Nkhosa zam'mapiri kapena argali, nthawi zina argali, kachkar, arkar - nyama yakutchire komanso yokongola kwambiri yokhala ndi ziboda zochokera kubanja la ng'ombe lomwe limakhala kumapiri aku Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altai) Iyi ndi nkhosa yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Akatswiri sanagwirizane pa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nkhosa; akatswiri ambiri amisonkho amadziwika mitundu 7. Mawu oti "nkhosa zamapiri" omwewo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhudzana ndi mitundu yonse komanso mtundu umodzi - arkhara.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nkhosa zam'mapiri
Mu Chilatini, Ovis ammon ndi nyama yama artiodactyl yomwe ndi ya banja la bovid. Dzinalo "arkhar" ndi mawu achi Mongolia omwe amatanthauza "nkhosa zamtchire". Dzina lachi Latin la ammon wamtundu ndi dzina la mulungu Amun. Malinga ndi nthano ya Ovid, anthu okhala ku Olympus, chifukwa choopa Typhon, adabadwanso munyama zosiyanasiyana. Amoni anatenga mawonekedwe a nkhosa yamphongo.
Pakadali pano, ma subspecies 9 amadziwika:
- Altai nkhosa zamapiri;
- Chikazaki;
- Chitibeta;
- Zosakanizika;
- Pamir;
- Gobi;
- Karatau;
- Chitchaina chakumpoto;
- Kyzylkum nkhosa zamapiri.
Akatswiri ena akuti mouflon ndi Ovismon Musimon, koma kuyesa kwa DNA sikunatsimikizire izi. Tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta nkhosa zam'mapiri tidayesedwa kuti tipeze DNA, zomwe zidatulutsa tinthu tina tating'ono tating'ono, ndipo tating'ono tina timagulu tating'onoting'ono. Kwa zaka mazana awiri zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse yazinyama zam'mapiri kwatsika.
Kanema: Nkhosa Zam'mapiri
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa nkhosa zamphongozi kumawopseza nyama zomwe zimadya. Zimathandizanso pakutsatizana kwa mbewu zina chifukwa chizolowezi chawo chodya sedge chimalola kuti zitsambazo zikule bwino.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhosa yamapiri imawonekera
Nkhosa zam'mapiri ndi nkhosa yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, yolemera makilogalamu 60 mpaka 185. Kutalika kwamapewa kuchokera masentimita 90 mpaka 125. Nyanga zazimuna ndizodziwika ndi nyama. Zili ngati zopangidwa ndi zokutira zokhala ndi mbali zomenyera. Akazi ali ndi nyanga zazing'ono. Nyanga zamphongo zitha kutalika mpaka 190 cm. Amagwiritsa ntchito nyanga zawo pomenyana wina ndi mnzake. Zazimayi zilinso ndi nyanga, koma ndizochepa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakwana masentimita 50. Zazimayi zimalemera theka kuposa amuna. Nkhosa zimatha kulemera makilogalamu 43.2 mpaka 100, ndipo nkhosa zamphongo zimatha kulemera kuchoka pa 97 mpaka 328 kg.
Chosangalatsa: Nkhosa yamphiri ya Pamir, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Marco Polo ram momwe idafotokozedwera koyamba ndi wapaulendo uyu, ndi subspecies yayikulu kwambiri, yopitilira 180 cm kutalika yopanda mchira. Nkhosa yamphirayi ili ndi mchira waufupi wa mphalapala zakutchire kapena nkhosa, ndi mchira wa 9.5-17 cm.
Mitunduyi imasiyanasiyana ndi nyama iliyonse, kuyambira pachikaso choyera mpaka bulauni mpaka bulauni yakuda. Mzere wakuda umayenda mozungulira pamimba, kulekanitsa theka lakuda lakuda ndi tsitsi lotumbululuka pansipa.
Amphongo a kumapiri ochokera ku Himalaya nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima, pomwe ma subspecies aku Russia amakhala owala kwambiri. M'nyengo yotentha, malaya nthawi zambiri amawoneka pang'ono. Kumbuyo kumakhala mdima kuposa mbali, zomwe zimawala pang'onopang'ono. Nkhope, mchira ndi matako ndi zoyera chikasu. Amuna ndi akuda kuposa azimayi ndipo amakhala ndi kolala loyera loyera komanso chakuthwa. Molting imachitika kawiri pachaka, tsitsi la chilimwe limakhala lakuda ndipo tsitsi lachisanu limakhala lalitali.
Kodi nkhosa zam'mapiri zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhosa zam'mapiri ku Russia
Argali amakhala m'malo omwewo m'miyoyo yawo yonse. Amapezeka pamapiri ndi m'malo otsetsereka pamwamba pa mamita 1000. M'nyengo yotentha, chakudya chikayamba kupezeka, nyama zimasunthira pafupi ndi nsonga zamapiri.
Nkhosa zam'mapiri zimapezeka m'maiko otsatirawa:
- Mongolia. Amapezeka kum'mawa konse kwa Mongolia, m'malo omwe ali ndi mapiri, mapiri, miyala ikuluikulu ndi mapiri;
- Uzbekistan. Mitunduyi idagawidwa kale kudera lalikulu ladzikoli. Masiku ano, nyama zomwe zatsala ndizochepa ndi mapiri a Nuratau, malo otetezedwa kumpoto kwa Samarkand. Chiwerengero chochepa chatsalira kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Aktau ndi Tamdytau;
- Tajikistan. Nkhosa zam'mapiri zilipo kum'mawa, kuyambira kumalire ndi Xinjiang, China kumadzulo, mpaka Langar kumwera ndi Nyanja ya Sarez kumpoto;
- Russia. Argali anali atapezeka kale m'mphepete mwa Zabaikalsky, Kuraisky, Yuzhno-Chuisky, komanso kumapiri a Ukok. Posachedwa, adangolembedwa m'ma republic a Tyva ndi Altai;
- Pakistan. Amangokhala ku Khunjerab National Park ndi malo ozungulira, kuphatikiza malo a Hunerab ndi Mintaka;
- Nepal. Amakhala m'chigawo cha Damodar-Kunda m'malire ndi Tibet. Muthanso kusungidwa mdera la Dolpo;
- Kyrgyzstan. Alipo chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo polowera kumalire ndi China, kuchokera ku Kazakhstan kumpoto mpaka ku Tajikistan kumwera, komanso mbali zakum'mawa kwa Tien Shan molowera kumalire a Uzbek;
- Kazakhstan. Tikuwona kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Balkash, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo. Anthu ochepa amapezeka m'mapiri a Kara-Tau;
- India. Adayikidwa m'chigwa chakum'mawa kwa Ladakh, m'chigawo chapafupi cha Spiti, komanso padera kumpoto kwa Sikkim, moyandikana ndi Tibet;
- China. Amagawidwa pamapiri ambiri a Xinjiang, kuphatikiza Altai Shan, Arjin Shan, Kara-Kunlun Shan, Tien Shan, Pamir ndi madera ena;
- Afghanistan. Chigawo chakumadzulo kwa Great Pamir, gawo lalikulu la Little Pamir, komanso mumtsinje wa Vakhjir.
Malo aku Central Asia ndi akulu ndipo amakhala otseguka. Mapiri atha chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka, ndipo mapiri akuluakulu otsetsereka atsala, omwe amachititsa kuti nyama ziwonekere mosiyanasiyana.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe amakhala kuphiri. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe argali imadya.
Kodi nkhosa yamapiri imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nkhosa zam'mapiri zamtchire
Argali ndi zitsamba ndipo amadyetsa udzu, zitsamba ndi ma sedges. Zazimuna ndi zazimuna zazimuna zimadyetsa kumapiri ataliatali osapatsa zakudya zabwino. Amakhala m'malo opanda mitengo, koma ndi chakudya chochuluka. Malo odyetserakowa amateteza ku adani. Amuna achikulire, omwe amakhala akuluakulu kuchokera kwa akazi ndi ana, amadyera m'malo otsika omwe ali ndi chakudya chambiri, pomwe achichepere amakhala m'malo apamwamba pomwe chakudya chimakhala chosauka.
Nkhosa zam'mapiri zimazolowera kuti zizikhala m'malo ouma, amphepo komanso nyengo yovuta kwambiri kunyumba kwawo kwamapiri. Wamkulu argali kudya 16-19 makilogalamu chakudya patsiku. Zomera zomwe mtunduwo umakonda zimasiyana kutalika ndi dera. M'madera okwera kwambiri, amadya kwambiri udzu ndi sedge. M'malo okhala pakati, amadyetsa tchire ndi udzu wa mesophyte pafupipafupi. M'mizeremizere m'munsi mwa zipululu, udzu ndi zitsamba zimakhalanso zazikulu, koma zamitundu ina kuposa zam'mapiri.
Ku Kazakhstan, kumera, masamba, zipatso, maluwa ndikofunikira pakudya nkhosa zam'mapiri chaka chonse, pomwe pamtundu wina wonse, zimangokhala zowonjezera pakudya. Argali imafuna madzi, omwe sakhala vuto kwa nkhosa zamphongo zomwe zimakhala kumtunda kwambiri, komwe matalala amasungunuka pafupipafupi ndipo pamakhala mitsinje yaying'ono yamadzi. M'madera ouma, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna madzi. Nkhosa zam'mapiri zimadyanso dothi la mchere.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nkhosa zam'mapiri aku Asia
Argali akuweta ziweto ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'magulu azinyama 2 mpaka 100. Gulu limagawidwa pogonana, kupatula nyengo yobereketsa. Ambiri amakhala ndi achikulire ambiri, opitilira theka la anthu, ndi 20% yokha yamwamuna wamkulu ndi 20% ya ana achichepere.
Nkhosa zina zamphongo zazimuna zimayendayenda zokha, koma zambiri zimapezeka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Amayi omwe ali ndi ana amakhala m'magulu akulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi anthu 92, kupatula ziweto 200.
Zosangalatsa: Amakhala odekha, osachita zankhanza ku mitundu ina, komanso nyama zachilengedwe. Mamembala a ziweto amatsatirana, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapita kukakumana ndi nkhosa zina zamphongo.
Nthawi zina ziweto zimasamuka, makamaka ndi amuna. Kusamuka kwakukulu kumakhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya kwakanthawi, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toluma, chilala kapena moto, kupha nyama zambiri komanso ziweto zambiri kumathandizanso kusamuka.
Nkhosa zam'mapiri, monga lamulo, zimakwera kwambiri nthawi yotentha. Nyanga ndi chinthu chodziwika kwambiri mwa amuna. Panthawi yamtunduwu, amuna amaphulitsa mitu yawo, koma samavulala kwambiri. Ngakhale ndewu zotere mwina zimawapweteka mutu!
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Gulu la nkhosa zam'mapiri
Kuthamanga kumatha kuchitika kuyambira Okutobala mpaka chapakatikati pa Januware, nthawi yayitali kumtunda. Kulumikizana ndi mitala. Kulimbana ndi amuna okhwima ndi ntchito yayikulu. Nkhosa zamphongo zimawombana wina ndi mnzake ndi nyanga zake, ndipo miyendo yawo yakutsogolo ili mlengalenga, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zokwanira kuti zithe kumveka pamtunda wa 800 m.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Amayi amakula msinkhu wazaka ziwiri ndipo amuna ali ndi zaka 5. Kusiyana kumeneku kumakhala kwanzeru chifukwa amuna amafunika kukula kwambiri kuposa akazi asanabadwe.
Amuna olimbikitsidwa (opitilira zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi), akulu kwambiri m'gulu, amakhala olimba, ndipo anyamata achichepere amathamangitsidwa nthawi yayikazi ya estrus. Ulamuliro ukangokhazikitsidwa, wamwamuna amayandikira mkaziyo ndikukwera mwamphamvu kwa iye. Kukhathamira kumayambira pafupifupi milungu iwiri kapena itatu chiyambireni. Amuna amatha kukhala limodzi ndi akazi kwa miyezi iwiri kutha kwa nthawi yovutayi.
Nthawi yobereka imatenga masiku opitilira 165. Kubala kumachitika kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena Epulo. Ma subspecies ambiri amabala mwanawankhosa m'modzi, ngakhale kwamitundu ina amapasa siachilendo ndipo nthawi zina kubadwa kwa ana asanu nthawi imodzi. Pakubadwa, ana ankhosa amalemera 2.7-4.6 kg. Mwanawankhosa wobadwa kumene ndi mwana waimayi amakhala kwakanthawi komwe kudabadwa, ndipo tsiku lotsatira akuyenda limodzi.
Kulemera kumachitika mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo pofika tsiku loyamba lobadwa, ana ankhosa amalemera kakhumi kuposa momwe amabadwira. Amayi ambiri amalemera kwambiri pazaka ziwiri, koma amuna amapitilizabe kukula kwa zaka zina ziwiri. Mano amkaka amakula pafupifupi miyezi itatu, ali ndi mano okwanira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Pofika nthawiyo, ana ankhosa amayamba kudya msipu, koma amayi amasiye akupitiliza kuwadyetsa mkaka. Nkhosa zambiri zam'mapiri zimakhala zaka zisanu mpaka 10.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhosa zamapiri
Chithunzi: Nkhosa zam'mapiri, kapena argali
Njira zachitetezo cha nkhosa zam'mapiri ndizambiri. Amuna akuluakulu ndi okulirapo komanso othamanga kuposa akazi ndipo samasowa kwenikweni kuti apewe adani. Chifukwa chake, amasankha malo okhala otsika kuposa omwe akazi ndi nkhosa zazing'ono zamapiri amasankha. Samagwiritsa ntchito malipenga awo podziteteza kwa adani. Ubwino waukulu womwe argali imagwiritsa ntchito adani akawakantha ndi kuthawa msanga. Ikachita mantha, nkhosa imodzi yokha imatha kukhala chete mpaka kuwopsezedwa. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe nkhosazi zimachita mgulu, pakagwa ngozi zimawathamangitsa ndikulumpha.
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, nkhosa zazimuna zamphiri zimadumpha molakwika ndipo nthawi zambiri sizigwiritsa ntchito kulumpha pothawa, ngakhale njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono. Miyendo yayitali yamphamvu imathandiza kuti nkhosa zamphongo ziziyenda mosiyanasiyana. Amakhala m'malo osafikika nyama zolusa, mwachitsanzo, pamapiri kapena paphompho lokhala ndi malo owonera bwino.
Zowononga zotsatirazi zimasaka nkhosa zam'mapiri:
- nkhandwe zotuwa (C. lupus);
- akambuku a chipale chofewa (P. uncia);
- akambuku (P. pardus);
- akambuku a chipale chofewa (U. uncia);
- nyalugwe (A. jubatus).
Nkhosa zazing'ono zamapiri zimadyedwa ndi mphalapala ndi mbalame zazikulu monga chiwombankhanga ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhosa zamapiri zimasakidwa ndi anthu omwe amapha mwakhama artiodactyls kuti atenge nyanga zamtengo wapatali, nyama ndi zikopa. Mwa nyama, mimbulu imakhala pamalo oyamba pakuwononga nkhosa zam'mapiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala nyengo yozizira kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, chipale chofewa) kuti zigwire nkhosa zam'mapiri. Pofuna kupewa chilombo, nyama zimayenda limodzi ndikukhala pagulu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhosa yamapiri imawonekera
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mitundu ya zamoyozi zatsika. Kuchepa kwa nkhumba kumakhala chiopsezo kwa nyama zomwe zimawabera, monga akambuku a chipale chofewa, omwe amadalira kwambiri kukhazikika kwa nkhosazi.
Mbuzi zam'mapiri ndi dziko:
- Afghanistan. Nkhosa zamphiri 624 (87% mwa zomwe zidawoneka mu Pamir ya Wamng'ono. Chiwerengero chonse chikuyembekezeka kukhala 1,000. 120-210 munthu wina wa argali adawonedwanso pagawo lakumadzulo kwa Great Pamir);
- China. Malingana ndi akatswiri ena, chiwerengero chonse cha argali ku China chikuyambira 23,285 mpaka 31,920. Komabe, ofufuza ena amatchula kuti ndi ochepa kwambiri. Kuwerengera konse kutengera kuyerekezera kachulukidwe, ndipo palibe amene anganene kuti ndi olondola;
- India. Nkhosa zam'mapiri ndizosowa kwambiri ku Sikkim ndipo nthawi zina zimangopita kudera la Spiti. Anthu a 127 ali m'derali ndipo ali ndi ma argali opitilira 200 ku Ladakh;
- Kazakhstan. Akuti pafupifupi 8,000 mpaka 10,000 kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo, 250 m'mapiri a Kara-Tau, ndi osadziwika ku Tien Shan;
- Kyrgyzstan. Pali anthu 565 kumadzulo chakumtunda ndi nkhosa zamapiri 6000 kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Kyrgyzstan. Kafukufuku waboma akuti pafupifupi 15,900;
- Mongolia. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2001 wopangidwa ndi Academy of Science, pafupifupi nkhosa 10,000 mpaka 12,000 zamapiri zimakhala mdera la Gobi ku Mongolia ndipo 3,000 mpaka 5,000 mmadera ena mdzikolo;
- Nepal. Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chochepa ndipo palibe zowerengera zenizeni zomwe zachitika;
- Pakistan. Chiwerengero cha nyama mdzikolo sichikudziwika, koma mwina ochepera 100;
- Russia. M'mapiri a Altai kumwera kwa Russia, pali nyama 450-700, zogawidwa pamitundu ingapo, zomwe palibe nyama zopitilira 50. Komanso, nkhosa zamapiri 80-85 mkati mwa malo osungirako zachilengedwe a Altai, 150-160 kumtunda kwakutali kwa mitsinje ya Sailugem ridge, ndi anthu 40-45 m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Chikhachev ku Tuva Republic;
- Tajikistan. Chiwerengero chonse ku Tajikistan chikuyerekeza kuti ndi 13,000-14,000. Kuchulukana kwa anthu pa kilomita iliyonse ndipamwamba kwambiri kumalire ndi China;
- Uzbekistan. Mpaka anthu 1800 adapulumuka, ndipo 90% yawo imapezeka pa Karatau Ridge.
Kuteteza nkhosa zam'mapiri
Chithunzi: Nkhosa zam'mapiri kuchokera ku Red Book
Argali akuopsezedwa kuti atha m'mbali zawo zonse, makamaka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo, chifukwa chodyetsa nkhosa zoweta komanso kusaka. Monga nkhosa yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndi chikho chosiririka pakati pa alenje. Amawomberedwa chifukwa cha nyama, nyanga zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ngati mankhwala achi China, komanso zikopa. Poaching akupitilizabe kukhala vuto lalikulu (komanso lovuta kusamalira). Nkhosa zam'mapiri zinawonongedwa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, kumwera kwa Siberia ndi madera ena a Mongolia.
Chosangalatsa: Nkhosa zam'mapiri zimatetezedwa paliponse ndi mabungwe osamalira zachilengedwe ndipo ali mu Red Book yapadziko lonse lapansi ngati nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo. Kuphatikizanso mu Red Book of Russia.
Nkhosa zam'mapiri Kuphatikizanso mu CITES Zowonjezera II, kupatula O. a. nigrimontana ndi O. a. hodgsonii, omwe akuphatikizidwa ndi Zakumapeto I. Kusunga zamoyo, nkhokwe zimapangidwa, komwe kusaka ndikoletsedwa kotheratu. Nkhosa zamphongo zimalekerera ukapolo ngakhale kubala ana. Kufalitsa matenda kuchokera ku ziweto ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu. Zowopsezazi zikuwoneka kuti ndizosiyana pang'ono m'magulu osiyanasiyana, ngakhale malo okhalawo atasiyana.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 25.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/29/2019 nthawi 20:00
