Mitundu yosamukasamuka ya Altai imalemekeza maukwati ngati nyama yopatulika. Nthano zonena kuti pali gulu la nyama zolemekezekazi kumwamba, komwe moyo padziko lapansi unayambira, ndipo mizimu ya anthu akufa imabwerera ku "abale" akumwamba. Chifukwa chake, kusaka zokongola za nyanga kunali kochepa, amuna achikulire anzeru anachenjeza achichepere achichepere: ngati mungapha maukwati opitilira awiri a Altai, padzakhala zovuta.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nyama zamphongo zamphongo Malta achi Altai za gulu la artiodactyls, banja la mbawala. Chinyama chachikulu, champhamvu, cholimba chimakhala ndi kutalika kwa phewa la 155 cm, kulemera kwa thupi kufika 300-350 kg ndi zina zambiri.
Kutalika kuchokera kufota mpaka kumapeto kwa croup ndi masentimita 250. Ng'ombe ndizazing'ono kwambiri kuposa amuna, zopanda nyanga. Ana amakhala akuluakulu kuposa ena am'banja; sabata yoyamba atabadwa, amalemera makilogalamu 11 mpaka 22.
M'chilimwe, mtundu wa amuna ndi akazi onse ndi wofanana - bulauni yonyansa. M'nyengo yozizira, ng'ombe zimasanduka zofiirira ndi zachikasu mbali, zakuda pamimba, khosi ndi mapewa. Akazi amakhala ofanana bulauni. "Galasi" yayikulu (bwalo loyera la ubweya wokhala ndi chakuda chakuda kumbuyo kumbuyo kwa mchira) imafikira ku croup ndikusintha mitundu, nthawi zina kukomoka-dzimbiri kapena beige.
Nyanga zamphongo ndizazikulu kwambiri, zopanda korona, zimathera mu minda isanu ndi umodzi mpaka isanu ndi iwiri. Pakadutsa koyamba, ndodo yayikulu imabwerera mmbuyo mwamphamvu. Mutu ndi pakamwa pa mtundu uwu ndizazikulu, makamaka poyerekeza ndi mbawala za Bukhara. Kufuula kwawoko nkofanana ndi kubangula kwa wapiti waku America, osati phokoso lopangidwa ndi mbawala yofiira yaku Europe.
Mitundu
Altai maral ndi subspecies a Wapitis ochokera ku banja la nswala (Cervidae). Zofanana kwambiri ndi wapiti waku America ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia, mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa Tien Shan (Cervus canadensis songaricus).
Mu 1873, nyanjayo idanenedwa ngati mtundu wina. Koma patadutsa zaka zopitilira zana, nyamayo idapatsidwa gulu la nswala zofiira ku Siberia. Chifukwa chake, m'malo ena chilombocho chimatchedwa "Siberia wapiti".
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Amayi okwatirana a Altai kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia, kumapiri a Sayan, zigawo zakumadzulo kwa Lake Baikal, ku Tien Shan, ku Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kyrgyzstan komanso ku New Zealand, komwe kulima nyama zongodya mphalapala kumachitika kwambiri.
Koma nyama zambiri zimakhala ku Altai Territory. M'minda yosungiramo zinyama pali zoposa 85 zikwi, ndipo chiwerengero cha Russian Federation ndi Mongolia ndi 300,000.
Nyama zokhwima zimakonda kudzipatula kapena magulu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi zambiri pachaka. Pakati pa nyengo yokhwima (abambo), amuna achikulire amapikisana kuti awonetsetse ng'ombe, kenako amayesetsa kuteteza "ogonjetsedwa".
Kwa moyo wawo wonse, maukwati a Altai amadyetsa okhaokha kumapiri, kudera lamatabwa. Zazikazi ndi ana amphongo amagwirizana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a nyama zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, mbawala yokhwima, yodziwa bwino imakhala mtsogoleri.
Nyama zofiira kwambiri zimatsatira anzawo kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Novembala. "Veterans" nthawi zambiri amasunga ma harems, pachimake pa mawonekedwe a chilombo chimagwera zaka 8. Mbawala zapakati pa 2 ndi 4 wazaka zimakhalabe pagulu la azimayi akuluakulu.
Odwala komanso okalamba (azaka 11 zakubadwa ndi kupitilira apo) samabereka. Atsogoleri achimuna amabangula kuti "omvera" agwirizane, phokoso lalikulu likumveka mozungulira m'bandakucha komanso madzulo.
Ziweto zimadya pakati paudzu wobiriwira nthawi yotentha, ndipo nthawi yophukira ndi masika zimasamukira kukasaka malo achonde m'munsi mwa mapiri, nthawi zina zimadutsa mtunda wautali (mpaka makilomita zana), kuphatikiza zopinga zamadzi. Oimira mitundu iyi ya nswala ndizabwino kusambira ndipo samaopa mapiri othamanga. Kuzizira kwa mitsinje kumapulumutsidwa ndi ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe nthawi yotentha kwambiri.
Kutentha, amadyetsa m'mawa kwambiri kapena dzuwa litangolowa, ndipo amapuma tsiku lonse pamtengo wamitengo. Izi ndizinyama zochenjera, zotchera, zimayenda mwachangu, ngakhale zili zazikulu, zimadumphira pomwepo zikawona zoopsa zilizonse. Gonjetsani malo amiyala mosavuta.
Zakudya zabwino
Altai maral ndi herbivore. M'chaka, pambuyo pa nyengo yozizira yozizira, kufunika kwa mavitamini ndi mapuloteni kumawonjezeka. Udzu wachinyamata, udzu, nyemba, ndi zomera zamankhwala (monga mizu yagolide) zimathandiza mphalapala kupeza mphamvu. Ma Marals amakonda mchere, nyambitirani kuti ubwezeretse mchere kuchokera kumadambo amchere. Amamwa mosangalala madzi a akasupe ochiritsa, kuphatikizapo amchere.
M'chilimwe cha zimphona zanyanga - thambo. Udzu ndi maluwa ndi zazitali komanso zowutsa mudyo, zipatso zimapsa, nkhalango yodzaza ndi bowa ndi mtedza womwe nyama zimadya. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, zakudya zama artiodactyls zidakali zolemera, koma pakayamba nyengo yozizira amayenera "kudya."
Ngati matalala a chipale chofewa sali okwera kwambiri, mbawala zimadya masamba akugwa, zipatso zomwe zimapezeka zimafika pamizu yazomera. M'nyengo yozizira amakola makungwa a mitengo ndi tchire, amazula nthambi. Ziphuphu ndi moss, komanso singano za fir, spruce, ndi pine zimathandiza nswala kuti zizigwira mpaka masika.
Popeza zimphona za m'nkhalango zimakhala ndikudyetsa m'malo otetezedwa ndi zachilengedwe, Nyama yamchere ya Altai muli mavitamini ndi michere yambiri. Makamaka, ili ndi potaziyamu, magnesium, chitsulo, glutamic ndi aspartic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, linoleic acid, selenium, sodium, vitamini PP, arginine. Chifukwa chake, nyama ya gwape ndiyothandiza kwambiri, imachotsa poizoni, imalimbitsa minofu ya mtima, imathandizira magazi, komanso imachepetsa cholesterol.
Kubereka
Kukwatira maukwati kumadzaza ndi zoopsa kwa amuna okhaokha. Amatsutsa otsutsa mwa kukodola ndikuyenda mofananamo ndi mdani, kukulolani kuti mufanizire nyanga za wina ndi mnzake, kukula kwa thupi ndi kulimbana mwamphamvu.
Ngati palibe imodzi yammbuyo, duel panyanga imachitika. Amphongo amawombana ndikuyesera kugwetsera anzawo pansi. Ofooka amachoka pankhondo. Mutha kudziwa ngati womenya ali wamphamvu osati ndi mawonekedwe ake okha, koma ngakhale ndi mawu ake. Mwa yamphamvu ndiyosokosera komanso "yayitali", mwa mnyamatayo ndi yayitali.
Imfa imachitika kawirikawiri, ngakhale mbawala zikagwidwa ndi mphalapala, zimatha kufa. Zithunzi zankhondo Altai maral, wojambulidwa nthawi zambiri amakumana nawo, chifukwa munthawi ngati izi nyama zimalowa munkhondoyo. Nthawi yonseyi, ndizosatheka kukumana ndi gwape wofiira m'nkhalango, ndi wamanyazi.
Amayi amakula msinkhu wazaka ziwiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amabereka ali ndi zaka 3. Ng'ombe zazimuna zimakhala zokonzeka kubereka pofika zaka zisanu. Ng'ombe zingasankhe wokwatirana kutengera kapangidwe kake ndi kukula kwa nyanga. Ngati mkazi achoka pa mtsogoleri wa azimayiwo ndikupeza "mkwati" watsopano, palibe amene amawavutitsa. Kukhathamira kumachitika kangapo (kuyesa 10-12) kusanachitike.
Nthawi yobereka ndi masiku 240-265. Ng'ombe zimabadwa chimodzi chimodzi (kawirikawiri kawiri) koyambirira kwa chilimwe kapena kumapeto kwa masika, kenako amakhala pansi pa diso losamala la amayi awo. Kulemera kwa mwana wakhanda ndi pafupifupi makilogalamu 15.
Miyezi iwiri ndiyokwanira kuyamwitsa. Pakadutsa milungu iwiri abadwa, anawo amalowa m'gulu la akazi akuluakulu, ngakhale amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo kwa chaka chimodzi kapena zochepa. Pakubadwa, ana amawoneka. Mitunduyi imatha pambuyo poti ana atuluke.
Utali wamoyo
Maukwati a Altai amawopsezedwa ndi zilombo zolusa, koma nyama zomwe zimadyedwa makamaka nyama zazing'ono, zofooketsedwa ndi matenda kapena ukalamba. Ngakhale mimbulu, akambuku, mimbulu, amphaka, zimbalangondo sizitsutsana pakudya nyama, ma artiodactyl ali ndi zida zamphamvu, nyanga zake zimawoneka zowopsa. Mimbulu imangosaka m'matumba okhaokha, chifukwa nthabwala ndi agwape siabwino.
Mwachilengedwe, zimphona za Altai sizikhala motalika kwambiri - mpaka zaka 13-15. M'mafamu apadera, mosamala, chiyembekezo cha moyo wa mphalapala chimachulukitsidwa. Kupha nyama mosavulaza kumawononga anthu, ngakhale kusaka kumalamuliridwa, mbawala zofiira zimatetezedwa, chifukwa ndi za mitundu yosawerengeka.
Njira zamakono zausodzi (makamaka mphalapala) zapangitsa kuti pakhale minda ya mphalapala, nazale, minda. Pali mabizinesi ambiri otere ku Altai, Kazakhstan, New Zealand.
Magazi amtundu wa Altai wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala achikhalidwe kuyambira kale. Ku Asia, idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ochizira zaka zopitilira zisanu zapitazo - chifukwa cha mavitamini, ma amino acid, mahomoni, ma steroids, ndi zinthu zina.
Chowonjezera china "chomwetsera" kuyambira kalekale ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asing'anga akum'mawa (zomwe tsopano zikuyenda bwino) - Zinyama za ukwati wa Altai. Izi sizinakulebe nyanga zazing'ono "masika": machubu amadzazidwa ndi magazi ndikuphimbidwa ndi ubweya wosakhwima.
Ma Marals, monga achibale awo apamtima, amatha kubereka. Wolemetsa ndi wolemetsa waponyedwa, zatsopano zimakula m'malo mwa zakale. Akatswiri aku China amawona nyerere ngati zopangira zozizwitsa, zofananira ndi ginseng.
M'malo osungira ana, nyerere zimadulidwa kumabanja amoyo ndikusinthidwa m'njira zingapo, posankha yabwino:
- zouma pogwiritsa ntchito zingalowe;
- yophika ndi youma panja;
- adayikidwa mufiriji ndikuwuma pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwambiri.
Zinyama zokonzeka, zomwe zataya pafupifupi 30% ya misa yoyambirira, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chotulutsa pamadzi am'madzi (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholimbikitsira ndi chowonjezera) kapena zowonjezera zamagetsi.
Kukolola kwa nyerere kumatenga mwezi - kuyambira kumapeto kwa kasupe, nyama zikafika pachimake pamankhwala, ndipo nyanga zimakhala zofewa (zimawuma kumapeto kwa Juni). Kuchokera kwa wamwamuna m'modzi mutha kupeza 25 kg ya zopangira. Nyanga zidulidwa, zomwe pamwamba pake zafika masentimita 5-8.
Zosangalatsa
- M'nyengo yachisanu, yotentha komanso yayitali kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XX-XXI, miyoyo ya pafupifupi 30% yamabanja a Altai, adamwalira chifukwa chaziphuphu, kutopa komanso chisanu choopsa;
- Nyanga zazing'ono zazing'ono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osambira; njirayi imaperekedwa ndi zipatala za Gorny Altai. Makilogalamu 650-700 a zopangira amaphika mu chowotcha chachikulu, motero kuchuluka kwa michere yosambira ndikokwera;
- Maukwati a Altai adalimbikitsa monga ojambula akale. Zitsanzo za zojambulajambula zamiyala zosonyeza agwape onyadira (petroglyphs) zidapezeka ndi ofufuza amakono papepala la Kalbak Tash, pafupi ndi Mtsinje wa Elangash komanso madera ena a Altai Territory. Izi ndi zochitika za kusaka, corral, komanso zimphona zobangula zokhala ndi nyanga zamatawi;
- Asamariya aku Siberia akhala akuganiza kuti ma marals ndi mizimu yoyang'anira, chifukwa chake, nthawi yamwambo, amagwiritsa ntchito tambasula zopangidwa ndi zikopa za mphalapala zokhala ndi zifanizo za nyama, zipewa zokhala ndi nyanga, kutsanzira machitidwe a amuna, kubangula ndi kuwomba;
- Makolo a ku Siberia amaganiza kuti ma marali amatsogolera kudziko lina, chifukwa panthawi yofukula milu, akatswiri ofukula zamabwinja adapeza mafupa a akavalo okhala ndi zigaza zazikulu zazigamba zokutira pankhope zawo. choncho Altai maral - nyama, nthawi zambiri amawonekera m'nthano limodzi ndi abale a nswala zofiira.
