Nyalugwe waku India - ma subspecies odziwika kwambiri a akambuku, chifukwa chithunzi chawo chimatchuka pachikhalidwe cha misa. Ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango, m'mapiri ndi m'madambo a Indian subcontinent. Mitundu yawo imakopa chidwi, motero akambuku amatha kuwonedwa m'malo osungira nyama - koma si ziweto zopanda vuto konse, koma nyama zowopsa kwa anthu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe waku India
Mothandizidwa ndi ma genetics, zinali zotheka kudziwa kuti akambuku amasiyana ndi makolo wamba ndi ena oimira gulu la panther kale kwambiri kuposa kupatukana kwa mikango, nyamazi ndi akambuku. Chifukwa cha izi, amasiyana ndi othandizira anzawo m'njira zambiri.
Achibale awo apamtima kwambiri ndi akambuku a chipale chofewa, ngakhale samakhala othina. Malinga ndi asayansi, akambuku adasinthika pang'onopang'ono kuposa amphaka ena akulu, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi achikale kwambiri.
Akambukuwo pamapeto pake adatulukira ngati mtundu wa Pliocene. Asayansi amaganiza kuti makolo omwe anali pafupi kwambiri ndi Panthera palaeosinensis, okhala kumpoto kwa China, ocheperako pang'ono kuposa akambuku.
Mpaka pano, ma subspecies 6 a kambuku adapulumuka, kuphatikiza amwenye, ena atatu adatha. Pafupifupi zaka 110,000 zapitazo, ziwerengero zawo zidachepa kwambiri, ndipo zidachitika pambuyo pake pomwe ma subspecies amakono adapangidwa, malinga ndi kusinthika kwa anthu omwe amwazikana padera mosiyana.
Malongosoledwe asayansi a nyalugwe adaperekedwa koyamba mu kope lomaliza la Carl Linnaeus's The System of Nature, mu 1758. Kenako adapatsidwa dzina lachilatini Felis tigris. Linasinthidwa kukhala lamakono, Panthera tigris wamtundu wonsewo, ndipo Panthera tigris tigris wa subspecies zaku India, lidasinthidwa mu 1929 - pomwe Reginald Paucock adakhazikitsa kholo lawo la omwe adakhalapo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tiger Indian Indian
Akambuku achimwenye ndiwo nyama zazikazi zazikulu kwambiri kuthengo. Kutalika kwamwamuna wamkulu kumatha kufikira 280-290 masentimita, ndipo kutalika kumafota - mpaka masentimita 110-115. Kulemera kwake kumafikira makilogalamu 300 ndipo mwina imatha kupitirira izi. Thupi limasinthasintha komanso limakhala ndi minyewa, yokhala ndi chotsogola chotsogola.
Mutu ndi waukulu, nkhope imawonekera kutsogolo, masaya amakhala otalikirana. Makutuwo ndi ochepa kukula komanso ozungulira, ophunzira omwe ali ndi ma irises achikasu. Mano ake ndi akuthwa komanso olimba, chonsecho nyalugwe amakhala ndi 30.
Kanema: Indian Tiger
Pamiyendo yakutsogolo pali zala zisanu, ndi zinayi pamapazi akumbuyo. Chala chilichonse chimathera ndi chikhadabo chachikulu chomwe chingakhale chida choopsa. Mchira wake ndi wautali komanso wonyezimira, wokhala ndi nsonga yakuda. Ma dimorphism ogonana amawonetsedwa makamaka ndi kusiyana kwa kukula - amuna amakhala okulirapo ndipo amalemera theka lachitatu.
Nyalugwe waku India nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi moyo kwakanthawi kochepa - zaka 8-10. Chilombo chomwe chapulumuka mpaka zaka 13-15 chimayamba pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimasokoneza kutulutsa chakudya. Chifukwa cha izi, akupitilizabe kufooka ndikufa. Koma ngakhale mu ukapolo, nthawi yamoyo ya Indian tiger sikukula kwambiri - mpaka zaka 16-18.
Mtundu wosiyanitsa ndi womwe umadziwika kwambiri ndi kambuku. Nthawi yomweyo, mithunzi imatha kusiyanasiyana: kuchokera pakatundu kofiirira mpaka pafupifupi kosazindikirika ndi wakuda, kuchokera pachikaso choyera mpaka cholemera lalanje.
Pali akambuku akuda aku India akuda ndi oyera. Awa si maalubino - maso awo ndi amtambo, osati ofiira, umu ndi momwe jini yochulukirapo imadziwonetsera. Nkhumba za mtundu uwu ndizosowa kwambiri, ndipo zimasungidwa kwambiri mu ukapolo: mtundu wa khungu umawateteza kusaka, chifukwa amaonekera kwambiri, komanso, ali ndi chitetezo chofooka.
Kodi nyalugwe waku India amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe waku India wolanda nyama
Maspecies awa alibe malo amodzi akulu - malo osiyana amafalikira kudera lalikulu. Izi ndichifukwa chakuchepa kwa akambuku aku India. Amatha kukhala m'nkhalango zamitundumitundu - zobiriwira, zobiriwira nthawi zonse, zonyowa komanso zowuma, komanso zaminga. Komwe kumakhala madambo ndi mitengo yamphepete mwa nyanja. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe akambuku amafunikira kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino ndi kuyandikira kwa madzi akumwa, nyama zolemera komanso nkhalango zowirira.
Akambuku ambiri amakhala ku India. Amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana mdziko muno, kuchokera kumalire akumpoto mpaka pakati mpaka kugombe lakumadzulo. Akambuku a ku Nepal amakhala kumwera kwenikweni kwa dzikolo, pafupi ndi malire ndi India, m'mapiri a Himalaya - Terai. Mpumulo wawo ndi nyama zambiri ndizabwino kwa adani awa, komanso, gawo ili ndi lotetezedwa.
Ku Bhutan yaying'ono, kuli akambuku ochepa, koma amwazikana pafupifupi m'chigawo chonse cha dzikolo, pomwe ku Bangladesh, m'malo mwake, ambiri mwa iwo amakhala m'malo amodzi - m'chigawo cha Sundarban kumwera chakumadzulo, m'nkhalango zamangrove zomwe zimakuliramo.
Ana aamuna amakonda kukwera mitengo, koma akamakula, amakhala akulu kwambiri komanso okulirapo, ndichifukwa chake amasiya kutero.
Kodi kambuku wa ku India amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe waku India mwachilengedwe
Zakudyazo zimakhala ndi nyama yonse, makamaka nyama yodyetsa.
Nthawi zambiri amagwa m'manja a kambuku
- nguluwe zakutchire;
- matepi;
- mbawala;
- mbawala zamphongo;
- hares;
- owonjezera;
- mbewa;
- njovu.
Akambuku omwe ali ndi njala amathanso kulimbana ndi adani - mimbulu kapena ma boas, ngakhale akambuku ofanana nawo. Nthawi zambiri, nyalugwe amatha kuthana ndi zilombo zina popanda mavuto, chinthu chachikulu ndikumugwira - osati anthu okhawo omwe amamuopa, komanso mapaketi athunthu a nkhandwe. Koma ndi zimbalangondo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri - ndipo ku Himalaya, nyamazi zimatha kutsutsana.
Nyalugwe wamng'ono amatha kulimbana ndi nungu ndikupeza singano zake zakuthwa. Izi zitha kutha mwachisoni kwa chilombocho: ngati singano zibowoleredwa m'malo ovuta kufikako, ndipo sizingafikiridwe, pali chiopsezo chotenga zilonda. Nyamayo imafooka ndipo imatha kufa. Koma ngati zonse zimamuyendera bwino, ndiye kuti chilombocho chidzadutsa nungu.
Akambuku ndi osambira abwino kwambiri, amatha kuwedza, akamba kapena achule. Nthawi zina ngakhale ng'ona zazing'ono zimagwidwa ndikudya. Akambuku amasiyanitsa zakudya zawo ndi zipatso ndi mtedza - koma zakudya zawo ndizochepa, chifukwa chake kambuku wodyetsedwa bwino yekha ndi amene amatha kudya.
Chifukwa cha mafuta omwe ali pansi pa khungu, amatha kukhala opanda chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi mphamvu - pambuyo pake, nthawi zina kusaka sikubweretsa zotsatira kwa nthawi yayitali, koma muyenera kupulumutsa mphamvu poyeserera kwina. Koma, kukhutitsa njala, chinyama chimatha kudya 50 kg ya nyama nthawi imodzi. Ngati pali kanthu katsalira, chilombocho chimayesa kubisa nyama kuti idye nthawi ina.
Akambuku ali ndi chitetezo cha m'thupi chabwino, kuposa nyama zina zambiri zomwe zimadya nyama imeneyi. Zimakupatsani mwayi woti mudye nyama yowola kale, komanso kugwira nyama zakale komanso zodwala - nthawi zambiri palibe zotsatira zosasangalatsa akambuku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito nyama yawo.
Nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi mtsinje kapena madzi ena atsopano chifukwa amafunika kumwa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, akambuku amakonda kusambira kutentha: nyama zomwe zimadyedwa zimatha kugona kwa nthawi yayitali m'madzi ozizira. Amagona masana ambiri - maola 15-18.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Indian Tiger Red Book
Ntchito yayikulu yomwe akambuku amakhala nthawi yawo yambiri yakusaka ndikusaka. Kukula kwakukulu sikuthandiza nthawi zonse kupeza chakudya - chifukwa cha kulemera kwake, akambuku samatha kuthamangitsa nyama kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo amakakamizidwa kuwerengera zochita zawo kuti azipha msanga.
Amakonda kusaka m'mawa ndi kulowa kwa dzuwa - madzulo, kubisala kwawo kumagwira ntchito bwino, ubweya wa lalanje umaphatikizana ndi dzuwa. Koma amatha kupita kukasaka nthawi ina iliyonse - ngakhale pakati pa masana, ngakhale usiku - kumva kwabwino komanso kuwona kwamphamvu kumaloleza.
Amazembera wovulalayo kuchokera mbali ya leeward, kuti isanunkhize. Ndiopirira, amatha kudikira nthawi yayitali, amamuyang'ana wovulalayo ndikudikirira nthawi yabwino kuti amenyane. Amayesetsa kuyandikira kwambiri kotero kuti amatha kudumpha ndikuletsa nyama yawo kuthawa - ndipo akambuku amalumpha kwambiri, mpaka 10 mita.
Atalumphira, amatha kupha nyama yapakatikati poluma m'khosi. Ngati ili ndi ukulu wa mlenje kapena wokulirapo, nyalugwe amayamba kumukola. Ngati nyamayo iwona kambukuyo isanakumenye ndipo iyenera kuyilondola, ndiye kuti nyamayo imathamanga kwambiri - mpaka 60-65 km / h.
Akambuku ambiri samenya anthu, kapena zolusa, koma nthawi zina machitidwe awo amasintha. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika chifukwa chakukalamba kwa chinyama komanso kutayika kwa liwiro lake komanso kuthamanga kwake. Ngati singathenso kupeza chakudya posaka zolimba mwachangu komanso mwamantha, ndiye kuti imatha kuyamba kugwira pang'onopang'ono.
Akambuku akuluakulu amakhala okha, aliyense wa iwo amakhala m'dera lalikulu - dera lake limatha kufika makilomita 30-100 ma kilomita. Amatetezedwa ndi kambuku ku nyama zina zikuluzikulu zomwe zimadya nyama komanso kwa anthu amtundu wina. Ngakhale madera omwe amakhala amuna ndi akazi nthawi zina amapezeka, amuna amathanso kugawana nyama zawo ndi akazi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Akambuku achimwenye mwachilengedwe
Amayi amalowa msinkhu woswana ndi zaka 3-3.5, amuna, pafupifupi, chaka chotsatira. Nyengo yokhwima ikangoyamba, yomwe imachitika pa Disembala-Januware, yamphongo imayang'ana zazikazi zokonzekera kukwatira, zomwe zimakhala m'malo oyandikana naye. Amatsimikiza kukonzekera ndi fungo la mkodzo.
Pambuyo pake, amatha kupeza limodzi kuyambira masabata atatu mpaka miyezi iwiri, kenako wamwamuna amabwerera kudera lake. Chisamaliro chowonjezera cha ana chimagona ndi chachikazi. Ngakhale machitidwe a amuna amatha kukhala osiyana: nthawi zina, kulumikizana kwawo ndi anawo kunawonedwa.
Mimba imakhala miyezi 3.5. Kuberekera kumachitika m'malo obisika, ngati phanga, lomwe limatha kuteteza ana a tiger. Amabadwa kuyambira 1 mpaka 5, ndipo poyamba amakhala opanda chochita: alibe mano, kumva ndi kuwona. Atangobadwa, amakhala ndi ubweya wakuda kwambiri womwe umatha nthawi yayitali.
Mano amakula miyezi iwiri, pambuyo pake anawo amatha kudya nyama. Kuyambira msinkhu womwewo, tigress amawatenga kuti azisaka maphunziro. Amasaka pawokha miyezi 12-18, ndipo amakhala ndi amayi awo mpaka zaka 2-3, pambuyo pake amapita kukakhala kudera lawo. Ndipokhapo pokhapokha tigress ataberekanso.
Amayi achikazi omwe amasiya makolo awo nthawi zambiri amakhala kumtunda, ndikukhala moyandikana ndi amayi awo. Amuna amapita patali kwambiri. Malinga ndi ofufuzawo, izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuswana kwambiri, chifukwa mwayi wakukhwima pakati pa akambuku ogwirizana m'badwo wotsatira umachepa.
Adani achilengedwe akambuku achi India
Chithunzi: Tiger Indian Indian
Popeza akambuku ndiwo nyama zolusa zazikulu kwambiri ndi zamphamvu kwambiri, alibe adani ambiri achilengedwe. Ndipo ngakhale omwe amadzipangira okha - palibe (kupatula anthu) amene amaukira akambuku, amathanso kumenya nkhondo ndi nyama zamphamvu monga zimbalangondo - ndipo zotsatira zake zitha kukhala zosiyana.
Kuyesera kusaka njovu kumathanso kutha kuvuta ngati makolo awo akwiya - komabe, akambuku amakhala othamanga kwambiri osaponderezedwa, kupatula okhawo akale kwambiri. Chipembere choyera chokwiyanso chimatha kukhala chowopsa.
Mimbulu yofiira imawopa akambuku ngakhale m'matumba, komabe, akambukuwo amatha kuwaukira. Izi zitha kuchitika ngati mimbulu ilowa m'dera lawo - akambuku salekerera izi. Kuukira kumatha kubweretsa kufa kwa nyalugwe - zidachitika kuti gululo lidakwanitsa kugonjetsa chilombo cholimba kwambiri, koma chosungulumwa.
Kuopsa kwa akambuku akale kapena ana ang'ono a tiger omwe sanawerengere mphamvu zawo atha kuimiridwa ndi nkhumba zazikulu zakutchire - kuwasaka nthawi zina kumatha ndi zilonda zazikulu kapena kufa kwa mlenje yekha. Ndizowopsa kusaka nyama - ng'ombe zamphongo zazikulu zolemera matani awiri.
Akambuku amatha kugawana ana ndi anyamata ena.
Odziwika kwambiri ndi hybrids pakuwoloka ndi mikango:
- nyalugwe mkango - mtanda pakati pa kambuku ndi mkango waukazi. Kukula pang'ono ndi kulemera kwake (mpaka 150 kg), malinga ndi akatswiri a zoo, wosakanizidwa amatha kukhala kuthengo;
- Liger ndi mtanda pakati pa tigress ndi mkango. Kunja, imawoneka ngati yotsirizira, koma yayikulu kwambiri ndipo ili ndi mikwingwirima pakhungu. Mwachilengedwe, sichitha kukhala ndi moyo, koma akazi amatha kubala ana;
- liligr ndi mtanda pakati pa ligress ndi mkango. Nyamayo imawoneka ngati mkango, wokhala ndi zinthu zazing'ono zotengera kambuku;
- talig ndi mtanda pakati pa ligress ndi kambuku. Zikuwoneka ngati kambuku wamkulu kwambiri wamtundu wotayika.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe waku India
Mdani wamkulu wa kambuku samakhala kuthengo. Monga momwe zilili ndi nyama zina zambiri, munthu adakhala mdani wake wamkulu. Ndi chifukwa cha zochitika za anthu kuti kuchuluka kwa akambuku aku India kwatsika malinga ndi kulamula kwakukula. Zifukwa zake zinali kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kupha nyama mosayenera.
Akambukuwa ndi nyama yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa khungu lawo limatha kugulitsidwa pamtengo wokwera kwambiri. Ndipo mafupa amawerengedwa kuti amachiritsa malingana ndi zikhulupiriro zakomweko, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Ziphuphu ndi zikhomo za Tiger zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zithumwa
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, akambuku a ku India onse anali pafupifupi 100,000. Ndiye palibe chomwe chinawopseza subspecies, koma kenako zinthu zinayamba kusintha mwachangu. M'zaka zonse zapitazi, anthu opha nyama zopanda nyama akhala akupha akambuku, ndipo chitukuko chawononga malo awo okhala, zomwe zinachititsa kuti mu 2010 chiwerengerocho chikwere mpaka anthu 3,200.
Mwamwayi, iyi inali malo otsika kwambiri - njira zomwe zidatengedwa kuti zisamalire akambuku zidayamba kubala zipatso, ndipo mzaka zotsatira anthu ake adasiya kugwa. Chifukwa chake, ku Nepal, yawirikiza kawiri m'zaka khumi zokha: mu 2009 panali 120 mwa iwo, ndipo mu 2019 - 240.
Ku India kuli akambuku pafupifupi 3,000. Ku Bhutan, pali 60-80, ndipo chiwonetsero chonse cha Bangladeshi chikuyerekeza anthu 200-210. Ponseponse, pali akambuku aku India aku 3,880 - 3,950 kuthengo pofika 2019. Popeza kuchuluka kwawo kumakhala kotsika, amaphatikizidwa ndi International Red Book omwe ali ndi EN (mitundu yomwe ili pangozi).
Kuteteza tiger ku India
Chithunzi: Indian Tiger Red Book
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa akambuku aku India, maboma am'mayiko omwe akukhala atetezedwa ndi ma subspecieswa. A mbali yaikulu ya anthu awo amakhala m'madera otetezedwa, amene kwambiri kusokoneza ntchito zauve za opha nyama mosayenera.
Palinso dongosolo lowirikiza kuchuluka kwa akambuku m'maiko onse omwe amakhala mu 2022, ovomerezedwa ndi mayiko onsewa. Kukhazikitsa kwake kuli kale, penapake zotsatira zake zikuwonekeratu (ndipo ku Nepal, kuwirikiza kwachitika kale), kwinakwake.
Boma la India lakhazikitsa madera 8 otetezedwa, omwe amakhala ndi akambuku, kuti ateteze kuchuluka kwawo komanso kuthekera kwawo. Ndalama zowonjezera zaperekedwa kuti ziteteze dera lalikulu ndikusamutsa anthu pafupifupi 200,000 omwe amakhala pafupi kapena pafupi ndi malowo.
Palinso mapulogalamu omwe tiana tating'onoting'ono, opanda amayi kapena obadwira mu ukapolo, amaphunzitsidwa kuti azikulitsa chibadwa chawo kenako ndikutulutsidwanso kuthengo. Ambiri mwa akambuku amenewa anazika mizu ataphunzira. Panalinso ntchito yoti adzawafotokozere ku Republic of South Africa, koma sizinachitike - mwina mtsogolomu izi kapena kuyesa komweku kudzachitikabe.
Chosangalatsa: Akambuku nawonso awonongedwa chifukwa cha mbiri yoyipa yaomwe amakhala - zodya zakale zimatha kudya anzawo. Kuti awawopsyeze, akuyenda mozungulira komwe akambuku amakhala, munthu womaliza mgululi amaika chigoba chokhala ndi maso opaka kumbuyo kwa mutu wake. Chifukwa cha ichi, nyalugwe amatha kusokonezeka osapeza mphindi yabwino yomenyera.
Nyalugwe waku India Ndikofunikira kwambiri osati chifukwa chakuti palibe mtundu uliwonse wa zamoyo zomwe zili padziko lapansi pano womwe ungatayike, komanso chifukwa cha chiopsezo cha chisokonezo m'chilengedwe chomwe akukhalamo. Kutha kwawo kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zomwe sizimadziwika, chifukwa chikhalidwe cha dera lonselo chidzasintha. Ngakhale nyalugwe ndi chilombo cholimba, amafunikira thandizo laumunthu kuti apulumuke.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04/16/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 21:26
