Chimbalangondo cha Grizzly, lomwe limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chingerezi limatanthauza "chimbalangondo" chimbalangondo - chimodzi mwamagulu owopsa kwambiri komanso akuluakulu omwe akukhala padziko lapansi lero. Iwo anasamukira ku nkhalango za North America kuchokera ku Asia zaka zoposa zikwi zana zapitazo. Malinga ndi asayansi ambiri, chimbalangondo cha grizzly sichimakhala cha mtundu wodziyimira pawokha, koma ndi mtundu wa chimbalangondo chosavuta cha bulauni.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Grizzly Bear
Ndizovuta kukhulupirira kuti chimbalangondo chachikulu komanso champhamvu, monga anzawo oyera ndi abulauni, komanso nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe, adachokera kwa kholo limodzi zaka zopitilira 30 miliyoni zapitazo. Nyama imeneyi inkakhala m'dera la Eurasia yamakono, sinali yosiyana kukula kwake modabwitsa ndipo idalumphira pamitengo.
Mwa anthu omwe pamapeto pake adasamukira ku North America, asayansi m'mbuyomu adazindikira pafupifupi mitundu eyiti ya zimbalangondo za grizzly. Ndikukula kwa sayansi ndi mayeso amakono amtunduwu, zidapezeka kuti grizzly chimbalangondo sichinthu china koma subspecies ya zimbalangondo zofiirira ku Europe. Masiku ano, mitundu yakunyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya adani owopsawa amadziwika, kuwalumikiza pamodzi ndi gulu limodzi - chimbalangondo chofiirira.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo, chiwerengero chonse cha zimbalangondo za grizzly chinali anthu opitilira zana limodzi.
Komabe, anthu atakhazikika m'malo awo, ziwopsezo zowononga za adani awa m'minda, ziweto ngakhale anthu zimawonedwa. Kukwiya kwake kochulukirapo kunapangitsa kuwombera kwakukulu ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziweto izi - pafupifupi 30. Masiku ano, chimbalangondo cha North American grizzly chimawerengedwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse ndipo chimakhala m'malo otetezedwa mosamalitsa. Chimbalangondo cha grizzly ndi chimodzi mwazilombo khumi zowopsa kwambiri komanso zowopsa padziko lapansi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo cha grizzly chikuwoneka bwanji
Dzinalo "Grizzly" la odyetsa amphamvuwa silimangochitika mwangozi. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha utoto wofiirira wa malayawo, adatchulidwa ndi omwe amakhala kale, omwe adayamba kuwona chimbalangondo ichi m'nkhalango za North America. Kupatula mthunzi wansalu wa chovalacho, chimbalangondo cha grizzly chimawoneka ngati chimbalangondo chofiirira ku Russia.
Ndi chilombo chachikulu chomwe kukula kwake kuli kodabwitsa:
- Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu kumatha kufikira makilogalamu 1000;
- Kutalika kwa kufota - mpaka 2 m;
- Kutalika kwathunthu kwa thupi kumakhala mpaka 4 m.
Akazi nthawi zambiri amawoneka ocheperako kuposa amuna. Chimbalangondo cholimba chimakhala champhamvu modabwitsa, ndikamenya kamodzi kokha mwamphamvu amatha kuswa msana wa wovulalayo, osamusiya mpata wopulumutsidwa.
Mbali yapadera ya zimbalangondo "zotuwa" ndi zikhadabo zawo zopindika komanso zowongoka kwambiri za 15 cm. Ndiyamika kwa iwo, grizzly amadziwika kuti ndi mlenje wabwino kwambiri, koma amalephera kukwera mitengo. Zilombozi zili ndi minofu yabwino, thupi lamphamvu lokutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda komanso lolimba. Mukayang'anitsitsa, mtundu wa chimbalangondo cha grizzly chidakali chofiirira ndipo kuchokera patali chimakhala ndi utoto wosazolowereka.
Mosiyana ndi anzawo aku Eurasia, zimbalangondo za ku North America zili ndi chigaza chotsika, pamphumi pake, mphuno yotuluka ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira. Kuphatikiza apo, mchira wa grizzly ndi wamfupi kwambiri komanso wosawoneka poyerekeza ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira. Monga nthumwi zonse za mitundu yawo, nyama zolusa zamtunduwu zamphamvuzi zimangoyenda mwamphamvu poyenda, zikugwedeza thupi lawo.
Kodi grizzly bear imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo cha Grizzly chaima
Nthawi zambiri, ma grizzlies amadziwika ndi malo ovuta, ovuta kufikira. Poyamba, mitundu ya odyetserayi idaphatikizapo Madambo Aakulu komanso gawo lalikulu lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States. Popita nthawi, chitukuko chotukuka chidakankhira ma grizzlies kumpoto kwambiri mpaka kumapiri. Masiku ano, ambiri mwa zimbalangondo zotuwa amakhala kumpoto kwa Canada ndi Alaska. Komabe, nthawi zina nthumwi za mitundu yosawerengeka imapezeka m'maboma a Idaho, Wyoming, Montana ndi Washington.
Pokhala momasuka ndi anthu komanso kuteteza zimbalangondo za grizzly, akuluakulu aku US akhazikitsa National Parks zotetezedwa, pomwe munthu aliyense amayang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zachitika posachedwa pa sayansi komanso ukadaulo. Poyerekeza ndi zaka za zana la 20, masiku ano nyama zamtunduwu zachulukirachulukira ndipo zaposa nyama zoposa 50,000. Kukula kwadzidzidzi kumeneku kumachepetsedwa ndi kusaka kovomerezeka kwa nyengo.
Grizzlies amakonda kukhala m'nkhalango zowirira, momwe amatha kudya zipatso za zomera, zipatso kapena mtedza. Komabe, ngati pali nyanja kapena mtsinje pafupi, nyamayi sidzaphonya mwayi wodziwonetsera ngati msodzi waluso. M'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nyama zolusa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonda kukhala zokha, zimasonkhana m'magulu kuti zizisodza bwino.
Kodi chimbalangondo cha grizzly chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo cha nyama
Chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa mobwerezabwereza kwa anthu ndi ziweto, chimbalangondo chotchedwa grizzly chimadziwika kuti chakupha mwankhanza komanso wopanda chifundo. Komabe, izi sizowona, ndipo mitundu iyi ya nyama zolusa sichili mgulu la omnivores. Mu moyo wamba, pamene khalidwe lake laukali silikwiya ndi chilichonse, chimbalangondo chimakonda zakudya zamasamba: zipatso, mizu, mphukira ndi zipatso za zomera. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zamphamvu izi zimasangalala kudya mazira a mbalame, zokwawa ndi ana awo amtsogolo, achule ndi tizilombo.
Komanso samanyalanyaza zovunda, kununkhira komwe amatha kununkhiza patali makilomita makumi angapo.
Kwa chimbalangondo cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nsomba ndi gawo lofunikira pakudya tsiku lililonse. Nthawi yakubereka itakwana, ndipo nyama yomwe ikadumpha imadumphira m'madzi, mawondo olimba a nyamayo amaitola mwamphamvu pa ntchentcheyo.
Ponena za nyama zazikulu, ndiye kuti, grizzly amasankha wokalamba komanso wodwala wa nyama ya sika, nkhosa, mbuzi, kapena chamois ngati nyama, komanso nyama zazing'ono za m'nkhalango zina. Nzeru zodziwika ndikuti zimbalangondo ndizodziwika bwino za uchi. Izi ndizowona, zokhazokha zokhazokha ndizomwe zimapezeka makamaka kwa ana, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwawo ndikutha kukwera mitengo.
Mano a chimbalangondo chotuwa ali ndi mawonekedwe ake ndipo amapangira zakudya zamitundumitundu - zomera ndi nyama. Patsiku la munthu wamkulu, amafunika kudya makilogalamu pafupifupi 20,000. Kufunika kofulumira kwa chakudya, kukakamiza grizzly kukhala pafupifupi nthawi zonse pakufunafuna chakudya, makamaka asanagone.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bear Grizzly Bear
Khalidwe lalikulu la chimbalangondo cha grizzly ndichokwiya komanso kusaopa. Makhalidwewa, kuphatikiza mphamvu zake zosaneneka, zimapangitsa mdani uyu kukhala wowopsa kwambiri. Chimbalangondo chotuwa, ngakhale chimakhala champhamvu kunja komanso chowoneka ngati chosasunthika, chimayenda bwino kwambiri komanso mwakachetechete, chomwe chimalola kuti chifike pafupi kwambiri ndi omwe angakodwe naye, osasiya mwayi wopulumuka.
Maso a chimbalangondo, monga zimbalangondo zina, ndi ofooka. Koma amakhala okhazikika mlengalenga mothandizidwa ndi kumva komanso kununkhira kwabwino kwambiri. Grizzly ndi wothamanga kwambiri! Amakhala ndi liwiro mpaka 60 km / h, ndipo amatha kuyerekezera kuthamanga ndi kavalo wothamanga. Kuphatikiza apo, mdani wamphamvuyu amasambira mokongola, mofunitsitsa amasamba nyengo yotentha, sikungakhale kovuta kuti awoloke mtsinje wawung'ono.
Poyang'anizana ndi mdani wowopsa, chimbalangondochi choopsa chimayimirira ndi miyendo yakumbuyo yake ndikufuula koopsa, motero kuwonetsa kukwezeka kwawo ndikukonzekera kuukira. Chirombo ichi sichimawopa munthu, koma sizitanthauza kuti adzawukira. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amazunzidwa ndi zimbalangondo zovulazidwa, zanjala kwambiri kapena omwe amakwiya kubwezera mkwiyo.
Grizzly ndi chilombo chokhala komanso chosungulumwa. Atakula, samachoka kumalo awo osaka, omwe malire awo amalembedwa mosamala komanso kutetezedwa. Forest grizzlies amadula makungwawo kuchokera kumitengo yakumalire ndi zikhadabo zawo zakuthwa, ndipo iwo omwe amakhala kumapiri amatha kuyika miyala, miyala kapena ngakhale mahema apaulendo motere.
Chimbalangondo cha grizzly chimakhala chogwira ntchito kwambiri ndikayamba kulowa, komanso m'mawa kwambiri. Masana, chilombochi chimakonda kupumula, kusangalala ndi nkhomaliro. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti chidwi chake pa chakudya chimadalira nyengo yake. Asanabadwe, grizzly imayenera kulemera makilogalamu 200 a thupi kuti ipulumuke nthawi yozizira. Izi zimamukakamiza kuti azisaka chakudya nthawi zonse.
M'madera osiyanasiyana, imvi zimabisala mu Okutobala kapena Novembala ndipo zimadzuka koyambirira kwamasika - mu Marichi kapena Epulo. Kutalika kwambiri kuposa achimuna, akazi amagona ndi ana akhanda m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo achikulire amadzuka msanga kuposa wina aliyense.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Grizzly Bear
Kwa moyo wake wonse, chimbalangondo cha grizzly chimakonda kukhala pawekha komanso chimadzisunga chokha. Komabe, kudzipatula kwake komwe kumazolowereka kumazimiririka pomwe nyengo yakumasirana imayamba. Atagona nthawi yayitali m'nyengo yozizira, kuyambira kumapeto kwa masika mpaka nthawi yotentha, amuna a grizzlies amapita kukafunafuna akazi kuti abereke.
Chifukwa cha kununkhira komanso zizindikilo zapadera pazomera, anthu okhwima amapeza osankhidwa awo ali okonzeka kukwatira. Komabe, idyll sikhala nthawi yayitali - pambuyo pa masiku 2-3, okondana amakhala kosatha. Ngati umuna wapambana, timbalangondo tiwiri kapena tating'ono tating'ono timabadwa m'phanga lofunda pakati m'nyengo yozizira.
Ma grizzlies obadwa kumene samafanana kwenikweni ndi zimbalangondo - ndi akhungu kwathunthu, opanda tsitsi ndi mano, ndipo amalemera osaposa kilogalamu. Koma, pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ya chisamaliro cha amayi ndi kuyamwitsa mopatsa thanzi, olanda nyama amtsogolo amawoneka olimba ndipo kumapeto kwa kasupe amachoka m khola ali ndi chidaliro. Zimbalangondo zazing'ono ndizachangu kwambiri, zimakhala zosangalatsa komanso zosangalatsa. Ndiosavuta kuweta, ndipo kamodzi m'manja mwa anthu, amasandulika ziweto zomvera. Nthawi zina, amakhala ndi mwayi woteteza omwe akuwayang'anira ku ngozi.
Pasanabwere nyengo yozizira, chimbalangondo chachikazi chokhala ndi ana okulira kale chikufuna mphanga wokulirapo. Pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri kuyambira pomwe mwana adabadwa, ma grizzlies achichepere amasiya amayi awo kwamuyaya ndikukhala paokha. Nthawi yayitali ya chimbalangondo chaimvi ndi pafupifupi zaka 30, koma mu ukapolo komanso mosamala, nyamayi imatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali.
Adani achilengedwe a chimbalangondo cha grizzly
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo cha grizzly chikuwoneka bwanji
N'zovuta kulingalira kuti nyama zolusa zoopsa monga zimbalangondo zoopsa zimatha kukhala ndi adani m'zinyama. Zowonadi, ndi anthu ochepa omwe angayerekeze kumenyera chimbalangondo champhamvu, kupatula mwina chilombo chowopsa chomwecho, chofanana naye mwamphamvu komanso mopanda mantha. Chilengedwe chimakonzedwa kotero kuti nyama zomwe zitha kupikisana nazo ndi chimbalangondo, monga kambuku kapena mkango, sizikhala naye m'dera lomwelo, potero zimamusiya kukhala woyenera malo awo.
Komabe, ngati tilingalira za kuthekera kovulaza, ndiye kuti "adani" otsatirawa atha kusiyanitsidwa ndi chimbalangondo chotuwa:
- Zimbalangondo zina - makamaka m'nyengo yokwatirana, olusawa amakhala aukali kwambiri. Amuna amatha kumenya nkhondo yazimayi yemwe amamukonda, kapena amatha kuphwanya ana opanda chitetezo kuti athe kufikira amayi awo.
- Anthu akuwopsezabe nyama zakutchire, kuphatikizapo grizzly. Osaka nyama moyenera amaganiza kuti kupha chimbalangondo chaimvi ndichofunika kwambiri komanso kulimba mtima. Alenje ena amavala zikhadabo za mkanda ngati mkanda pachifuwa chawo. Kuphatikiza pa kuwonongeka kwachindunji, gulu la anthu, lolimbikira chitukuko chosayima cha chitukuko, limayambitsa mavuto osawonekera, koma osagwirizana kwenikweni ndi zimbalangondo. Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi madzi, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuwukira kulikonse kwa nyama zakutchire - zonsezi zimasokoneza chilengedwe chachilengedwe cha mitundu yosaoneka kale ya adani aku North America.
- Herbivores - Popeza chimbalangondo cha grizzly chimakonda kudya zakudya zopangidwa ndi mbewu nthawi zambiri, iwo omwe amatha kupita ku zipatso zokoma ndi mizu mwachangu komanso m'mbuyomu atha kukhala olimbirana nawo chimbalangondo. Izi zitha kukhala nyama zakutchire, nkhosa zamphongo, mbuzi zam'mapiri, kapena makoswe ngati mbewa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo cha nyama
Pakadali pano, chimbalangondo cha grizzly chimatetezedwa mwalamulo ndipo chidalembedwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse. Ku United States, malo awo okhala amangokhala ku National Parks, omwe ali ndi malamulo okhwima okhalamo komanso zokopa alendo. Masiku ano, zimbalangondo zazikulu kwambiri zimapezeka ku Yellowstone National Park, komanso kumapaki a Mount McKinley ndi Glacier. Apa, malo awo achilengedwe amadziwika kuti ndi abwino kwambiri ndipo ndikuchokera kuno komwe ana amiseche amanyamulidwa kuti akaswane m'malo ena a National Park.
Chiwerengero cha anthu aku North America chimbalangondo lero ndi pafupifupi anthu makumi asanu. Kumbukirani kuti kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka zapitazo, chiwerengerochi chatsika pafupifupi makumi atatu chifukwa cha kusaka kosalamulirika. Pakadali pano, kusaka mwamphamvu ku United States sikuloledwa m'malo amodzi makamaka kamodzi pazaka zinayi.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pazinthu zambiri zolembedwa zakumenya pakati pa munthu ndi chimbalangondo cha grizzly, anthu iwowo ndiwo ali ndi mlandu. Kulephera kutsatira malamulo osavuta achitetezo mukakumana ndi nyama yamtchire nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa mavuto. Ziyenera kukumbukiridwa nthawi zonse kuti chimbalangondo chidzateteza gawo lawo kapena nyama. Panali zochitika pamene alendo opusa ankadyetsa okha chimbalangondo chomwecho, kenako nkukhala ozunzidwa, ndikuwasokoneza akudya. Chifukwa chake, ndizomveka kupyola malo omwe grizzly amakhala, osakakamiza chimbalangondo kuchita zankhanza, chifukwa kuthekera kotheka sikungatheke.
Grizzly Bear Alonda
Chithunzi: Grizzly Bear
Chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo masiku ano chikuyang'aniridwa mosamalitsa ndipo chikuyang'aniridwa mosamala ndi zochitika zaposachedwa kwambiri zasayansi ndi ukadaulo. Munthu aliyense yemwe amakhala ku National Park amakhala tating'onoting'ono ndipo amalowa m'kaundula wapadera wanyama zosawerengeka.
Chowona kuti chimbalangondo cha ku North America chidalembedwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse sichilola osaka ndi alendo kuti alande gawo lawo popanda choletsa. M'masukulu a zigawo zomwe kumakhala zimbalangondo zakuda, ana amaphunzitsidwa kuyambira ali aang'ono momwe angakhalire mosatekeseka kuthengo, kuti asadzipweteke kapena nyama zachilendo. Kuyendera National Parks kumayendetsedwa bwino, alendo onse amakhala ndiudindo wa moyo wawo komanso kuteteza zachilengedwe.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mpaka pano, milandu yokhudza zimbalangondo za grizzly zomwe zalembedwa m'minda ikadalembedwabe. Komabe, boma limathetsa nkhaniyi mwanjira yaumunthu kuchokera pakuwunika nyama zakutchire - mwiniwake wokhudzidwayo amalipidwa kwathunthu pamtengo wa ziweto zomwe zaphedwa kapena katundu wowonongeka. Nthawi yomweyo, kuwombera chimbalangondo ndikoletsedwa kotheratu ndipo kumatha kukhala chindapusa chachikulu kapena kuponyedwa m'ndende. Chimbalangondo cha Grizzly akutetezedwa kwambiri ndi boma, amaloledwa kumupha pokhapokha atawopseza thanzi la munthu komanso moyo wake.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 31.01.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/16/2019 ku 21:14
