Kangaude phalanx Ndi nyama yosayembekezereka. Ndi ochepa mwa anthu okhala m'chipululu omwe amakhala osokonezeka mikhalidwe yawo ndipo amawoneka ngati alendo. Aarachnids awa ali ndi mbiri yoyipa yomwe yakokomezedwa ndi nthano, zikhulupiriro ndi nthano zachikhalidwe. Koma, ndi nyama zokongola komanso zosamvetsetseka, zomwe moyo wawo ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina. Ngakhale mawonekedwe owopsa komanso mawonekedwe ake, akangaude a phalanx, mwamwayi, alibe vuto lililonse kwa anthu ndi ziweto.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kangaude wa Phalanx
Lamuloli limaphatikizapo mitundu yopitilira 1000 yofotokozedwa pamitundu 153. Ngakhale adatchulidwa mayina, sikuti ndi zinkhanira (Scorpiones kapena akangaude enieni (Araneae). Mkangano pazogwirizana kwawo ukupitilizabe ndi akatswiri.
Gulu la arachnids ili ndi mayina osiyanasiyana, ma phalanges, solpugs, bihorks, zinkhanira zamphepo, akangaude a dzuwa, ndi ena. Ngakhale potengera mawonekedwe awo obadwa nawo, nyamazi ndizomwe zili pakati pa zinkhanira ndi akangaude.
Kanema: Kangaude phalanx
Kufanana kodziwikiratu komwe amagawana ndi akangaude ndikuti ali ndi miyendo eyiti. Ma phalanges alibe zilonda zamatenda ndipo sawopseza anthu, ngakhale ali achiwawa kwambiri, amasuntha mwachangu ndipo amatha kuluma. Dzina lachilatini "solifugae" limachokera ku "fugere" (kuthamanga, kuwuluka, kuthawa) ndi "sol" (dzuwa). Zakale zakale kwambiri m'dongosololi ndi Protosolpuga carbonaria, yomwe idapezeka ku USA mu 1913 m'malo a Late Carboniferous. Kuphatikiza apo, zitsanzo zimapezeka m'ma Burmese, Dominican, Baltic amber ndi Cretaceous ku Brazil.
Zosangalatsa: Mawu oti "kangaude wa dzuwa" amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mitundu yomwe imagwira ntchito masana. Pofuna kupewa kutentha, amadziponyera okha kuchokera kumithunzi mpaka mthunzi - nthawi zambiri mthunzi wa munthu. Zotsatira zake, malingaliro osokonekera amapangidwa kuti akuzunza munthu.
Zikuwoneka kuti phalanx yachikazi imawona tsitsi kukhala chinthu choyenera chisa. Malipoti ena akuti amameta tsitsi la anthu omwe sakudziwa. Komabe, asayansi amatsutsa izi, arachnid sanasinthidwe kuti azidula tsitsi, ndipo mawu awa amakhalabe nthano. Ngakhale ma salpugs samatulutsa kuwala kowoneka bwino ngati zinkhanira, amatulutsa fluoresce pansi pamawala oyenera ndi mphamvu ya kuwala kwa UV.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kangaude wa phalanx amawoneka bwanji
Thupi la hodgepodge lidagawika magawo awiri:
- prosoma (chipolopolo);
- opisthosoma (m'mimba).
Prosoma ili ndi magawo atatu:
- propeltidium (mutu) uli ndi chelicerae, maso, zoyenda ndi miyendo iwiri yoyamba;
- mesopeltidium ili ndi miyendo iwiri;
- metapelptidium ili ndi miyendo inayi.
Kunja, kangaude wa phalanx amawoneka kuti ali ndi miyendo 10, koma zenizeni, zowonjezera zoyambilira ndizopangidwa bwino kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana monga kumwa, kugwira, kudyetsa, kukwerana ndi kukwera. Ndi miyendo itatu yokha yakumbuyo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthamanga. Mbali yachilendo kwambiri ndi ziwalo zapadera kumapeto kwa miyendo. Akangaude ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ziwalozi kukwera pamalo owongoka.
Miyendo yoyamba ndi yopyapyala komanso yayifupi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ziwalo zolimba (mahema). Ma phalanges alibe patella (gawo la mwendo lomwe limapezeka mu akangaude, zinkhanira, ndi ma arachnids ena). Miyendo yachinayi ndiyo yayitali kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi mapaipi asanu a akakolo, pomwe achinyamata amakhala ndi awiriawiri 2-3. Amaganiziridwa kuti anali ziwalo zomverera kuti azindikire kugwedezeka panthaka.
Kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku 10-70 mm, ndipo kutalika kwa mwendo kumakhala mpaka 160 mm. Mutu ndi waukulu, umathandizira chelicerae wamkulu (nsagwada). Propeltidium (carapace) imakwezedwa kuti ikwaniritse minofu yowonjezera yomwe imayang'anira chelicerae. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kameneka mu gawo lolankhula Chingerezi, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "akangaude a ngamila". Chelicera ili ndi chala chakuthwa chokhazikika komanso chala chakumaso chosunthika, zonse ziwiri zokhala ndi mano owoneka bwino kuti aphwanye nyama. Mano amenewa ndi amodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikiritsa.
Mitundu ina ili ndi maso akulu apakati. Amatha kuzindikira mawonekedwe ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusaka ndikuwona adani. Maso amenewa ndi odabwitsa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amkati. Mitundu yambiri ilibe maso ofananira nawo, ndipo pomwe imapezeka, imangokhala yopanda tanthauzo. Mimba ndi yofewa komanso yotambasuka, yomwe imalola kuti nyamayo idye chakudya chochuluka. Thupi la mitundu yambiri limakutidwa ndi ma bristles amitundumitundu, ena mpaka 50 mm, ofanana ndi tsitsi lowala. Zambiri mwazimenezi ndizopanga masensa.
Kodi kangaude wa phalanx amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kangaude wa Phalanx ku Russia
Ma arachnids awa amawonedwa ngati zisonyezo zakomwe zimayambira m'chipululu ndipo amakhala m'malo ouma kwambiri. Kutentha kumakhala bwino kwa iwo. Akangaude a Phalanx amakhala kumadera akutali komwe kumakhala zamoyo zochepa chabe. Kusinthasintha kwawo pokhudzana ndi malo awo akhala akuwongolera m'miyoyo yawo kwazaka zambiri. Chokhacho chodabwitsa ndichakuti samakhala ku Australia konse. Ngakhale kuti dzikoli ndilotentha kwambiri, palibe zamoyo zomwe zapezeka kumeneko.
Kusinthasintha kwa malo ake kumapangitsa kangaude wa phalanx kukhalanso m'madambo ena komanso m'nkhalango. Koma ngakhale kumadera amenewa, amayang'ana malo otentha kwambiri okhala. Kudera la Russia, adapezeka ku Crimea Peninsula, dera la Lower Volga (Volgograd, Astrakhan, Saratov, Kalmykia), komanso ku Transcaucasia ndi North Caucasus, ku Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (dera la Osh), Tajikistan, ndi ena ambiri ku Europe, amapezeka Spain, Portugal, Greece.
Chosangalatsa: Pali mabanja 12, mibadwo 140 ndi mitundu 1,075 ya solpuga padziko lapansi. Ndipo kumwera kwa Africa, mabanja asanu ndi mmodzi, mibadwo 30 ndi mitundu 241 yalembedwa. Chifukwa chake, 22% yadziko lonse lapansi ya mitundu yonse ya kangaude wa phalanx amapezeka kumwera chakumwera kwa Africa. North Cape (mitundu 81) ndi Namibia ndi omwe ali ndi mitundu yambiri yazamoyo. Mtsinje wa Orange suletsa kugawa kwawo.
Pali mitundu yopitilira 200 ya Solifugae ku New World. Mabanja awiri okha (Eremobatidae ndi Ammotrechidae) amapezeka ku North America. Mitundu yoposa itatu imasamukira kumwera kwa Canada. Komabe, kukula kwa kangaude wa phalanx ndi Middle East.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kangaude wa phalanx amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi kangaude wa phalanx amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kangaude wa poizoni phalanx
Tizilombo timaphonya mwayi wodya, ngakhale arachnid alibe njala. Nyama imasonkhanitsa mafuta amthupi kuti ipulumuke nthawi yomwe chakudya chimasowa. Akangaude a Phalanx amadya tizilombo ndi zamoyo zonse zomwe zapezeka zakufa. Amatha kudya njoka, abuluzi, makoswe, kafadala ndi chiswe. Komabe, zomwe amadya nthawi zambiri zimadalira malo komanso nthawi ya chaka. Sakuwoneka kuti ali ndi vuto ndi chakudya chocheperako kukula kwake. Salpugs makamaka amapita kukasaka usiku.
Mitundu yonse ya kangaude ya phalanx ndi yodya kapena yamphongo. Ndi osaka mwamakani komanso osasamala kanthu kalikonse kamene kamayenda. Chombocho chimapezeka ndikugwidwa ndi miyendo yokhotakhota, ndikuphedwa ndikuduladula ndi owotcha. Kenako nyamayo imasungunuka, ndipo madziwo amalowa mkamwa. Ngakhale samakonda kuwukira anthu, chelicerae yawo imatha kulowa pakhungu la munthu ndikupangitsa kulumwa kowawa.
Zakudya za kangaude wa phalanx zimakhala ndi:
- chiswe;
- Zhukov;
- akangaude;
- zinkhanira;
- ang'onoang'ono padziko lapansi nyamakazi;
- njoka;
- makoswe;
- tizilombo zosiyanasiyana;
- zokwawa zazing'ono;
- mbalame zakufa.
Akangaude a Phalanx amatha kudya nyama zina monga mileme, zisoti, ndi tizilombo tina. Mitundu ina yamtunduwu ndi yodya chabe. Anthu ena amakhala mumthunzi ndikubisalira nyama yawo. Ena amamugwira ndikumudya akadali moyo, ndikung'amba mwamphamvu nyama ndi zibwano zamphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, kudya anzawo kumadziwika mu kangaude wa phalanx, nthawi zonse amalimbana ndi abale awo komanso kupambana kopambana.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kangaude wa Phalanx ku Astrakhan
Akangaude a Phalanx nthawi zambiri amakhala atagona usiku, koma pali mitundu yachilengedwe yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yowala kwambiri yokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda komanso yakuda m'mbali mwa thupi lawo lonse, pomwe mitundu yamadzulo imakhala yamoto ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu kuposa masana. Kuwona phalanx, liwiro lawo lopenga limayamba kuwonekera nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa cha iye, adatchedwa "chinkhanira-mphepo". Amayenda modutsa malo ouma kapena mchenga wofewa, zomwe zimapangitsa nyama zina zambiri kukhazikika kapena kuchepa. Phalanx nawonso ndiwokwera bwino modabwitsa.
Akangaude a ngamila amasinthidwa kukhala malo ouma. Zophimbidwa ndi tsitsi labwino, amakhala kutali ndi kutentha kwa m'chipululu. Ochepera, ma bristles ataliatali amakhala ngati masensa othandizira kupeza nyama ikakhudzidwa. Chifukwa cha mapulogalamu apadera, amafunafuna zenizeni za gawo lomwe nyama imadutsa ndipo imatha kuzindikira nyama zomwe zimabisala mozama. Umenewu ndi mtundu wa kangaude wovuta kuwona. Sikuti amakhala ndi chobisalira chachikulu, komanso amakonda kubisala. Amapezeka pakona iliyonse yamdima kapena pansi pa milu yamatabwa kapena miyala.
Zosangalatsa: Kangaude wa Phalanx ndi amodzi mwathamanga kwambiri. Itha kuyenda pa liwiro la 16.5 km paola. Koma, nthawi zambiri, amayenda pang'onopang'ono, ngati sali pachiwopsezo, ndipo sayenera kuchoka mwachangu kuderalo.
Salpugi ndizovuta kuzichotsa chifukwa chobisala komwe amapezeka mnyumba. Mabanja ena achoka m'nyumba zawo zoyesayesa zonse zothetsa kangaude wa ngamila zikalephera. Mitundu ina imatha kulira mokweza ikawona kuti ili pachiwopsezo. Ichi ndi chenjezo kuti mutuluke mumkhalidwe wovuta.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Spider phalanx ku Kazakhstan
Chifukwa chaukali wawo wonse, funso likubwera lonena za momwe akangaude amtundu wa phalanx amabalira osaphana. Zowonadi, "gawo lothamangira" panthawi ya chibwenzi likhoza kulakwitsa ngati kuyesa kudya anzawo. Mkazi amatha kukankhira wopemphayo kuti athawe ndikuthawa kapena kugonjera. Wamphongo amamugwira pakatikati pa thupi ndikumusisita ndi nsagwada zake, komanso kumumenya ndi zotumphukira ndi miyendo yoyamba.
Amatha kumunyamula ndikumunyamula kamtunda kochepa, kapena kungopitiliza kukondana nthawi yoyamba. Potsirizira pake, amatulutsa dontho la umuna kutsegulira kwake, ndikulikakamiza nsagwada zake ndikugwiritsa ntchito chelicera kukakamiza umunawo kutsegulira kwa mkazi. Miyambo yakukwatirana imasiyanasiyana m'mabanja ndipo imatha kuphatikizira umuna mwachindunji.
Zosangalatsa: Akangaude a Phalanx amakhala mwachangu ndipo amamwalira ali aang'ono. Amakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi chaka chimodzi.
Kenako chachikazi chimakumba dzenje ndikuikira mazira, ndikuwasiya. Zambiri zimatha kuyambira mazira 20 mpaka 264. Mitundu ina zimawateteza kufikira ataswa. Mazirawo amaswa masiku khumi ndi limodzi kuchokera pamene amawaikira. Anawo amadutsa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu asanakule. Zaka zosintha ndi nthawi pakati pa molts. Monga ma arthropods onse, akangaude a phalanx amayenera kutaya nthawi kuti akule.
Natural adani a kangaude phalanx
Chithunzi: Kangaude wa phalanx amawoneka bwanji
Ngakhale akangaude amtundu wa phalanx amadziwika kuti ndi odyetsa nyama, amathanso kukhala othandiza kuwonjezera pazakudya za nyama zambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'malo okhala ouma komanso ouma kwambiri. Mbalame, nyama zazing'ono, zokwawa ndi ma arachnids ndi ena mwa nyama zolembetsedwa ngati nyama zanyama za solpugi. Ma phalanges adawonedwanso kuti amadyetsana.
Kadzidzi mwina ndi mbalame zomwe zimakonda kudya nyama zazikulu za phalanx. Kuphatikiza apo, ziwombankhanga za New World ndi lark wakale ndi magaleta awonedwa akudya ma arachnids awa. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsalira za chelicera zidapezekanso mu ndowe za bustard.
Nyama zing'onozing'ono zingapo zimaphatikizapo phalanges mu chakudya chawo:
- nkhandwe yamakutu akulu (O. megalotis);
- Chibadwa wamba (G. genetta);
- Nkhandwe yaku South Africa (V. chama);
- Civet waku Africa (C. civetta);
- nkhandwe yakuda (C. mesomelas).
Ma Phalanxes amapezeka kuti ndi nyama yachinayi yofala kwambiri ya nchombo zaku Texas (Coleonyx brevis), pambuyo pa chiswe, cicadas ndi akangaude. Ofufuza ena amati zokwawa zaku Africa zimadyetsa, koma izi sizinatsimikizidwebe.
Nyama zotchedwa arthropod pa kangaude wa phalanx sizovuta kuziyeza. Milandu iwiri ya arachnids (Araneae) yajambulidwa ku Namibia. Pafupifupi nthano iliyonse yankhondo zowopsa pakati pa akangaude a nkhono ndi zinkhanira ndizopeka. Mauthengawa amalumikizidwa ndi chikoka chaumunthu pakutsutsana ndi nyamazi, zokonzedwa mwapadera. M'madera achilengedwe, kuchuluka kwaukali wawo wina ndi mnzake sikudziwika bwinobwino.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Spider phalanx ku Crimea
Njira yamoyo wa m'chipululu cha kangaude wa phalanx satilola kuti tidziwe molondola kuchuluka kwa mitundu yake. Solifugae akhala mutu wa zopeka zambiri ndikukokomeza za kukula kwake, kuthamanga, machitidwe, njala, komanso kupha. Mamembala a gululi alibe poizoni ndipo saluka ma webusayiti.
Chosangalatsa: Zimadziwika kuti kangaude wa phalanx amadyetsa mnofu wamunthu wamoyo. Nkhani yopeka imanena kuti cholembedwacho chimalowetsa poizoni pakhungu lotseguka la wogona, kenako ndikudya mwadyera mwadyera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti wodwalayo adzuke ndi bala losweka.
Komabe, akangaudewa samapanga mankhwala oletsa ululu oterewa, ndipo monga zolengedwa zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi chibadwa chamoyo, sizimalimbana ndi nyama zazikulu kuposa iwo, kupatula ngati zateteza kapena kuteteza ana. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo onyinyirika komanso kuti amveketsa phokoso akamawopsezedwa, anthu ambiri amawopa. Komabe, chiwopsezo chachikulu chomwe amadza nacho kwa anthu ndikuluma kwawo podziteteza.
Kangaude phalanx amatsogolera moyo wokakamira ndipo motero sakuvomerezeka ngati chiweto. Moyo wosamukasamuka nthawi zina umabweretsa kangaude wa phalanx m'nyumba ndi nyumba zina. Palibe chifukwa chochitira mantha, chifukwa chake arachnid imatha kuyikidwa mu chidebe ndikutulutsidwa panja. Palibe imfa imodzi yomwe idalembedwa mwachindunji chifukwa cha kulumidwa, koma chifukwa cha minofu yamphamvu ya chelicera yawo, amatha kupanga bala lalikulu kwambiri, lotuluka momwe matenda angayambire. Mtundu umodzi wokha, Rhagode nigrocinctus, uli ndi poizoni, koma kuluma kwake sikovulaza anthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12.12.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/13/2019 pa 14:16
