Mwa makoswe onse omwe amakhala padziko lapansi pano, yayikulu kwambiri mu Old World ndi beaver wamtsinje... Nthawi zambiri amakhala mumitsinje ndi m'nyanja zonse. Mutha kupeza mafotokozedwe okhutiritsa ndi ndemanga zambiri za nyamayi, chifukwa imadabwitsa munthu chifukwa chogwira ntchito molimbika. Imaimira dongosolo, imapezekanso m'nthano, ndipo imakhala ngati ngwazi yabwino. Koma mtsinje wa beaver ndi chiyani, umakhala kuti, ndipo ndi mitundu yanji yomwe ilipo?
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Beaver ya mumtsinje
Tsoka ilo, anthu ambiri amadziwa za nyamayi ndikumva chabe. Sikuti aliyense amatha kutchula dzina lake molondola. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "beaver" amasokonezeka ndi "beaver". Pakadali pano, mawu achiwiri amatanthauza dzina la ubweya wa nyama iyi. Ngakhale amalankhula chilankhulo, palibe amene amatsatira malamulowa.
Kanema: Mtsinje Beaver
Banja la beaver limadziwika m'makontinenti osiyanasiyana. Amadziwika pafupifupi 22, ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba mtundu uwu wa nyama umapezeka ku Asia. Mitundu ina inali yayikulu kwambiri. Mpaka nthawi yathu, zotsalira zakale zidapulumuka, zomwe asayansi adabwerera ku Eocene.
Beaver yotchuka kwambiri, yomwe mitundu yake idasowa kalekale, ndi chimphona chomwe chidalipo ku Pleistocene. Sayansi imadziwa za mitundu iwiri yake - Siberia Trogontherium cuvieri, komanso North American Castoroides ohioensis.
Ngati kuwerengetsa kumachitika molondola, ndiye kuti malinga ndi zigaza za nyama zakale kukula kwa nyama kudafika 2.75 m, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kunali 350 - 360 kg. Ndiye kuti, inali yofanana mofanana ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira. Mitundu yamakono ya beaver yomwe idakhala ku Europe ndi Asia, pafupifupi kulikonse kudera lamapiri. Koma pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, nyama iyi idafafanizidwa padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha ubweya wake wamtengo wapatali.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Beaver ya mumtsinje wa Animal
Masiku ano, ndi mitundu iwiri yokha ya ma beaver yomwe ikupezeka m'chilengedwe. Tikulankhula za beaver wamba, omwe amapezeka ku Eurasia, komanso mitundu ya Canada yomwe imakhala ku North America. Potengera mawonekedwe awo, palibe zotsutsana zomwe zidapezeka pakati pawo. Ndipo amafanana kwambiri ndi zizolowezi, ali ndi kukula komweko.
Koma, monga kafukufuku waposachedwa awonetsa, kusiyana pakati pawo kumawonedwa pamibadwo ya majini. Beaver waku Europe ali ndi ma chromosomes 48, pomwe mnzake kuchokera ku America ali ndi 40. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mitundu iwiriyi siyingadutsidwe kuti ipange mtundu watsopano.
Pali zinthu zingapo za beaver, pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe ake, mawonekedwe ake:
- ngati simulingalira kutalika kwa mchira, chinyama chimatha kutalika mpaka mita imodzi;
- mchira kutalika kwake kungakhale kuyambira 0.4 mpaka 0,5 m;
- ngati ndi beaver wachichepere, kulemera kwake nthawi zambiri kumakhala 30-32 kg;
- mwamuna wachikulire akhoza kulemera mpaka makilogalamu 45;
- Nthawi ya moyo wa mbewa iyi imakhala zaka pafupifupi 15-17;
- chinyama chotere sichisiya kukula mpaka kufa. Tikayerekezera wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, ndiye kuti mkazi nthawi zambiri amakhala wokulirapo.
Mtundu waubweya wa beaver umakhala wa bulauni nthawi zambiri. Koma zimatengera zaka zake, kotero kuti ubweya ukhoza kukhala wofiira kapena wakuda kwathunthu. Nyama izi zimakonda kumusamalira, mosalekeza zisa. Kuti achite izi, amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, yomwe idapanga zikhadabo. Pakusakaniza, ubweya umakhala wokutira mafuta. Chifukwa cha izi, "chovala" cha beaver sichinyowa ngakhale atakhala m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ubweya wa beaver wam'madzi umakhala ndi nyimbo ziwiri: tsitsi lolondera lolimba, komanso lofewa komanso nthawi yomweyo lamkati. Ichi ndi chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha nyama ku hypothermia.
Koma beaver ili ndi chitetezo china ku chimfine - kuchuluka kwamafuta ochepa. Mutu wa nyama, ukayerekezedwa ndi thupi, ndi waukulu. Pakamwa pake pamakhala papakapa, ndipo maso okhala ndi makutu ndi ochepa. Mbali yaikulu ya nyamayi ndizitsulo zazikulu ziwiri zoyenda. Mano ake ndi zapadera, yodziwika ndi kudziletsa kunola, ndipo iwo kukula moyo wake wonse. Ziweto zake ndi zala zisanu, zokhala ndi zibangili, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asamavutike kuyenda m'madzi. Ndipo zikhadazo sizikuluzikulu zokha, komanso zowombedwa. Miyendo yakumbuyo yakula kwambiri kuposa yakutsogolo.
Mbali yachiwiri ya beaver ndi mchira wake, womwe umawoneka ngati chikweza cha bwato. Ndiwophwatalala kwathunthu, komanso, wokutidwa osati ndi ubweya, koma ndimiyeso yolimba kwambiri. Pakatikati mwa mchira wonse muli chimodzimodzi "keel". Mchira ukhoza kukhala wokwana masentimita 13 ndipo m'madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira komanso kusambira.
Kodi beaver amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Beaver wamba wamtsinje
Beavers amawerengedwa kuti ndi mbewa zam'madzi zam'madzi, chifukwa amatha kukhala kumtunda ndi kumadzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri amangosambira, ngakhale amatha kusambira.
M'madera aku Africa, nyama iyi imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana:
- m'maiko aku Scandinavia, popeza kuli nyanja zambiri ndi madera amitengo;
- ku France, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumafika kumunsi kwenikweni kwa Rhone;
- m'dera la Germany, makamaka tikulankhula za mtsinje wa Elbe;
- ku Poland, nthawi zambiri beseni la Vistula.
Ngati tilingalira mayiko omwe kale anali USSR, ndiye kuti ma beavers amapezeka kuno ku Ukraine, Belarus ndi Russia. Nthawi zambiri iyi ndi nkhalango ya ku Ulaya yomwe ili m'chigawochi.
Popeza nyamayi ili ndi chitetezo masiku ano, imatha kupezeka pafupifupi kudera lonse la Russia. Amapezeka ku China ndi Mongolia. Kupeza malo okhala mbewa iyi ndikosavuta. Ndikokwanira kuwona ngati pali mitengo yakugwa pafupi ndi malo osungira, ndipo zonse zimawonekeratu nthawi yomweyo. Koma odulidwa okha ndi omwe ayenera kujambulidwa. Beavers amapanga dziwe lamtundu kuchokera ku mitengo yakugwa ndi nthambi. Uwu ndi umboni woti makoswe ngati awa ali pano.
Koma kukumana ndi nyumba ya beaver ndichabwino kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amabisala molondola kuti asawonekere kunja. Amachimanga m'malo ovuta kufikako, ndipo banja lonse limakhazikika pamenepo. Mitsinje imasankhidwa kuti ikakhalemo, koma pang'onopang'ono. Mitsinje ndi nyanja ndiyonso yabwino kwa iwo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, amapewabe madamu akuluakulu. Amatha kupezeka pomwe pali mitengo ndi tchire zambiri. Ngati tikukamba za mtsinje, ndiye kuti uyenera kuyenderera m'nkhalango. Kapenanso payenera kukhala mitengo yambiri pagombe. Ngati m'nyengo yozizira dziwe limaundana mpaka pansi, simupeza beaver pamenepo.
Kodi beaver amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Red Beaver Red Book
Koma kupezeka kwa madzi sikokwanira kuti beavers akhazikike pano. Kwa moyo wawo wonse, mufunikiranso chakudya chochuluka. Nyama izi ndizopanda kudya, sizidya nyama iliyonse. Chakudya chawo chachikulu ndimakungwa ndi mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo ndi tchire. Pakati pa mitengo ikuluikulu, mitengo yomwe amakonda kwambiri njuchi ndi ya birch, aspen, msondodzi, komanso poplar. Ndipo ngati linden imakulanso, khungwa lake ndiloyenera kudya.
Ponena za zomera zowononga nyemba, sizomveka kuzitchula nkomwe. Mabango, sedges, lunguzi ndi gawo limodzi chabe la chakudya chawo cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Malinga ndi kuwona kwa oimba omwe amakhala mwaufulu, atha kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu 300 yazomera zosiyanasiyana kuti adye. Kuphatikiza apo, tikulankhula za zomera zam'madzi komanso zam'mlengalenga.
Koma apa pali tanthauzo limodzi lofunikira lomwe liyenera kupangidwa: ma beaas amangosankha mitundu yofewa ya mitengo ngati chakudya. Ngakhale mutha kupeza mitengo ya oak ndi alders, ndipo kuchokera pamadulidwe nthawi yomweyo zimawoneka kuti iyi ndi ntchito ya beavers, koma amangogwiritsa ntchito mitengo iyi osati chakudya, koma pomanga nyumba kapena damu. Mwa njira, akumanga kuti nyumba yawo ikhale pamadzi nthawi zonse. Mwanjira imeneyi, amayesetsa kupewa zinthu kuti madzi abwerere ndikukhalanso pamtunda.
Ngati beaver asankha mitundu ingapo yamitengo, ndiye kuti sangasinthe zomwe adadya. Amakondanso acorn, chifukwa cha mano ake amalimbana nawo mosavuta. M'chilimwe, amadyetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera, ndipo kugwa amayamba kukolola chakudya m'nyengo yozizira.
Kawirikawiri, amayesa kuyika nthambizo m'madzi m'njira yoti zizitha kufikira. Izi ndizowona makamaka pomwe dziwe limaundana m'nyengo yozizira. Banja limodzi lidzafunika chakudya chochuluka chotere, chomwe chiyenera kusefukira m'madzi. Ndipo ngakhale padzakhala madzi oundana pamwamba, padzakhalabe chakudya kuchokera kumalo okhala pansi pamadzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: European beaver
Beaver imatha kusambira m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Pamtunda, akuchedwa kwambiri, amayenda moyipa kwambiri. Koma m'madzi amamva ufulu wonse. Mukamayenda pansi pamadzi, imatha kukhala pansi pamadzi mpaka mphindi 15. Mukadumphira m'madzi, ma auricles ndi mphuno amatsekedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi septum yapadera. Ndipo maso aphimbidwa ndi kanema wowonekera. Chifukwa cha ichi, beaver amawona bwino pansi pamadzi. Kutali kotalika kumatha kusambira pansi pamadzi - mpaka 1 km.
Beaver amadziwika ndi khalidwe lake lamtendere; amayesera kuthawa pakagwa ngozi. Koma ngati palibe poti athawireko, atha kulowa nawo nkhondo yoopsa, kenako mdaniyo sangakhale wabwino.
Nyama ikawona, imamva (ngakhale ili ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono, koma imamva bwino) kapena ikawona zoopsa, imayesa nthawi yomweyo kumira m'madzi. Nthawi yomweyo, imayesa kuwomba mokweza ndi mchira wake waukulu. Izi sizongopeka chabe, koma mwadala kuti achenjeze za kuwopsa kwa abale awo. Ndipo kokha patapita nthawi, pamene pakufunika mpweya, mutu wake umawonekera pamwamba pamadzi. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti: Beaver ndiye nyama yokha pakati pa makoswe yomwe imatha kuyenda 4 komanso miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Mmenemo amatha kunyamula miyala yomangira nyumba yake.
Beaver ndi nyama yoyera kwambiri. Simudzawona zinyalala zilizonse mnyumba mwake. Amamanga nyumba yake m'njira yoti ngakhale kuzizira kwambiri kukhale kotentha kwambiri. Ndikotheka kumvetsetsa komwe makoswewa amabisalira chifukwa cha nthunzi yomwe imakwera kudzera m'mabowo padenga la nyumbayi. Mwa njira, amayesa kutetezera bwino. Kuti achite izi, amabweretsa dothi ndi zikoko zawo zakutsogolo, ndikuphimba nthambi zake pamwamba. Amachoka kwawo atangotsala pang'ono kulowa, ndikugwira ntchito mpaka m'mawa. Mano awo ndi akuthwa kotero kuti beaver imatha kukukuta kwathunthu pamtengo wa aspen, m'mimba mwake mpaka 15 cm, mu theka la ola lokha.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Beaver ya mumtsinje
Masana, beaver amakhala kunyumba kwake. Khomo lolowera pamenepo liyenera kubisika pansi pamadzi. Moyo wosangalatsa kwambiri kubanja la nyama izi.
Zambiri zitha kudziwika apa:
- beaver akhoza kukhala paokha, kapena ngati banja lonse;
- ngati tikulankhula za banja, ndiye kuti banja lachifumu limalamulira pano;
- pamene wamwamuna ndi wamkazi alumikizidwa, amakhala pamodzi mpaka kumapeto;
- ngati m'modzi mwa awiriwa amwalira koyambirira, wachiwiri samayambitsa banja latsopano;
- makoswe amenewa amangokhalira pansi pa madzi, ndipo izi zimachitika mu Januware kapena February.
Mfundo yomaliza imanena kuti kukwatirana nthawi zambiri kumachitika pansi pa ayezi. Pambuyo miyezi 3.5, ana amatuluka, ndipo pamatha kukhala zidutswa 2 mpaka 6. M'banja limodzi, ana amakhala zaka ziwiri, kenako atachoka. Chilimwe chonse atabadwa, amadya mkaka wa amayi awo. Ndiyeno dzinja limadza, ndipo amangolemera, kudya makungwa ndi nthambi za zomera zomwe makolo awo adakolola kale.
Ngati dziwe ndilaling'ono, banja limodzi lokha limakhazikika pamenepo. Ndipo ngati ikakhala yayikulu, kapena tikukamba za mtsinje, mutha kukumana kale ndi mabanja angapo pano. Koma pakati pa nyumba zawo, pali mtunda wosachepera 300 m.Ndipo nthawi zina, ngati kulibe chakudya chokwanira, chimatha kukhala 3 km. Beavers amayesa kuchoka pamtunda wopitirira 200 m kuchokera pagombe.
Adani achilengedwe a beavers
Chithunzi: Beaver wamba wamtsinje
Asayansi apeza kuti beavers amalankhulana. Mwanjira imeneyi, amafalitsa chidziwitso, ndipo choyamba tikulankhula za kuwonekera kwa ngozi.
Kuyankhulana kumachitika motere:
- malo ena amasankhidwa;
- mchira womenya madzi umachitika;
- mfuwu imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kofanana ndi mluzu.
Nyama kapena munthu akapezeka, beaver pafupi ndi madzi amagwiritsa ntchito njira yachiwiri. Kuopsa kwa beavers sikuti ndi nyama zina zokha, komanso mpikisano ndi matenda. Nthawi zambiri, amadwala chifukwa chodya nkhono. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri mbewa ikamadya zomera zam'madzi. Madzi osefukira m'nyengo yozizira komanso kusefukira kwam'madzi ndi vuto lalikulu. Kenako mpaka 50% ya ziweto amatha kufa.
Mwa omwe akupikisana nawo, ndikuyenera kuwunikira osati kalulu yekha, komanso nswala zofiira ndi mphamba. Nyama izi zimadyetsanso makungwa amitengo komanso mphukira zazing'ono zazomera. Izi ndi zoona makamaka pamitengo yomwe idagwa ndi beaver. Koma kupatula ochita mpikisano, ilinso ndi adani achilengedwe. Tikulankhula za mimbulu, nkhandwe ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira. Ndipo ngati nkhandwe ndi mphaka amakhala m'nkhalango, ndiye kuti nawonso amenya beaver. Agalu osochera amabweretsanso mavuto ambiri. Koma achinyamata akhoza kudyedwa ndi pike ndi owl owl. Koma mdani wamkulu kwambiri ndi munthu yemwe wakhala akusaka mbewa chifukwa cha khungu lake kwazaka zopitilira zana. Koma posachedwapa, kuwonongeka kwa madzi kwabweretsa mavuto ambiri kwa iye, ndipo munthu ndi amenenso ali ndi vuto pa izi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Beaver yaku West Siberia
Beavers akhoza kuvulaza anthu. Mwachitsanzo, madamu omwe amamanga amatsogolera kusefukira kwa malo olimapo. Ndipo pakhala pali zochitika pamene sikuti misewu yokha, komanso njanji zidakokoloka. Pankhaniyi, zidapangidwa kuti ziwononge nyumba zomangidwa ndi beavers. Komabe sizimachita zochepa, chifukwa madamu adawonekeranso mwachangu kwambiri.
Kusaka kwa beavers kunachitika (ndipo pali opha nyama mozemba) pazifukwa izi:
- ubweya ndi wapamwamba kwambiri;
- nyama amadya, amatha kudya;
- "Beaver jet" ndiyabwino popanga mitundu ina ya mafuta onunkhira.
Komanso "beaver jet" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mankhwala. Chifukwa cha ichi, zaka 100 zapitazo, banja la a beaver lidasowa padziko lapansi. Komabe, musaiwale kuti nyama izi zimapindulitsa pa chilengedwe cha dera lomwe zimawonekera. Madamu omwe amamanga amachita zabwino kwambiri kuposa zowononga. Chifukwa cha ichi, madzi amayeretsedwa, kusungunuka kwake kumazimiririka.
Beaver alonda
Chithunzi: Red Beaver Red Book
Chifukwa chakusaka ma beavers, kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika kwambiri. Pali zodalirika zonena kuti pofika 1918 anthu osapitilira 1000 amtundu wamtunduwu adatsalira. Inali nthawi imeneyi kuti adaphatikizidwa mu "Red Book". Boma la Soviet linaganiza zoyamba kuwapulumutsa. Kale mu 1920, m'malo omwe ankasungirako beaver, nkhokwe zidayamba kuwonekera pomwe zinali zoletsedwa kusaka.
Nyamazi zikachulukirachulukira m'malo osungidwa, ena mwa iwo adayamba kupita nawo kumadera ena mdzikolo. Pofika m'ma 1930, anali atawonekera kale m'magawo 48. Chilichonse chinali ndi cholinga chobwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa ma beaver.
Ndi kugwa kwa USSR, izi sizinayime, ndipo lero ku Russia akukhala kale zigawo 63. Ponena za gawo la Ukraine, ngakhale ku Kievan Rus, malamulo adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ateteze nyama zamtunduwu. Kuyambira XI, mndandanda wazikhalidwe zakhala zikusungidwa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ndi nyama ziti zomwe ndizoletsedwa kusaka. Ndipo ma beavers amatchulidwanso pamndandandawu.
Masiku ano, anthu a beaver ayambanso kuchepa. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi sichingokhala kusaka kosaloledwa, komanso kuti kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kukuchitika ambiri. Zowona, opha nyama mopanda chilungamo sanafikebe ku Polesie ndi dera la Chernobyl. Kuyesayesa kukuchitika padziko lonse lapansi kuti beaver wamtsinje kuti amangenso anthu ake, ndikukhulupirira kuti kuyesaku kubala zipatso.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 25.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/15/2019 pa 19:56
