Saiga, kapena saiga (Saiga tatarica) ndi nthumwi ya artiodactyl nyama zomwe zili m'banja laling'ono la antelopes. Nthawi zina mawonekedwe apadera amathandizira kuti gawo la saiga, pamodzi ndi antelope aku Tibet, apite ku banja laling'ono la Saiginae. Mwamuna amatchedwa margach kapena saiga, ndipo wamkazi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa saiga.
Kulongosola kwa Saiga
Dzina laku Russia la nthumwi zamtunduwu lidayamba chifukwa cha zilankhulo za gulu lachi Turkic... Ndi pakati pa anthu awa pomwe nyama yotereyi amatchedwa "chisat". Kutanthauzira kwachi Latin, komwe pambuyo pake kudakhala kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kudawonekera, kokha chifukwa cha ntchito zodziwika bwino za kazembe komanso wolemba mbiri ku Austria Sigismund von Herberstein. Dzinalo loyambirira "saiga" lidalembedwa mu "Notes on Muscovy" wolemba uyu, wa 1549.
Maonekedwe
Kukula pang'ono, nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika imakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa 110-146 cm, ndi mchira - osapitirira masentimita 8-12. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kutalika kwa kufota kwa nyama yayikulu kumasiyanasiyana mkati mwa 60-79 masentimita, ndikulemera kwa thupi kwa 23-40 kg. Saiga ili ndi thupi lokhalitsa komanso lowonda komanso lalifupi. Mphuno, yomwe imayimilidwa ndi khungu lofewa komanso lotupa, lomwe limayendetsedwa ndi mphuno zokhotakhota komanso zowoneka bwino, limapanga mtundu wa zomwe zimatchedwa "humped muzzle". Makutu amasiyanitsidwa ndi chozungulira.
Ziboda zapakati pa saiga ndizazikulu kuposa zam'mbali, ndipo nyanga zimakongoletsa mutu wa amuna okhaokha. Nyanga zambiri zimakhala zotalika mofanana kutalika kwa mutu, koma pafupifupi zimafika kotala la mita kapena kupitirirapo. Zimasinthasintha, mawonekedwe amtundu wachikaso choyera, mawonekedwe olimba ngati osasinthasintha, ndipo magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu am'munsi amakhala ndi mizere yopingasa. Nyanga za Saiga zili pafupi pamutu.
Ubweya wa chilimwe wa nthumwi za artiodactyl nyama zomwe zili m'banja laling'ono la antelope zimasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wobiriwira wachikaso. Ubweya wakuda kwambiri umakhala pamzere wakumbuyo pakati ndipo pang'onopang'ono umawala kulowera kumimba. Saiga ilibe galasi lamchira. Ubweya wa nyama m'nyengo yachisanu ndiwotalika kwambiri komanso wowoneka bwino, wonyezimira kwambiri. Molting kumachitika kawiri pachaka: masika ndi nthawi yophukira. Pali tiziwalo ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, infraorbital, interdigital ndi carpal. Akazi amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mawere awiri amabele.
Moyo, machitidwe
Nyama zakutchire kapena saigas amakonda kukhala m'gulu lalikulu. Ng'ombe imodzi yotere imatha kuyambira mitu imodzi mpaka isanu. Nthawi zina mumatha kupeza ziweto pomwe anthu zana kapena kupitilira apo amagwirizana nthawi imodzi. Nyama zotere zimangoyendayenda m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira, nthumwi za nyama zogaluka zogawanika zomwe zili m'banja laling'ono la antelopes zimayesera kusamukira kumadera am'chipululu, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chipale chofewa pang'ono, koma nthawi yotentha nyama izi zimabwerera kudera lamapiri.
Saigas ndi nyama zolimba kwambiri zomwe zimatha kusintha mosavuta komanso mwachangu kusintha nyengo ndi nyengo. Amatha kulekerera osati kutentha kokha, komanso nyengo yozizira yozizira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Poyambira nyengo yachisanu, nyengo yam'mapiri a saiga imayamba, ndipo panthawiyi ndewu zachikhalidwe zimachitika pakati pa atsogoleri am'gululo, ambiri omwe samangokhala ndi zilonda zazikulu, komanso ndi imfa.
Chifukwa cha kupirira kwawo kwachilengedwe, ma saigas nthawi zambiri amadyetsa masamba osowa, ndipo amathanso kukhala opanda madzi kwanthawi yayitali. Komabe, kusinthasintha pafupipafupi kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana kupita kuimfa kumafa chifukwa cha antelope ambiri achilengedwe. Monga lamulo, atsogoleri a gulu lankhosa amayesetsa kuthana ndi ma kilomita ambiri tsiku limodzi, chifukwa chake anthu osalimba kapena osagwira ntchito bwino ku saiga, omwe sangathe kuchita izi, amafa.
Ndi saigas angati akukhala
Kutalika kwakukhala ndi moyo wa saiga m'malo achilengedwe kumadalira jenda... Amuna a nthumwi za artiodactyl zinyama za banja laling'ono la antelopes, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo achilengedwe kuyambira zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu, ndipo kutalika kwa moyo wazimayi, monga lamulo, kumangokhala zaka khumi.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna okhwima ogona a saiga amatha kusiyanitsidwa pakati pa akazi ndi kupezeka kwa nyanga zazing'ono komanso zowoneka bwino nthawi zonse zokhala ndi nthiti. M'magawo ena onse, amuna ndi akazi amawoneka chimodzimodzi.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma Saigas m'mitundu yawo yonse amakhala m'malo athyathyathya. Nyama zokhala ndi ziboda zoterezi zimapewa kukwera osati mapiri okha, komanso malo aliwonse ovuta, ndipo, mwanjira zambiri, sizimachitika patali. Saigas sikhala mumipanda yamchenga yokutidwa ndi zomera. Nyengo yokha m'nyengo yozizira, pakagwa namondwe wamkulu wa chisanu, nyamazi zimakhala ndi ziboda zogawanika zimayandikira pafupi ndi mchenga wamapiri kapena mapiri, komwe mungatetezedwe ku mphepo yamkuntho.
Mosakayikira, mapangidwe a saiga ngati mtundu adachitikira m'malo athyathyathya, pomwe mtundu wambiri wothamangira nyama yodabwitsayo, yoyimiridwa ndi amble, umatha kupangidwa. Saiga amatha kukhala ndi liwiro lalikulu kwambiri mpaka 70-80 km / h. Komabe, nyamayo imavutika kulumpha, chifukwa chake nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika imapewa zopinga ngakhale zazing'ono. Pongopewa zoopsa, saiga imatha kulumpha mmwamba "kuyang'anira", kuyika thupi lake mozungulira. Artiodactyls amakonda malo athyathyathya azipululu zokhala ndi dothi lolimba, komanso kunja kwa zikuluzikulu.
Zizindikiro zakwezeka pamwamba pamadzi sizitenga gawo lalikulu mwa iwo okha, chifukwa chake saiga m'mapiri a Caspian amakhala pafupi ndi madzi, ndipo ku Kazakhstan mitunduyi imayimilidwa ndi kutalika kwa 200-600 m. Ku Mongolia, nyamayi idafalikira m'madambo okwera mamita 900-1600... Makono amakono a nyama zamphako zokhala ndi ziboda zili m'mapiri ouma ndi achipululu. Zigawo zotere, chifukwa cha zovuta zamagulu azomera, ndizotheka kwambiri pamitunduyo. M'madera ochepa, saiga imatha kupeza chakudya mosasamala nyengo. Kusuntha kwakanthawi nthawi zambiri sikumadutsa gawo loterolo. Mwinanso, mzaka zam'mbuyomu, saigas adalowa m'chigawo cha mesophilic steppes osati chaka chilichonse, koma makamaka munthawi youma.
Malo owuma a chipululu ndi malo olowera kumene kumakhala nyama zokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika, kuyambira kumunsi kwa Volga ndi Ergeni, kudera lonse la Kazakhstan mpaka kumalire a Zaisan ndi Alakul, komanso kumadzulo kwa Mongolia, ndizosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Komabe, mawonekedwe ofunikira amakhalabe ofanana kulikonse. Monga lamulo, amakonda udzu wosagonjetsedwa ndi chilala ngati fescue, nthenga za nthenga, tirigu wa tirigu, komanso zitsamba zazing'ono ngati chowawa, nthambi ndi chamomile. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chowawa, nthenga za udzu, tirigu wa tirigu (wheatgrass) amasintha kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zimayesetsa kupewa madera ndi minda ina yaulimi, koma munthawi ya chilala choopsa, komanso pakalibe dzenje lothirira, nyamazo ndizofunitsitsa kukaona zokolola za rye, chimanga, Sudan ndi mbewu zina.
Mwazina, madera achizungu aku Europe-Kazakh amadziwika ndi ma ephemeroid ambiri ndi ma ephemerals, ndipo ma viviparous bluegrass ndi tulips amapezeka kwambiri pano. Zigawo za ndere nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa bwino. Kudera lakum'mawa chakum'mawa, ku Dzungaria ndi Mongolia, kulibe ma ephemerals, ndipo chowawa chimangokhala gawo laling'ono la zitsamba. M'madera amenewa, pamodzi ndi udzu wamba wa nthenga, saltwort (Anabasis, Reaumuria, Salsola) ndi anyezi nthawi zambiri zimakonda. M'madera a m'chipululu cha Europe-Kazakh, solyanka (Nannophyton, Anabasis, Atriplex, Salsold) amathanso kulamulira m'malo, omwe amayambitsa kuyanjana ndi mawonekedwe a m'chipululu. Katundu wazomera m'masamba akulu a saiga ndi ofanana komanso ochepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake tsopano amakhala 2-5-7 centner / ha.
Madera omwe gawo lalikulu la saiga amasungidwa m'nyengo yozizira nthawi zambiri amakhala amgwirizano wamba wamchere ndi phala lowawa, womwe umakonda kumera m'nthaka yamchenga. Malo okhala Saiga nthawi yotentha, amagona makamaka mkati mwa udzu kapena malo ouma owawa owawa. Nthawi ya chipale chofewa kapena chimphepo chamkuntho champhamvu, saiga imakonda kulowa mchenga wamapiri ndi bango kapena kuswa zitsamba, komanso mbewu zina zazitali m'mbali mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje.
Zakudya za Saiga
Mndandanda wazomera zazikulu zomwe saigas amadya m'malo awo umaimiridwa ndi mitundu zana. Komabe, mitundu yambiri yazomera zotere imalowedwa m'malo kutengera madera omwe ali ndi mtundu wa saiga. Mwachitsanzo, kudera la Kazakhstan pakadali pano, pafupifupi zomera makumi asanu zotere zimadziwika. Saigas pagombe lamanja la Mtsinje wa Volga amadya mitundu pafupifupi khumi ndi isanu ndi iwiri yazomera. Chiwerengero cha mitundu yazomera pazaka chimodzi sichipitilira makumi atatu. Chifukwa chake, kusiyanasiyana kwa zomera zomwe amadyetsedwa ndi saiga ndizochepa.
Udindo waukulu kwambiri m'dera lodyetserako saiga umayimiriridwa ndi udzu (Agropyrum, Festuca, Sttpa, Bromus, Koelerid), nthambi ndi hodgepodge, mafoloko, ephemera, ephedra, komanso chowawa chowawa ndi steppe lichen. Mitundu ndi magulu osiyanasiyana azomera amasintha kwambiri nyengo. Kumapeto kwa nyengo, nyama zopangidwa ndi ziboda zogawanika zimadya mitundu khumi ndi iwiri yazomera, kuphatikiza bluegrass, mortuk ndi moto, ferula ndi astragalus, chimanga, chowawa, hodgepodge ndi ndere. Gombe lamanja la Mtsinje wa Volga limadziwika ndi kudya chowawa ndi tirigu, masamba a tulip, rhubarb, quinoa, kermek ndi prutnyak. Malo achiwiri omwe amadya ma saigas kumapeto kwa masika ndi a ephemerals, beetroots, irises, tulips, anyezi otsekemera ndi maudzu a ephemeral, kuphatikiza bonfire ndi bluegrass.
M'chilimwe, saltwort (Anabasis, Salsola), nthambi ndi mbawala zakutchire (Ceratocarpus), komanso quinoa (Atriplex), riparian (Aeluropus) ndi ephedra ndizofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwa nyama ya artiodactyl.
M'dera la Kazakhstan, nthawi yotentha, saigas amadya minga (Hulthemia), mizimu, licorice, minga yamakamera (Alhagi), nthambi, pang'ono chimanga ndi chowawa, komanso ndere (Aspicilium). Kudera la Western Kazakhstan, zakudya zimaphatikizapo chimanga, nthambi ndi chowawa, komanso licorice ndi astragalus. Salsola ndi Anabasis ndi udzu (udzu wa tirigu ndi udzu wa nthenga) ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa!Nthawi yamvula yamkuntho, nyama zimasakidwa m'nkhalango zowirira ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafa ndi njala, koma zimathanso kudya zikhatho, mabango ndi mitundu ina ya roughage panthawiyi. Muluu wa mchenga m'deralo umalola nyama kudya tirigu wamkulu (Elymus), komanso zitsamba, zoyimiridwa ndi teresken, tamarix, ndi loch, koma chakudya chotere chimakakamizidwa ndipo sichimatha kupatsa nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanikana ndi chakudya chofunikira.
M'dzinja, saigas amadya mitundu khumi ndi isanu ya zomera, zomwe zimaphatikizapo saltwort (makamaka Anabasis), munga wa ngamila ndi chowawa china, komanso osati nthambi zokulirapo za saxaul. Kudera la Kazakhstan, chowawa ndi saltwort (Salsola) ndizofunikira kwambiri ponseponse pachakudya chakumapeto kwa saiga... Pa gombe lamanja la mtsinje wa Volga, licorice ndiwotsogola pamadyedwe a saigas. Tirigu ndi mphukira zili pamalo achiwiri. Gawo la chakudya chofala kwambiri cha nyama zokhotakhota chimayimiriridwa ndi mphukira zobiriwira za udzu wa nthenga, tiptsa, udzu wakumunda, komanso mbewa (Setaria), camphorosis (Catnphorosma) ndi nyemba za toadflax (Linaria). Mitundu ina yamchere wamchere, tirigu ndi chowawa ndizofunikanso kwambiri. Maofesi amakhala ndi malo ocheperako pazakudya.
M'nyengo yozizira, saltwort (Anabasis ndi Salsola), komanso nsanza zaudzu, ndizofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwa nyama zanyama za artiodactyl. Kudera lakumadzulo kwa Kazakhstan, saiga amadyetsa chowawa, saltwort, nthambi ndi chamomile. Pamphepete mwa kumanja kwa Mtsinje wa Volga, nyama imadya udzu wa tirigu, camphorosis, nthambi ndi mitundu yambiri ya ndere. Mu February, chakudya chachikulu cha saiga ndi chowawa, komanso udzu wa tirigu, udzu wa nthenga, moto ndi fescue, ndere ndi chimanga.
Kubereka ndi ana
Saigas ndi mitala yamitundu yama artiodactyls. Kudera lakumadzulo kwa mtsinje wa Volga, nyengo yokhwima imakhala kumapeto kwa Novembala ndi Disembala. Kukulitsa ma saigas mumapiri a Kalmyk kumatenga masiku khumi - kuyambira 15 mpaka 25 Disembala. Ku Kazakhstan, mawuwa asinthidwa ndimasabata angapo.
Kuchulukitsa kwa ma saigas kumayendetsedwa ndi njira yotchedwa "ma harems". Amuna amamenyana ndi gulu la akazi, omwe ali ndi mitu pafupifupi 5-10, yomwe imatetezedwa ku ziphuphu kuchokera kwa amuna ena. Chiwerengero chonse cha akazi mu "harem" otere chimadalira momwe amuna amagwirira ntchito komanso mphamvu yakugonana yamwamuna, chifukwa chake atha kukhala akazi khumi ndi awiri. Nyumba zopangidwa ndi abambo zimasungidwa m'dera laling'ono ndi utali wa 30-80 mita.
Pakati pa nyengo yokhwima, amuna amtundu wa saiga amawonetsa kutulutsa kwadzidzidzi kuchokera kumatumbo a infraorbital komanso m'matumbo a khungu m'mimba. Nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zotchinga ndi yokutidwa ndi zoterezi. Kukhathamira kumachitika usiku, ndipo masana, amuna okhwima ogonana amakonda kupuma. Kulimbana pakati pa amuna akulu kumakhala koopsa ndipo nthawi zina kumatha kufa kwa mdani.
Nthawi yamphongo, amuna samadya msipu, koma nthawi zambiri amadya chipale chofewa. Munthawi imeneyi, amuna samatha kusamala, ndipo kuwukira anthu kumachitikanso. Mwazina, munthawi imeneyi, anyani atopa, afooka kwambiri ndipo amatha kukhala nyama zolusa zambiri.
Nthawi zambiri, azimayi a saiga amakwatirana koyamba ali ndi miyezi eyiti, choncho anawo amawonetsedwa mwa anthu azaka chimodzi. Amuna a Saiga amatenga nawo mbali mchaka chachiwiri chokha cha moyo wawo. Mimba imatenga miyezi isanu kapena masiku pafupifupi 145. Magulu ang'onoang'ono komanso akazi achikazi omwe amabala ana amapezeka ponseponse, koma unyinji wa ma saigas apakati amasonkhana m'malo ena. Malo obadwira misa saiga amaimiridwa ndi zigwa zotseguka osatchulidwanso ngati saucer. Nthawi zambiri, zomera m'malo otere ndizochepa kwambiri, komanso zimayimiriridwa ndi semangare ya chowawa kapena phala lamchere.
Ndizosangalatsa! N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mwa mwamuna, mapangidwe a nyanga amawoneka atangobadwa, ndipo mkazi kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira amafanana ndi nyama yazaka zitatu pakuwoneka kwake.
Ma saigas omwe angobadwa kumene amalemera 3.4-3.5 kg. M'masiku oyambilira amoyo wawo, ana a saiga amagona osasunthika, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuwona nyama m'malo omwe mulibe udzu, ngakhale pamtunda wa mamita awiri kapena atatu. Akamaliza kubereka mwana wamkazi, wamkazi amachoka kwa ana ake kukafunafuna chakudya ndi madzi, koma masana amabwerera kwa ana kangapo kuti akawadyetse. Ana a Saiga amakula ndikukula msanga. Kale pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chitatu kapena lakhumi la moyo wawo, ana a saiga amatha kutsatira amayi awo.
Adani achilengedwe
Ana osakhwima a ku saiga nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi ziwombankhanga, mimbulu kapena agalu osochera omwe amasonkhana kudzenje lothirira pafupi ndi dziwe. Nyama zikuluzikulu zimadya nyama zazikulu. Mwazina, saigas ndichinthu chofunikira posaka, ndipo amaphedwa chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wamtengo wapatali ndi nyama yokoma yomwe imatha kukazinga, kuphika ndi kuphika.
Chofunika kwambiri ndi nyanga za nyama ya artiodactyl, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala achi China. Phulusa la nyanga ya Saiga ndi mankhwala othandizira antipyretic ndipo amathandiza kutsuka thupi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pothandiza kupumula komanso pochiza malungo. Nyanga zopakidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madotolo achi China pochiza matenda ena a chiwindi, pamutu kapena chizungulire.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ma Saigas akuphatikizidwa m'ndandanda wazinyama zomwe ndizosaka, zomwe zinavomerezedwa ndi Lamulo la Boma. Dipatimenti Yosaka ku Russia imakhazikitsa malamulo aboma, malamulo ndi malamulo okhudza kusamala ndi kusamalira, kubereka ndi kuphunzira za saigas.
