Chisindikizo cha ubweya - mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mapini omwe amakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale amawoneka okongola, ndizilombo zoopsa. Komabe, ndi gawo lofunikira lachilengedwe, popeza amakhala ndi malo ofunikira munthawi yazakudya zina zazikulu zambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha ubweya
Zisindikizo zaubweya ndi za banja lazisindikizo zamakutu. Awa ndi ma pinniped, otsogolera zamoyo zam'madzi ndi zam'madzi. Zimasiyana ndi mabanja ena am'mapini am'mapiko am'mapiko ndi chigaza, chomwe chimafanana kwambiri ndi chimbalangondo.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya zisindikizo zaubweya:
- kumpoto (Far Eastern) ubweya chisindikizo. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri yomwe ikukhala munyanja ya Pacific;
- Chisindikizo cha ubweya waku South America. Kuphatikiza ma subspecies awiri omwe amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake: Arctocephalus australis gracilis ndi Falkland fur seal;
- Chisindikizo cha ubweya ku New Zealand. Zisindikizo zaubweya wofiirira, zazimuna zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mane wonenepa;
- Chisindikizo cha ubweya wa Galapagos. Kawonedwe kakang'ono kwambiri;
- Chisindikizo cha ubweya wa Kerguelen. Kusiyana ndi mabotolo aubweya waimvi kapena imvi;
- Chisindikizo cha Cape Cape. Anthu akulu okhala ndi ubweya wofiira wa velvety;
- Chisindikizo cha ubweya wa Guadalupe. Mwa mitundu iyi, mawonekedwe azakugonana amawonekera kwambiri: amuna amakhala okulirapo kuposa akazi;
- chisindikizo cha ubweya wam'madzi otentha. Mamembala akulu abanjali okhala ndi ubweya wakuda.
Kusintha kwa pinnipeds ndikodabwitsa ndipo kuli ndi mafunso ambiri. Monga anamgumi, pakupanga chisinthiko, nyamazi zimachoka kunyanja kukakhala pamtunda. Makolo a zisindikizo zaubweya ndi mahellidi, omwe amatsogolera moyo wapadziko lapansi komanso wam'madzi.
Ziswankhono zimadyetsedwa makamaka kuchokera kunyanja, popeza samadziwa kuthamangira mwachangu ndipo analibe njira zosiyanasiyana zodzitetezera kuzinyama zazikuluzikulu. Izi zidakakamiza zoyambilira kuti zizitsikira pansi penipeni. Mwa chisinthiko, adayamba kukhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali, kenako adapanga ukonde pakati pa zala zawo.
Mitundu yapakatikati yomwe ikupezeka ikuwonetsa kuti nyama zodya nyama yachiwiri ndi yachiwiri yomwe ikubwerera kunyanja pambuyo pa anamgumi. Zala zakuphazi zawo zinali zotambasulidwa ndikukula ndi kakhungu kakang'ono, kamene kanadzakhala mapiko. Zisindikizo zaubweya, kuweruza potengera kapangidwe ka zikopa zawo zammbuyo, zili pafupi kwambiri ndi mitundu yakale yazamoyo, yomwe pambuyo pake idalowa m'madzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo chaubweya m'chilengedwe
Makulidwe osindikiza ubweya amasiyana malinga ndi subspecies. Oyimira akulu kwambiri (Cape ndi Far Eastern) amafika kutalika kwa mita ziwiri ndi theka, ndikulemera pafupifupi 200 kg. Oimira ang'onoang'ono azisindikizo zaubweya (Galapogos fur seal) amafika kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi theka, kulemera kwake kuchokera 60-80 kg., Mwa amuna. Akazi, monga lamulo, ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna - mawonekedwe azakugonana amawonedwa mumitundu yonse ya zisindikizo zaubweya, koma mwa ena amadziwika kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Kusiyanitsa chisindikizo cha ubweya ndi chidindo, ndikwanira kumvetsera makutu awo - ayenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino, ndipo monga lamulo, wokutidwa ndi ubweya.
Thupi la zisindikizo zaubweya ndilolitali, khosi ndi lalifupi, lakuda, ndipo siligwira ntchito. Mutu wawung'ono pokhudzana ndi thupi, mphuno yayifupi yakuthwa. Maso ndi akuda, akulu; mphuno zazikulu zam'manja zimatchulidwa, zomwe zimatsekedwa mwamphamvu chidindo cha ubweya chikamira.
Kanema: Chisindikizo cha ubweya
Zipsepse zam'mbuyo ndizofupikitsa komanso zosalala m'mbali zamthupi. Zipsepse zazimuna zili kumapeto kwa thupi ndipo ndizofupikitsa kuposa zipsepse zakutsogolo. Mosiyana ndi zipsepse zosindikizira, zikopa zam'mbuyo za zisindikizo zaubweya zimakhala zofanana ndipo sizitseka limodzi poyenda.
Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mane m'khosi mwawo - ubweya wonenepa kwambiri. Achibale apafupi kwambiri - mikango yam'nyanja - ali ndi ubweya wofanana. Mitundu yambiri yazisindikizo zaubweya imakhala yokutidwa kwathunthu, ndipo ubweya uwu unali wofunika kwambiri ngati malonda.
Ana a zisindikizo zaubweya ndi akuda, ang'onoang'ono, okutidwa kwathunthu ndi ubweya wandiweyani. Amayenda mofulumira pamtunda chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kochepa komanso zipsepse zazitali, zomwe zimafupikitsidwa ndi msinkhu.
Zosangalatsa: Zisindikizo zili ndi mchira, koma ndi waufupi komanso wosawoneka pakati pa zipsepse ziwiri zakumbuyo.
Kulemera kwa zisindikizo zachikazi zaubweya kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 25-60 kg, kutengera mitunduyo. Alibe tsitsi lakuda ndi manes, ndipo chitseko chawo chimakhala chachifupi kuposa chachimuna. Zisindikizo zonse zaubweya siziona bwino, mofanana ndi myopia, koma kumva bwino ndi kununkhiza. Amatha kutulutsa echolocate, chifukwa chake amatha kuzindikira nyama zolusa zomwe zili pansi pamadzi.
Tsopano mukudziwa kusiyana pakati pa chidindo cha ubweya ndi chidindo. Tiyeni tiwone komwe nyama yodabwitsa imeneyi imakhala.
Kodi chisindikizo chaubweya chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Fur ku Russia
Zisindikizo zimasankha zisumbu ndi magombe ngati malo, komwe zimakhazikika pagulu lalikulu. Amakhala pafupi ndi madzi amchere okha ndipo samapezeka m'madzi amkati monga mitsinje ndi nyanja. Popeza zisindikizo zimasinthidwa kukhala zamoyo pamtunda kuposa zisindikizo, zimasankha modekha, makamaka miyala yamiyala. Nthawi zina amatha kuwonekera pazilumba zopanda miyala, pomwe amasangalala ndi dzuwa.
Mwambiri, zisindikizo zaubweya zimapezeka m'malo awa:
- California;
- Japan;
- Zilumba za Pacific;
- gombe la South America;
- Zilumba za Falkland;
- New Zealand;
- kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Australia;
- Zilumba za Galapagos;
- Zilumba za South Georgia;
- Zilumba za South Sandiche;
- Zilumba za Prince Edward;
- South Shetland, Zilumba za Orkney;
- Bouvet;
- Kerguelen;
- Kuvulala;
- Macquarie;
- Mtsinje wa Bass;
- gombe la Chipululu cha Namib ku South Africa;
- South Atlantic ndi Amsterdam.
Zisindikizo zaubweya zimakonda madzi ofunda. Kawirikawiri amasamukira kudera lanyengo kumazizira ndipo amasambira kuchoka pachilumba kupita pachilumba pagulu lalikulu. Koma m'malo otentha kwambiri, zisindikizo zaubweya zimatha kukhala chaka chonse. Chisindikizo cha ubweya wa Kerguelen ndichomwe chimasinthidwa kwambiri nyengo yozizira, chifukwa imapezeka pafupifupi ku Antarctica, koma imakhala ndi moyo wosamukasamuka.
Zisindikizo zaubweya zimasankha malo otakasuka, osamanga nyumba kapena kukumba maenje. Ndiwo nyama zakutchire, ndipo gawolo limasungidwa mwansanje ndi amuna, ngakhale kuti akazi amatha kudutsa malire a paketiyo ndikubwera kumalo ena.
Kodi chisindikizo cha ubweya chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kusindikiza ku Red Book
Zisindikizo ndizomwe zimadya nyama. Amapita kukadyetsa tsiku lililonse, kupatula nthawi yakulera. M'nyengo yotentha zisindikizo zimadya kwambiri kuti zisunge mafuta m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe kulibe chakudya chambiri.
Chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha zisindikizo zaubweya chimaphatikizapo:
- nsomba zosiyanasiyana (makamaka hering'i, anchovy, pike, nsombazi, cod, stickleback, flounder);
- wofanana ndi chule;
- nkhanu;
- kupukuta molluscs;
- octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nsomba zam'madzi.
Kugaya chakudya muzisindikizo zaubweya ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chake mayeso ndi kuwunika kwa nyama zophedwa sizimapereka chisonyezero cholondola cha zisindikizo zaubweya. Asayansi apeza kuti amadya nsomba zam'madzi zowopsa, zomwe zimayandama mpaka kumalo osungira ubweya.
Mbalame zosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pafupi ndi zisindikizo zaubweya - nkhono, albatross, petrels. Siziwonetsa nkhanza kwa oyandikana nawo komanso sizisaka pamtunda, pomwe abale a zisindikizo zaubweya, zisindikizo, amatha kumenyana ndi mbalame ndi nyama zazing'ono. Nthawi zina ndere zimapezeka m'mimba mwa zisindikizo zaubweya: mwina amafikako mwangozi ndi nsomba; komabe, zisindikizo nthawi zina zimawoneka zikuluma udzu m'malo ogulitsa.
Zosangalatsa: Zisindikizo zilibe chidwi ndi nsomba ndi halibuts - sizimenya nsomba izi.
M'madzi, zisindikizo zimakhala zolusa kwambiri komanso zowopsa. Amayenda mwachangu m'madzi ndikugwira nyama yomwe ikuchedwa, nthawi yomweyo imangoyamwa. Mimba ya zisindikizo zaubweya imakhala ndimiyala yoyamwa yomwe amadyetsa - imakhala ngati "grater", yothandiza m'mimba kuthana ndi chakudya chotafuna.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Zisindikizo
Zisindikizo ndi nyama zokonda kucheza zomwe zimakhazikika m'mphepete mwa zilumba. Amadyetsa usiku komanso masana, chifukwa amadalira kumva, kununkhiza komanso kuzindikira kwawo. Mphepete mwa nyanja, amasangalala ndi dzuwa ndikupuma, akugaya chakudya.
Amasuntha movutikira kumtunda, akukankha zipsepse zakutsogolo ndi kumbuyo ndikupendeketsa khosi lawo mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo. Poyenda, amathandizidwanso ndi mafuta ochepetsa thupi, pomwe amawoneka ngati akuphulika, akukankha pansi. Koma zisindikizo zaubweya zimasambira mwangwiro, ndikupanga liwiro la 17 mpaka 26 km., Pa ola limodzi.
Zisindikizo zaubweya wakumpoto zimasunthika nthawi zonse nyengo yachisanu ikayamba, ndikusambira kumadera ofunda. Kumeneko amakonza malo ogulitsira chakudya ndipo samadyetsa kawirikawiri, kutaya thupi nthawi yamvula. Masika amabwerera, ndikukonzekera nyengo yoswana.
Nthawi zambiri, zisindikizo sizikhala zaukali komanso zamanyazi, ngakhale pali chidwi chofuna kudziwa. Pokhapokha m'nyengo yoswana amuna amakalipa kwambiri ndipo samadyetsa chifukwa choyang'aniridwa ndi akazi nthawi zonse.
Zisindikizo zaubweya ndi mitala. Amuna amakhala ndi azimayi kuyambira atatu mpaka makumi anayi - kukula kwa azimayiwa kumadalira kulimba kwamwamuna komanso kukwiya kwake. Amayenera kumenyetsa akazi kuchokera kwa amuna ena omwe amafunanso kupanga azimayi awo.
Zisindikizo zaubweya zilibe njira iliyonse yodzitetezera. Alibe chitetezo kumtunda ndi m'madzi. Zisindikizo zachikazi zaubweya sizingateteze ana awo, omwe amatha kuukiridwa ndi adani kapena mbalame zazikulu monga albatross. Ngati pangozi, amasankha kuthamangira kumadzi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha ubweya wa ana
Nthawi yobereketsa imakhala mchaka, koma izi zimatha kukhala koyambirira kapena mtsogolo, kutengera kutentha. Amuna amasambira kumalo osungira nyama - zilumba ndi magombe, kuyesera kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu momwe angathere. Kumeneku amayamba nkhondo zoyambirira zakumenyera ufulu wokhala m'dziko lina. Mwamuna wamphamvu kwambiri amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu.
Amuna amayamba kubangula, kukopa akazi kumalo awo. Akazi amayenda momasuka pakati pa magawo amphongo, posankha malo oyenera kwambiri oswana. Ngati amakonda gawolo, azikhala ndi wamwamuna uyu - chifukwa chake amuna olimba kwambiri amadzitengera madera akuluakulu ndi akazi ambiri.
Zosangalatsa: Nthawi zina abambo amayesa kuba mkazi wamkazi kwa gulu lina la akazi pomugwira ndi khosi. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati "mwini" wamkazi amawona izi, amayamba kumukoka. Popeza kusiyana kwa kukula pakati pa anthu, mkazi nthawi zambiri amavulala osagwirizana ndi moyo pambuyo pomenya nkhondo yotere.
Aakazi amatha kuwerengera akazi makumi anayi. Nthawi yomweyo, kukwatira kumachitika, pomwe amuna amayambiranso nkhondo zawo, ndipo akazi nawonso amasankha kuti abereke mwana uti. Mimba ya mkazi imakhala chaka chimodzi, koma nthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati amatha kukwatirana ndi amuna ena.
Kumayambiriro kwa mimba, mkazi amakhala akugwirabe ntchito kale, koma pakatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amapita kukadyetsa pafupipafupi. Kubereka kuyandikira, nthawi yayitali kwambiri yomwe mkazi amakhala pagombe, ndipo thupi lake limadyetsa mafuta. Pafupifupi milungu iwiri atabereka, amakhala ndi mwanayo ndikumudyetsa. Chisindikizo cha ubweya chimabadwa cholemera kupitirira makilogalamu awiri, ndipo poyamba sichitha kuyenda mozungulira pagombe.
Pambuyo pa masabata awiri, yaikaziyo yaonda kwambiri kotero kuti imakakamizika kusiya mwana yekhayo ndi kupita kukasaka. Munthawi imeneyi, chidindo chaubweya chimatha kupangaulendo wawufupi woyamba kuchokera kunyanja pomwe mayi akuyembekezera. Popanda mayi, ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, chifukwa amatha kuphwanyidwa mosavuta ndi zisindikizo zina zaubweya pafupi ndi pomwe adzakhala.
Chosangalatsa: Wamwamuna wochokera kudera lina amatha kulowa kuti abereke akazi kuti agone nawo; chifukwa cha ichi amapha ana awo pomwe akazi amapita kukasaka.
Kufa kwa nyama zazing'ono ndikokwera kwambiri. Ngati mkazi ataya mwana m'masabata awiri oyamba atabereka, amatha kukhalanso ndi pakati, koma ana obwera mochedwa sapulumuka nthawi yozizira.
Adani achilengedwe a zisindikizo zaubweya
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo chaching'ono
Chisindikizo cha ubweya chimagwira gawo lofunikira munyengo yazakudya. Ngakhale kuti imadya nsomba ndi nkhono zambiri, zolengedwa zina zimadya nyama yotsekemera ija.
Izi zikuphatikiza:
- anamgumi amphawi. Zowopsa izi zimasaka zisindikizo zaubweya osati chakudya chokha, komanso kuti zisangalale. Amayendetsa munthu m'modzi pachilumba chaching'ono, kenako amaponyedwa pamenepo, kugwira nyama. Nthawi zina anamgumi amawoneka akuponya zisindikizo zaubweya mlengalenga ndikuzigwira;
- nsombazi, kuphatikizapo azungu akuluakulu. Nsombazi zimathamanga kufunafuna zisindikizo zaubweya, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi nsomba zazikulu;
- Ma albatross, petrels, cormorants amalimbana ndi zisindikizo zazing'ono zaubweya - zisindikizo zazing'ono zaubweya sizingadziteteze ku mbalame zazikulu.
Chisindikizo chaubweya chikamaukiridwa ndi shark kapena whale whale, chinthu choyamba chomwe chimachita ndikuyesera kusambira, kufika liwiro lofika makilomita 26 pa ola limodzi. Nthawi zina izi zimakhala zokwanira kuti mufike pagombe lapafupi ndikufika pamtunda, ngakhale ena a sharki ndi anamgumi akupha amaponyedwa kumtunda pambuyo pawo. Nthawi zina imakhala nthabwala yankhanira ndi nsomba zazikulu zoyera, zomwe sizingathe kubwerera kumadzi, chifukwa chake zimamwalira limodzi ndi chidindo chaubweya m'mano.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Sindikizani m'madzi
M'zaka za zana la 18, kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo zaubweya chinali chinthu chamalonda. Chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wofewa komanso mafuta amtengo wapatali, anthu anali akupha mwachangu zisindikizo zaubweya wa ana, ndichifukwa chake, kupitirira zaka mazana awiri, zisindikizo zaubweya zidafika pamlingo wambiri, poti zatsala pang'ono kutha.
Njira zomwe zatetezedwa kuti zisunge zisindikizo zaubweya sizinathandize, ndipo atha kumwalira kwathunthu ngati zikopa zaubweya pamsika sizinali zazikulu kwambiri, chifukwa chake zidagwera pamtengo. Kusaka chisindikizo chaubweya kunatha chifukwa chosowa phindu.
Kuletsa kusodza zisindikizo zaubweya kwadzetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Zisindikizo zazikulu kwambiri zaubweya zimawonedwa pachilumba cha South Georgia, pomwe pali anthu opitilira mamiliyoni awiri. Mitundu yambiri yazisindikizo zaubweya imakhala pamalo okhazikika malinga ndi manambala, koma ngati pali zina zosiyana.
Zisindikizo zaubweya zimayenda bwino ndi anthu omwe ali mu ukapolo. Amakhala ophunzitsidwa komanso osachita nkhanza komanso otetezeka kuyanjana nawo, mosiyana ndi zisindikizo ndi mikango yam'nyanja. M'malo osungira nyama ndi m'madzi, zisindikizo zaubweya zimadyetsedwa ndi nsomba zakufa - hering'i ndi anchovy.
Sindikiza chitetezo
Chithunzi: Kusindikiza ku Red Book
Chisindikizo cha kumpoto Fur chakhala mu International Red Book kuyambira 1911. Ankagwiritsa ntchito usodzi ponseponse chifukwa cha chikopa chake chambiri komanso mafuta, omwe amadziwika kuti amachiritsa ambiri. M'madera a Russia, Chilumba cha Tyuleniy ndi zilumba za Commander zimatetezedwa chifukwa chamatumba akuluakulu azisindikizo zakumpoto.
Kusodza chisindikizo cha ubweya wakumpoto kudafalikira makamaka mu 1780, panthawi yopanga kampani yaku Russia ndi America. Nthawi kuyambira 1799 mpaka 1867 mokha, oimira oposa mamiliyoni awiri ndi theka a subspecies awa adawonongedwa.
Chiwerengero cha zisindikizo zaubweya chidatsikira ku 130 zikwi ndi 1910, chomwe ndi chofunikira kwambiri chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo kwakanthawi komanso kupulumuka koyenera kwa nyama zazing'ono. Pakadali pano, zisindikizo zamwamuna zokha zakumpoto zololedwa kusaka. Omangidwa, zisindikizo zimakhala ndi zaka 30, koma kuthengo, ambiri amafa zaka ziwiri zoyambirira za moyo.
Chisindikizo cha ubweya Ndi nyama yodabwitsa yomwe imakhala m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi.Amawopsezedwa osati ndi achiwembu komanso nyama zakutchire (anamgumi akupha ndi nsombazi zimangoyang'anira kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo zaubweya, koma osaziwononga), komanso kutentha kwanyengo. Chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana komanso kuwonongeka kwa madzi m'nyanja, amasowa malo okhala ndi malo osakira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/29/2019 ku 19:37
