Gopher ndi nyama yoweta ya banja la agologolo, yomwe ndi ya makoswe (yomwe imaphatikizaponso muskrat ndi mbewa yakumunda). Izi ndi nyama zazing'ono 17-27 cm, zolemera mpaka 1 one2 kg. Zinyama zambiri, zimakhala m'mabowo, zimalumikizana ndi likhweru kapena mluzu. M'nyengo yozizira yozizira kapena yotentha, amapumula, chifukwa adalandira dzina loti "Sony".
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chiyambi cha gopher sichinadziwikebe kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Zakhala zikudziwika kale m'mabanja osiyanasiyana, mitundu, komanso ngakhale ma oda.
Pakadali pano pali mitundu pafupifupi 38 ndipo ambiri mwa iwo ndi awa:
- Mzungu;
- Wachimereka;
- Chachikulu;
- Zing'onozing'ono;
- Phiri.
Zotsatira zake, ali ndi kholo limodzi lomwe linakhala posachedwapa. Zinapezeka chifukwa cha akaidi a GULAG omwe adapeza mitembo yambiri ya agologolo agulu pansi pa dzenje la Yakutia pamtunda woposa 12 mita. Pambuyo potsatira limodzi la majini ndikuphunzira ndi njira ya majini, zidapezeka kuti mitundu iyi ya Indigir ili ndi zaka 30,000.
Pakati pa Oligocene, kudachitika kwatsopano kwazomwe zidachitika, chifukwa chake mabanja atsopano adawonekera, makamaka agologolo, komwe kuli mitundu yakale kwambiri ya agologolo agalu, Indigirsky. Likukhalira kuti gophers ndi abale apamtima kwambiri a nyamalikiti, ocheperako komanso ofooka. Komanso agologolo, agologolo oyenda komanso agalu akumadambo.
Banja la agologolo, nawonso, ndi gulu lakale kwambiri la mbewa. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti zinayambira zaka 60-70 miliyoni zapitazo, ena ali otsimikiza kuti ndizopitilira zomveka za nyengo ya Cretaceous. Koma, mulimonsemo, titha kunena kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zakale kwambiri zomwe zidakalipo mpaka pano.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Zotolera zimakhala ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono, chifukwa kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pakati pa 15 mpaka 38 cm, ndipo mchirawo umakhala pakati pa masentimita asanu mpaka makumi awiri ndi atatu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamiyala yakumbuyo kuyambira yobiriwira mpaka yofiirira. Kumbuyo kwake kuli mizere yakuda kapena ziphuphu. Mimbayo ndi yopepuka kapena yachikasu. Pofika nthawi yozizira, ubweya umakhala wokulirapo komanso wautali, chifukwa kuzizira kumayandikira.
Agologolo agulu laku Europe ndi ocheperako malinga ndi mulingo. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 16 mpaka 22, mchira ndi waufupi: masentimita 5-7 okha. Msana ndi utoto wofiirira ndi ziphuphu zachikasu kapena zoyera. Mbalizo zimakhala zachikasu ndi utoto wonyezimira wa lalanje. Maso azunguliridwa ndi mawanga owala, ndipo mimba ili ndi mthunzi wachikasu.
Gopher waku America ndi wamkulu kuposa mnzake waku Europe. Anthu okhala ku Chukotka ndi masentimita 25-32 cm, aku America ndi ochokera masentimita 30 mpaka 40. Amalemera magalamu 710-790. Kukula kwake, amuna pafupifupi samasiyana ndi akazi, koma amalemera koposa. Amakhala ndi mchira wofewa komanso wokongola mpaka kutalika kwa masentimita 13. Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kofiirira-kofiirira wonyezimira wokhala ndi mawanga opepuka, ndipo mutu wake ndi wabulauni. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya umakhala wopepuka, ndipo achichepere amawoneka otuwa.
Gologolo wamkuluyo amakhala wamkulu kwambiri ndipo ndi wachiwiri pambuyo pa wachikasu kukula kwake. Ali ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa 25-33 cm, ndi mchira wa masentimita 7-10. Kulemera kwake kumafika kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Kumbuyo kumakhala mdima, nthawi zambiri bulauni, kosiyana ndi mbali zofiira. Kumbuyo kwake kuli ndi mawanga oyera, ndipo mimba ndi yotuwa kapena yachikaso. Agologolo akuluakulu amakhala ndi ma chromosomes 36 mu karyotype, mosiyana ndi abale awo, mwina ndichifukwa chake amayamba kumeta ubweya wachisanu mu Julayi.
Gologolo wamkulu pansi ndi 18-25 cm kukula kwake, ndipo kulemera kwake sikufikira theka la kilogalamu. Mchira umakhala wosakwana masentimita anayi.Anthu akumpoto ali ndi utoto wofiirira kumbuyo, kumwera amasanduka imvi-chikasu. Ponseponse, pali ma subspecies mpaka 9, omwe amasiyana mawonekedwe ndipo amakhala ocheperako kumwera chakum'mawa.
Wolemba mapiri wamapiri amafanana ndi wocheperako; koyambirira ngakhale anthu ochepa adawasiyanitsa. Kukula kwa thupi sikufikira masentimita 25, ndipo mchirawo umakhala mpaka masentimita 4. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kotuwa ndi utoto wachikasu wonyezimira. Pali mabala amdima kumbuyo. Mbali ndi pamimba ndizopepuka kuposa kumbuyo, zokutira zachikaso. Achinyamata ndi akuda komanso owala kuposa achikulire.
Kodi gopher amakhala kuti?
Gologolo wa ku Europe adakhala nkhalango komanso wokhala m'nkhalango, monga marten, ngakhale pakadali pano ndizosowa. Imakhala kum'mawa kwa pakati ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe. Nthawi zambiri ku Germany, ku Poland ku Silesian Uplands. Amakhazikikanso ku Austria, Czech Republic, Moldova. Ndimakondanso gawo lakumadzulo kwa Turkey ndi Slovakia. Kummwera chakumadzulo kwa Ukraine, amapezeka kokha kudera la Transcarpathia, Vinnitsa ndi Chernivtsi.
Gopher waku America sakhala ku North America kokha, komanso kum'mawa kwa Russia. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia, amakhala ku Chukotka, Kamchatka ndi Kolyma Upland. Anthu aku Yanskaya ndi Indigirskaya amapezeka mosiyana ndi ena onse. Ku North America, kuli zambiri ku Alaska ndi Canada. Agologolo wamkulu pansi amakhala m'mapiri ndi zigwa za Kazakhstan ndi Russia. Malo okhala amayamba pa Mtsinje wa Volga kumadzulo ndipo amathera mdera la pakati pa mitsinje ya Ishim ndi Tobol kum'mawa. Kum'mwera, malire amayenda pakati pa mitsinje ya Bolshoi ndi Maliy Uzen, komanso kumpoto motsatira beseni lamanja la Agidel.
Agologolo a m'mapiri amagawidwa nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi mitsinje ya Kuban ndi Terek, komanso dera la Elbrus. Kwerani kwambiri: 1250 - 3250 m pamwamba pamadzi. Malo okhala ndi mahekitala mazana atatu, omwe ndi ochulukirapo ndipo amalankhula za kuchuluka kwabwino. Amakhala mokwera kwambiri momwe mungathere: pomwe pali zomera zomwe zitha kudyedwa.
Kodi gopher amadya chiyani?
M'mbuyomu, ma gopher aku Europe amawerengedwa kuti ndi ndiwo zamasamba zokha, chifukwa chakudya chachikulu chimakhala chomera. Pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti amadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana za nyama. Chifukwa chodzuka, amadya mababu obzala, kenako amapita ku mbewu monga chimanga. M'chilimwe, amadya zitsamba ndi zipatso. Amatha kukhala ndi minda yaying'ono yowononga.
Pali chakudya chochepa m'malo omwe gopher waku America amakhala, motero ali okonzeka kudya chilichonse panjira yawo. Asanagwere mu tulo ta hibernation, amadzikongoletsa ndi rhizomes ndi mababu a zomera, kuwonjezera zipatso ndi bowa zomwe zingakumane nazo. Chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira, muyenera kudya mbozi, zikumbu, zosefera, ndipo nthawi zina zowola. Atafika kumidzi, amapeza chakudya m'mataya zinyalala, nthawi zina pamakhala anthu odya anzawo. Moyo wa nkhumba zaku America ndizowopsa: mutha kufa ndi njala kapena kudyedwa ndi abale.
Agologolo akuluakulu amakhala m'malo abwino kwambiri ndipo amadya mbewu ndi zitsamba zamaluwa. M'chaka, amakonda kupeza mababu ndi mizu ya zomera, akusunthira maluwa ndi masamba. Pafupi ndi nthawi yophukira, rye, tirigu, mapira ndi phala zimawonjezera zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Samadzikundikira chakudya m'nyengo yozizira. Agologolo agwiritsire ntchito mizu, masamba ndi maluwa azitsamba. Nthawi zina samanyoza chakudya cha nyama. Chakudya chimalemera kwambiri pakudya zomera zomwe anthu amakula. Imakumba ngakhale zipatso ndi mbewu za mapulo ndi hazel. Kuchokera ku zipatso monga apurikoti.
Mitengo ikuluikulu imakhala ndi chakudya chachikulu kwambiri, aku America amayenera kupulumuka, ndipo oyendetsa mapiri samangoganiza za zomwe ziwadikire lero pachakudya cham'mawa, chamasana ndi chamadzulo. Makamaka m'mapiri simungayende bwino. Pafupifupi magawo onse am'mlengalenga azomera amadyedwa, nthawi zina amasungunula chakudya cha nyama, koma kawirikawiri.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Gologolo wa ku Europe amakonda zigwa za ku steppe ndi nkhalango, akukhazikika m'malo omwe ng'ombe zimadya, komanso zomwe sizoyenera kufesa ndi chimanga. Sakonda malo achinyezi, mitengo ndi zitsamba. Amakhala m'magulu a anthu 7-10. Ma burrows ndi okhazikika komanso osakhalitsa, ali ndi angapo. Mulinso zipinda zingapo zokhalamo zisa.
Makoloni agologolo agulu aku America amafikira anthu 50! Ziwembu zaumwini zimafika mahekitala 6. Pa dothi lamchenga, maenje akhoza kukhala mpaka 15 m ndikutalika kwa mita 3. Komwe madzi oundanawo amakhala osapitilira masentimita 70. Nthawi yopuma, amakwirira maenje awo ndi dothi. M'madera okhala, amakhala m'mazinyumba ndi nyumba zobiriwira. Yogwira maola 5 mpaka 20 patsiku.
Gopher wamkuluyu amakhala m'matanthwe akuluakulu, okhala ndi ma burza 8-10, nthaka yomwe imagawidwa mozungulira madera oyandikana nawo. Kutentha kumatha miyezi 9, amuna amatuluka koyamba, kenako akazi. Amakhala ndi pakati pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, kuyambira ana 3 mpaka 15 amabadwa. Patatha mwezi umodzi, ali kale okonzeka kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha, patatha zaka ziwiri atha kubereka ana atsopano.
Agologolo agwiritsireni msanga kwa miyezi 9 ndipo amadzuka chisanu chikasungunuka. M'nthawi yotentha, chifukwa cha zomwe zomera zimafa, nyama zimasowa madzi, zimatha kulowa m'nyengo yozizira, yomwe imatha kukhala nyengo yozizira. Kawirikawiri amakhala opitilira zaka zitatu.
Anthu othyola m'mapiri nthawi yovuta amakhala otentha kwambiri, kutalika kwake kumadalira kutalika komwe amakhala. Nthawi ya ntchito ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Zimadaliranso ndi kuchuluka kwa kunenepa. Chifukwa chake, okalamba amatha kubisala m'mbuyomu, ndipo nyama zazing'ono zimayenera kudya kuti zipulumuke nthawi yozizira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Atadzuka, anyani agologolo agulu ku Europe amayamba kudikirira akazi, pambuyo pake mphutsiyo imayamba. Nthawi zambiri amuna amamenyera akazi. Mimba imakhala yochepera mwezi, ndipo ana obadwa kumene amabwera kumapeto kwa Epulo. Onsewa, atha kubadwa pakati pa 3 mpaka 9. Amalemera pafupifupi 5 g ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 4. Patapita sabata, maso amatseguka, ndipo pambuyo pa 2, ubweya umakula. Pakatikati mwa Juni, akazi amakumba maenje omwe ana awo amakhala.
Ma gopher aku America amaberekanso kamodzi pachaka. Amayi amadzuka mu Epulo-Meyi, pambuyo pake masewera amakwatirana amayamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amachitika m'mabowo. Mimba ndiyofupikirapo poyerekeza ndi agologolo agulugufe aku Europe, ndipo ana a agologolo agalu amabadwa pambuyo pake chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira, koma ochulukirapo: kuyambira 5 mpaka 10, ndipo nthawi zina 13-14.
Amuna agologolo agulu akuluakulu amadikiranso azimayi ndipo atadzuka amayamba kuthana ndi mavuto a kuchuluka kwa anthu. Chofunika ndichakuti akazi samakumba mozungulira ana, koma amamanganso nyumba zokhalamo. Bowo loterolo lili ndi zipinda zingapo zouikira kuchokera theka la mita mpaka kuya kuya. Kuyambira pa 3 mpaka 16 ana amatha kubadwa! Ndipo mimba imatha kukhala masiku 20 kapena mwezi umodzi.
Mkazi wamkazi wa gologolo wamng'ono amabala pambuyo pa masiku 20-25 kuyambira ana 5 mpaka 10, pomwe amakhala ndi mazira mpaka 15. Zinthu zikafika povuta, ena mwa mazirawo amasiya kukula ndi kusungunuka. Kwa masabata atatu amatha kulemera mpaka 25 g, ataphimbidwa ndi ubweya wakuda ndikutuluka mumtsinje. Pamene anawo azolowera zachilengedwe, mayi amakumba maenje kenako ndikusiya anawo.
Agologolo a m'mapiri amakhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zolerera ana, chifukwa zimatengera kutalika kwa malo okhala komanso nthawi yakudzuka. Mimba imachitika mkati mwa masiku 20-22, ndi ochepa omwe amabadwa: kuyambira awiri mpaka anayi. Amabadwa akhungu, ogontha komanso opanda ubweya. Kwa mwezi umodzi, mkazi amawasamalira, ndipo pambuyo pake amapita kudziko lina ndikukakhala m'mabowo ena m'dera lodziwika.
Adani achilengedwe a gopher
Gologolo wa ku Europe posachedwapa watsika kwambiri chifukwa cha adani omwe amamuzungulira ndipo pafupifupi samakhudza chilengedwe. Kwenikweni, adagonjetsedwa ndi zinyama zolusa. Izi zinali mbalame: ziwombankhanga ndi zotchinga, pakati pa osaka nyama ndikofunikira kuwunikira steppe ferret.
Agologolo agulu laku America sali pabwino kwambiri. Mavuto onse ndi zovuta, zolusa zimawonjezeka ngati ma skuas, mimbulu, zimbalangondo zakuda ndi akadzidzi achisanu, omwe samayamikiranso kuyambika kwa gopher izi pakukula kwa tundra. Gopher wamkulu amadziwikanso nyengo zosiyanasiyana zoyipa. Nthaka ikhoza kuzizira, kasupe akhoza kukokera kapena kuvulaza munthu. Ponena za agologolo agulu aku Europe, ma steppe ferrets ndiwowopsa kwa zazikulu, zomwe zimawadya chaka chonse, ngakhale nthawi yopumula.
Komanso corsacs ndi nkhandwe sizinyansitsa nyama zosavuta, ndipo zomwe ndizocheperako zimadya ma weasel ndi ma ermine. Kuchokera kumwamba nditha kumenyana ndi ziwombankhanga, malo oyika maliro, akhungubwe amiyendo yayitali ndi mphamba zakuda, ndipo kumpoto kulinso kadzidzi. Nyama zazing'ono zimasakidwa ndi pafupifupi nyama zomwezi zomwe zimakhala mdera lino. Ma burrows amatha kudulidwa ndi nkhandwe, corsacs ndi ferrets. The steppe ndi manda ziwombankhanga ndizoopsa kuchokera kumwamba. Anthu aang'ono kapena osakhwima amaukiridwa ndi Saker Falcons, akhwangwala kapena magpies.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Agologolo a ku Ulaya amakhala m'madera akutali a dera laling'ono. Ikuphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Eastern Europe, ndipo m'maiko oyandikana nayo ili motetezedwa kwambiri. M'zaka zapitazi, panali kulimbana kwenikweni ndi iwo, kusaka ndi kuwononga. Amakakamiza alimi kuti aphe gopher, amagwiritsa ntchito tirigu wamphesa, amakakamiza ana asukulu kuti amenyane ndi "tizirombo".
Ngakhale amakhala movutikira, kusowa chakudya komanso nyama zosasangalatsa, gopher zaku America zimayenda bwino. Nthawi yomweyo, zimakhala ndi phindu pazachilengedwe. Nyama zambiri zimakhala muboola mwawo, ndipo zikakumba, zimabweretsa mbewu kumtunda. Chifukwa cha kubereka kwabwino kwa agologolo wamkulu, si nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Koma m'malo ena amachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cholima madera aamwali ndikuwonongeka mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo, ku Kazakhstan amadziwika kuti ndi tizilombo. Kuonjezera apo, ndi amene amachititsa matendawa ndi matenda ena osasangalatsa.
Gopher wamng'ono alidi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, akudya zomera zomwe anthu amabzala m'minda ndi minda, komanso kuwononga mbewu zabwino kwambiri m'malo odyetserako ziweto. Nthawi yomweyo, imanyamula mliriwu ndi matenda ena angapo. Koma chifukwa cha mphamvu zakubala komanso zakudya zosiyanasiyana, sizili m'gulu la nyama zotetezedwa. Woponda m'mapiri mwaumunthu amachititsa mantha pang'ono pakupulumuka. Ndipo nzosadabwitsa, chifukwa amakhala komwe ena samakhazikika, amadya zomwe oyandikana nawo alibe nazo chidwi, osavutitsa aliyense, mosiyana ndi ma gopher ang'ono.
Mitundu yonse yama gopher ndiyofanana, chifukwa ndi:
- Amadyanso zakudya zofananira;
- Khalani ndi moyo wosiyana pang'ono;
- Khalani ndi ziweto zomwezo;
- Amawoneka pafupifupi ofanana.
Zina mwa izo zimavulaza anthu, zina zimangothandiza chilengedwe. Wina watsala pang'ono kutha, akukhala m'malo abwino, ndipo wina ndi wathanzi komanso wabwino, pokhala pamavuto. Khalani nawo gophers zinthu zambiri zosiyana, koma zambiri zofanana.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 24.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 10:21
