Orangutan - anyani aku arboreal ochokera kubanja la pongin. Matupi awo ndi amodzi mwapafupi kwambiri ndi munthu. Amakhala ndi nkhope yowonekera kwambiri - nyani wamkulu kwambiri. Ndi nyama zamtendere komanso zamtendere, zomwe malo awo akuchepa chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Orangutan
Ma orangutan anali mapini okhawo omwe anapulumuka. M'mbuyomu, banjali linali ndi mitundu ina ingapo, yomwe ikutha tsopano, monga Sivapithecus ndi Gigantopithecus. Chiyambi cha anyaniwa sichingatchulidwe momveka bwino - pali malingaliro angapo pankhaniyi.
Malinga ndi m'modzi wa iwo, anyani omwe adachokera ku sivapithecs, zotsalira zomwe zidapezeka ku Hindustan, zili pafupi kwambiri ndi mafupa a orangutan. Deduces wina amachokera ku Koratpithecus - ma hominoid omwe amakhala mdera la Indochina wamakono. Pali mitundu ina, koma palibe yomwe idalandiridwa ngati yoyamba.
Kanema: Orangutan
Malongosoledwe asayansi a orangutan a Kalimantan adapezeka mu ntchito ya Karl Linnaeus "The Origin of Species" mu 1760. Dzinalo m'Chilatini ndi Pongo pygmaeus. Sumartan orangutan (Pongo abelii) adafotokozedwa pambuyo pake - mu 1827 ndi Rene Lesson.
Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti kwa nthawi yayitali amawerengedwa ngati zazing'ono zamtundu womwewo. Kale m'zaka za zana la XX, zidakhazikitsidwa kuti awa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo: mu 1997 zidapezeka, ndipo mu 2017 kokha mtundu wachitatu udavomerezedwa - Pongo tapanuliensis, Tapanul orangutan. Oimira ake amakhala pachilumba cha Sumatra, koma samayandikira pafupi ndi Sumatran orangutan, koma Kalimantan.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: DNA ya anyani amasintha pang'onopang'ono, kutsika kwambiri kuposa izi kwa anyani kapena anthu. Malingana ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kwa majini, asayansi akuwonetsa kuti ali pafupi kwambiri ndi zolembera zamtundu uliwonse zamakedzana kuposa makolo awo wamba.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Orangutan
Malongosoledwewa amaperekedwa kwa anyani a Kalimantan - mitunduyo imasiyana mosiyanasiyana, motero ndiyabwino kwambiri kwa ena. Kusiyanitsa pakati pawo kudzathetsedwa padera.
Kukula kwa nyani uyu atakwezedwa ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo kumakhala mpaka masentimita 140-150 kwa amuna ndi 105-115 kwa akazi. Amuna amalemera pafupifupi 80 kg, akazi 40-50 kg. Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe azakugonana amawonetsedwa makamaka kukula. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna akulu amasiyanitsidwa ndi zipsinjo zazikulu ndi ndevu zakuda, komanso zophukira masaya.
Pamaso pa orangutan mulibe tsitsi, khungu lakuda. Ali ndi chipumi chachikulu komanso mafupa a nkhope. Nsagwada ndi zazikulu, ndipo mano ndi olimba komanso amphamvu - amasinthidwa kuti athane ndi mtedza wolimba. Maso amakhala atayandikira kwambiri, pomwe mawonekedwe a nyamayo ndiwofunika kwambiri ndipo amawoneka okoma mtima. Palibe zikhadabo pa zala zake - misomali imafanana ndi anthu.
Orangutan ili ndi chovala chachitali komanso cholimba, mthunzi wake ndi ofiira-ofiira. Chimakula pamutu ndi pamapewa, kutsikira mbali zina zonse za thupi. Pali ubweya wochepa m'manja mwake, pachifuwa ndi thupi lotsika; ndi wandiweyani mbali.
Ubongo wa nyaniwu ndiwodabwitsa: ndi wocheperako pang'ono - mpaka masentimita a cubic 500. Ndikutali kwa munthu ndi 1200-1600, koma poyerekeza ndi anyani ena anyani amakula kwambiri, ndimagulu ambiri. Chifukwa chake, asayansi ambiri amawazindikira kuti ndi anyani anzeru kwambiri, ngakhale palibe lingaliro limodzi pankhaniyi - ofufuza ena amapereka mgwalangwa kwa chimpanzi kapena gorilla.
Ma orangutan aku Sumat kunja kwake amasiyana ndi kokha chifukwa chakuti kukula kwawo kuli kocheperako. A Tapanulis ali ndi mutu wocheperako kuposa Sumatran. Tsitsi lawo limakhala lopindika, ndipo ndevu zimakula ngakhale mwa akazi.
Chosangalatsa: Ngati mwa amuna okhwima ogonana a Kalimantan, zophukira pamasaya ndizochuluka, ndipo onse omwe ali nawo amatha kukwatirana ndi akazi, ndiye kuti ku Sumatran zinthu ndizosiyana - amuna owoneka ochepa okha ndi omwe amakula, chilichonse chomwe chimayang'anira gululo akazi.
Kodi anyani amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Monkey orangutan
Habitat - madambo otentha otentha. Ndikofunikira kuti azikhala ndi nkhalango zowirira - orangutan amakhala pafupifupi nthawi yawo yonse pamitengo. Ngati kale amakhala m'dera lalikulu, lomwe limaphatikizapo ambiri akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, ndiye kuti apulumuka pazilumba ziwiri zokha - Kalimantan ndi Sumatra.
Palinso anyani ambiri a Kalimantan, omwe amapezeka m'malo ambiri pachilumbachi m'malo ochepera 1,500 mita pamwamba pamadzi. Subpecies pygmaeus amakhala kumpoto kwa Kalimantan, morio amakonda malo pang'ono kumwera, ndipo wurmbii amakhala mdera lalikulu kumwera chakumadzulo.
Anthu aku Sumatrania amakhala kumpoto kwa chilumbachi. Pomaliza, anyani a Tapanul amakhalanso ku Sumatra, koma motalikirana ndi a Sumatran. Onsewa akhazikika m'nkhalango imodzi - Batang Toru, yomwe ili m'chigawo cha South Tapanuli. Malo awo ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo samapitilira 1 ma kilomita lalikulu.
Anyani amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri chifukwa sakonda kugwera pansi. Ngakhale pakakhala mtunda wautali pakati pa mitengo, amakonda kudumpha pogwiritsa ntchito mipesa yayitali kutero. Amaopa madzi ndipo samakhazikika pafupi nawo - safunikanso kupita kumalo othirira, popeza amapeza madzi okwanira kuchokera kuzomera zomwe amadya kapena kumwa kuchokera m'makona a mitengo.
Kodi orangutan amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Orangutan wamwamuna
Maziko a chakudyacho ndi zakudya zazomera:
- Masamba;
- Mphukira;
- Khungwa;
- Impso;
- Zipatso (maula, mango, nthochi, mkuyu, rambutan, mango, durian ndi ena);
- Mtedza.
Amakonda kudya uchi ndipo nthawi zambiri amafunafuna ming'oma, ngakhale patakhala ngozi. Nthawi zambiri amadya mumitengo, mosiyana ndi anyani ena onse omwe amapita kukagwira izi. Orangutan amatha kutsika pokhapokha atawona china chake chokoma pansi - sangangothamangitsa udzuwo.
Amadyanso nyama: amadya tizilombo ndi mphutsi zomwe zagwidwa, ndipo zisa za mbalame zikapezeka, mazira ndi anapiye. Anyani a Sumatran nthawi zina amatha kusaka makamaka anyani ang'onoang'ono - ma lorise. Izi zimachitika mzaka zowonda pamene zakudya zazomera zimasowa. Pazakudya za anyani a Tapanul, ma cones ndi mbozi zimathandiza kwambiri.
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwamchere kofunikira m'thupi pazakudya, nthawi zina amatha kumeza nthaka, chifukwa chake kusowa kwawo kumalipidwa. Kagayidwe ka orangutan sikuchedwa - chifukwa cha izi, nthawi zambiri amakhala aulesi, koma amatha kudya pang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kukhala opanda chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale atakhala ndi njala masiku awiri, orangutan sadzatha.
Chosangalatsa: Dzinalo "orangutan" limachokera pakulira kwa orang hutan, komwe anthu am'deralo ankachenjezana za zoopsa zikawawona. Izi zimamasuliridwa kuti "munthu wamnkhalango". Mu Chirasha, dzina lina "orangutan" ndilofala, koma ndilopanda tanthauzo, ndipo m'Chimalaya mawuwa amatanthauza wobwereketsa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Orangutans aku Indonesia
Anyaniwa amakhala moyandikana ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala mumitengo - izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuziwona kuthengo, chifukwa chake machitidwe awo m'chilengedwe sanaphunzirepo bwino kwanthawi yayitali. M'malo awo achilengedwe, amaphunziridwa kwambiri kuposa chimpanzi kapena gorilla, koma mawonekedwe a moyo wawo amadziwika ndi sayansi.
Ma Orangutan ndi anzeru - ena mwa iwo amagwiritsa ntchito zida kuti apeze chakudya, ndipo akagwidwa, amakhala ndi zizolowezi zothandiza za anthu. Amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana owonetsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana - mkwiyo, kupsa mtima, kuopseza, kuchenjeza za ngozi, ndi ena.
Kapangidwe ka thupi lawo ndiyabwino kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo m'mitengo; amatha kumamatira ku nthambi zolimba mofanana ndi mikono yawo ndi miyendo yayitali. Amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kudzera m'mitengo. Pansi, amadzimva osatetezeka, chifukwa chake amasankha kugona patali, munthambi.
Chifukwa chaichi amamanga zisa zawo. Kutha kumanga chisa ndi luso lofunika kwambiri kwa anyani onse, momwe amayamba kuchita kuyambira ali mwana. Achinyamata amachita izi moyang'aniridwa ndi achikulire, ndipo zimawatengera zaka zingapo kuti aphunzire kupanga zisa zolimba zomwe zimathandizira kulemera kwawo.
Ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chisa chimamangidwa pamalo okwera, ndipo ngati sichinamangidwe bwino, ndiye kuti nyani amatha kugwa ndikuphwanya. Chifukwa chake, pomwe ana amaphunzira kumanga zisa zawo, amagona ndi amayi awo. Koma posakhalitsa mphindi imadza pomwe kulemera kwawo kumakhala kwakukulu, ndipo amayi amakana kuwalola kulowa mchisa, chifukwa mwina sangapirire mtolo - ndiye ayenera kuyamba kukhala achikulire.
Amayesetsa kukonza malo awo kuti azikhala bwino - amabweretsa masamba ambiri kuti agone pang'ono, amayang'ana nthambi zofewa zomwe zili ndi masamba otambalala obisalira kumtunda. Ali mu ukapolo, amaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zofunda msanga. Ma Orangutan amakhala zaka 30 kapena 40, ali mu ukapolo amatha kufikira zaka 50-60.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Orangutan Cub
Ma Orangutan amakhala nthawi yayitali ali okha, amuna amagawana gawo lawo, ndipo samasochera ndi a wina. Ngati izi zikuchitikabe, ndipo wobisalayo wazindikirika, mwiniwakeyo amapanga phokoso, kuwonetsa mano ndikuwopsezana. Izi nthawi zambiri zimathera pomwe zonse - m'modzi wamwamuna amavomereza kuti ndiwofooka ndipo amachoka osalimbana. Nthawi zambiri, zimachitika.
Chifukwa chake, chikhalidwe cha anyani ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi chomwe chimadziwika ndi ma gorilla kapena chimpanzi - samakhala m'magulu, ndipo gulu lalikulu la amayi ndi mwana, kawirikawiri. Amuna amakhala mosiyana, pomwe anyani a Sumatran amakhala ndi akazi okwanira khumi amwamuna m'modzi wokhoza kukwatira.
Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri anyaniwa amakhala mosiyana, nthawi zina amakumanabe m'magulu - izi zimachitika pafupi ndi mitengo yazipatso yabwino kwambiri. Apa amalumikizana kudzera phokoso lina.
Ma orangutan a Sumat amayang'ana kwambiri kulumikizana kwamagulu; ku Kalimantan orangutan, zimachitika kawirikawiri. Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti kusiyana kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chakudya komanso kupezeka kwa nyama zolusa ku Sumatra - kukhala pagulu kumathandiza anyani kukhala otetezeka.
Amayi amakwanitsa kufikira zaka 8-10, amuna patatha zaka zisanu. Nthawi zambiri mwana mmodzi amabadwa, osachepera 2-3. Kutalika pakati pa genera ndi zaka 6-9, ndikokulukulu kwambiri kwa nyama zoyamwitsa. Izi ndichifukwa chakusintha kwa nthawi ya chakudya chochuluka chomwe chimachitika pazilumbazi nthawi yomweyo - ndi nthawi ino pomwe kuphulika kwa ziwonetsero kumawonekera.
Ndikofunikanso kuti pambuyo pobereka mayi akuchita nawo kulera mwana kwa zaka zingapo - kwa zaka 3-4 zoyambirira amamudyetsa mkaka, ndipo anyani achichepere amapitilizabe kukhala nawo ngakhale pambuyo pake, nthawi zina mpaka zaka 7-8.
Adani achilengedwe a orangutan
Chithunzi: Animal orangutan
Popeza anyaniwa samatsikira m'mitengo, ndiwo nyama zolusa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi zazikulu komanso zamphamvu - chifukwa cha izi, ku Kalimantan kulibe nyama zolusa zomwe zimatha kusaka achikulire. Nkhani ina ndi anyani achichepere kapena ana, ng'ona, mimbulu ndi zilombo zina zomwe zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa iwo.
Ku Sumatra, ngakhale anyani achikulire amatha kusakidwa ndi akambuku. Mulimonsemo, nyama zakutchire sizomwe zimawopseza nyaniwa. Monga nyama zina zambiri, anthu ndi omwe amawopsa.
Ngakhale amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kutali ndi chitukuko, mphamvu zake zimamvekabe. Ma Orangutan amavutika ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, ambiri mwa iwo amafera m'manja mwa anthu opha nyama mopanda chilungamo kapena amakhala amoyo kumsika wakuda - ndiamtengo wapatali kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Ma Orangutan amalankhulanso ndi manja - ofufuzawo adapeza kuti amagwiritsa ntchito ambiri - kuposa 60. Mothandizidwa ndi manja, amatha kuyitanirana kuti azisewera kapena kuyang'ana china chake. Manja amatanthauza kuyitanitsa (ili ndi dzina loti akhazikitse ubweya wa nyani wina - kuchotsa dothi, tizilombo ndi zinthu zina zakunja).
Afotokozanso pempho logawana chakudya kapena chofuna kuchoka m'derali. Zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuchenjeza anyani ena za ngozi yomwe ikubwera - mosiyana ndi kulira, komwe kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito potero, mothandizidwa ndi manja, chenjezo limatha kudziwika ndi chilombo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: monkey orangutan
Mitundu yonse yamitundu itatu ya anyani ndi CR (Yowopsa).
Chiwerengero cha anthu, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kovuta, ndi motere:
- Kalimantansky - 50,000-60,000, kuphatikiza 30,000 wurmbii, 15,000 morio ndi 7,000 pygmaeus;
- Sumatran - pafupifupi nyani 7,000;
- Tapanulsky - anthu ochepera 800.
Mitundu itatu yonseyi ndiyotetezedwa chimodzimodzi, chifukwa ngakhale yambiri, Kalimantan, ikumwalira mofulumira. Ngakhale zaka 30 mpaka 40 zapitazo, asayansi ankakhulupirira kuti pofika pano anyani atha kuthengo, popeza kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwawo panthawiyo kunatsimikizira izi.
Mwamwayi, izi sizinachitike, koma kusintha kwakuthupi sikunachitikenso - zinthu zikadali zovuta. Kuyambira pakati pazaka zapitazi, pomwe kuwerengera kotsimikizika kunayamba kuchitika, kuchuluka kwa anyani kwatsika kanayi, ndipo izi ngakhale zinali choncho zidasokonekera kwambiri.
Choyambirira, imavulaza nyama chifukwa chakuchepa kwa gawo loyenera malo awo, chifukwa chodula mitengo kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe aminda yamagwalangwa m'malo mwa nkhalango. Chinanso ndi kupha nyama mosavomerezeka. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi zokha, anyani zikwizikwi aphedwa ndi anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anyani a Tapanul ndi ocheperako kotero kuti chikuwopsezedwa kuti chitha chifukwa cha kubereka kosapeweka. Mwa oimira mitunduyo, zikwangwani zimawoneka kuti izi zayamba kale.
Chitetezo cha Orangutan
Chithunzi: Orangutan Red Book
Ngakhale nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, njira zomwe zatengedwa kuti ziteteze anyani sizothandiza mokwanira. Chofunika kwambiri, malo awo akupitilirabe kuwonongedwa, ndipo olamulira a mayiko omwe akusungidwabe (Indonesia ndi Malaysia) akutenga njira zochepa kuti athetse vutoli.
Anyani omwewo amatetezedwa ndi malamulo, koma kuwasaka kumapitilizabe, ndipo onse amagulitsidwa ngati mpanda wamsika wakuda. Mwinanso, kwazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa anthu opha nyama mwachinyengo kwachepetsedwa. Ichi ndichinthu chofunikira kale, popanda ma orangutan omwe atha pang'ono kutha, koma nkhondo yolimbana ndi anthu opha nyama mosayembekezeka, omwe ndi gawo lalikulu mwaomwe akukhalamo, sichikukwanira mwadongosolo.
Pazifukwa zabwino, ndikofunikira kudziwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo obwezeretsa anyani ku Kalimantan ndi Sumatra. Amayesetsa kuchepetsa zotsatira zakupha - amatenga ana amasiye ndikuwalera asanatulutsidwe m'nkhalango.
M'malo amenewa, anyani amaphunzitsidwa zonse zofunika kuti apulumuke kuthengo. Anthu zikwizikwi adadutsa m'malo oterewa - zopereka zawo zidapangitsa kuti anyaniwa atetezeke ndikachuluka kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Kutha kwa ma orangutan mayankho odabwitsa kumadziwika kwambiri kuposa anyani ena - mwachitsanzo, kanemayo adawonetsa njira yomanga hammock ndi Nemo wamkazi yemwe amakhala mndende. Ndipo izi sizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma orangutan.
Orangutan - mitundu yosangalatsa komanso yopanda kuphunzira ya anyani. Nzeru zawo komanso kuthekera kwawo kuphunzira ndizodabwitsa, amakhala ochezeka kwa anthu, koma pobwezera nthawi zambiri amalandila mawonekedwe ena. Ndi chifukwa cha anthu omwe atsala pang'ono kutha, chifukwa chake ntchito yayikulu ya munthu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti apulumuka.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 13.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 16:46
