwe nsomba zomwe sizinachitikepo zidadziwika kale, zidayamba kuyambira zaka zapitazo zisadapitirire mpaka pano. Ndi nsomba zochepa kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka mumtsinjewo. Pechora.
Zofunika. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa nsomba mu Russia ndizosodza, kuipitsa matupi amadzi, kuphwanya kayendedwe ka madzi amitsinje ndi kupha nyama (makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwa).
Pakadali pano, mitundu yamchere yamchere ya Atlantic ndiyotetezedwa ku Kostomuksha Nature Reserve (Kamennoe Island basin). Ichthyologists akufuna njira zingapo zoteteza nsomba zotsekedwa - kuswana kopangira, kusungunula ma genome, kukhazikitsanso malo oberekera, kuthana ndi kusodza kosaloledwa ndi kupeza magawo.
