Wolemba wachi Russia, alinso hochula (Desmana moschata) - mtundu wakale kwambiri, wobwezeretsanso, wanyama. Amakhulupirira kuti nyamazi zakhala padziko lapansi kwazaka pafupifupi 30 miliyoni. M'mbuyomu, gawo logawa lidafikira pafupifupi gawo lonse la Europe ku Eurasia - mpaka ku British Isles. Tsopano malowa atsika ndipo ali ndi vuto losweka.
Wotchulidwayo amatchedwa ndi kununkhira kwake kosasangalatsa kwa musk. Etymology ya dzinalo imabwerera ku liwu lakale lachi Russia "huhat", i.e. "kununkha".
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chifukwa chachikale cha mitunduyi, ndizovuta kwambiri kudziwa molondola komwe idachokera. Makolo a desman anali nyama zazing'ono zopatsa tizilombo, zomwe, pakupanga ukadaulo, adapeza mawonekedwe ndi zizolowezi pafupi ndi ziweto zamakono. Kwa zaka 30 miliyoni, chisinthiko sichinathe kusintha kwambiri desman, kotero lero tikuziwona chimodzimodzi ndi mammoth ndipo pafupifupi makolo onse amakono amakwanitsa kuziona. Achibale oyandikira achi Russia ndi ma moles amakono, omwe desman ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana mu anatomy ndi biology.
Wodalirayo amakonda kukhazikika pamadzi opanda phokoso m'mitsinje yomwe amadzikumbira. Nyumbazi zimakhala ndi nthambi zazikulu ndipo zimafika kumapeto kwenikweni kwa madzi. Wodalitsayo amakhala nthawi yayitali m'mayenje, kubisala kwa adani ake, kuphatikiza. kuchokera kwa munthu. Nyama imadziwa kusambira mwangwiro, imakhala ndi fungo labwino komanso kukhudza. Thupi laling'ono limakutidwa ndi ubweya wandiweyani, womwe nyama imachita ndikutulutsa kwa musk gland. Chifukwa cha ichi, ubweya umapeza kuthamangitsidwa kwamadzi, koma nthawi yomweyo umamupatsa fungo lamphamvu losasangalatsa.
Amadyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, molluscs, tizilombo ndi zomera zam'madzi. Nyama sizimapanga nkhokwe m'nyengo yozizira ndipo sizimabisala, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala ndi moyo wokangalika chaka chonse. Chifukwa cha izi, desman sangathe kukulitsa kumpoto - ndizovuta kuti nyamayo ipirire nyengo yozizira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi cha Russian desman
Desman amakhala ndi kakang'ono kakang'ono - kokha 20 cm, kuphatikiza mchira wofanana. Total - 40 masentimita. Kulemera kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi magalamu 400-500. Mutu ndi waung'ono, wokhala ndi khosi lalifupi, wokhala ndi mphuno yayitali, yomwe imathera ndi manyazi osunthika ndi mphuno ndi mitolo ya ndevu zotsekemera kwambiri - vibrissae. Maso ang'onoang'ono azunguliridwa ndi zigamba zopanda khungu; masomphenya ndi ofowoka kwambiri. M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, desman amadalira kwambiri mphamvu zina kuposa zowoneka. Ndipo pakusaka, amatseka maso ake ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito vibrissae yekha.
Mchira wa desman ndi wautali, woyenda kwambiri, wokutidwa pambuyo pake. Wokutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono ndipo alibe tsitsi konse. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama posambira ngati chowonjezera chowongolera ndi chiwongolero. Miyendo ya desman ndi yaifupi. Pali zoluka pakati pa zala zazing'ono, zomwe zimapangitsanso kusambira kukhala kosavuta. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yaifupi, yolumikiza phazi, yoyenda, ndi zikhadabo zazikulu. Ndi iwo, desman amakumba ma mita ambiri ma burrows. Pamtunda, nyamazi zimayenda pang'onopang'ono komanso mosakhazikika, zimasambira mwachangu komanso mwachangu kwambiri m'madzi.
Thupi la nyama limakutidwa ndi ubweya wochuluka wothiridwa musk. Musk imagwira ntchito yoteteza madzi. Chifukwa cha ichi, ubweya sumanyowa ndipo umauma mwachangu kwambiri. Mtundu wa ubweya waubweya kumbuyo ndi wofiirira, pamimba pamvi ndi siliva. Mtundu uwu umagwira ntchito zobisa m'madzi komanso pamtunda. M'malo mwake, chinali chifukwa cha musk ndi khungu lokhala ndi ubweya pomwe anthu aku desman adachepetsedwa kukhala owopsa. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, nyamayo inali ndi malonda, koyamba chifukwa cha musk, kenako monga mtundu wa ubweya. Kuletsedwa komaliza kwa asodzi kunayambika kokha pakati pa zaka za 20th.
Kodi desman waku Russia amakhala kuti?
Lero, wolamulira waku Russia amapezeka pamagawo ang'onoang'ono amtsinje wa Volga, Don, Dnieper ndi Ural. Tsopano malowa akupitilizabe kuchepa. Izi ndichifukwa chakusintha kwanyengo komanso zochitika za anthu.
Wodalitsayo amakhala moyo wachinsinsi kwambiri. Okhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi opanda phokoso, m'mbali mwawo omwe amakumba mabowo a nthambi. Nthawi zina, kutalika konse kwa ngalande zonse ndi zipinda zomwe zili mu burrow zimatha kupitilira mamitala 10! M'ndende zake, nyama imapuma ikasaka, kudyetsa, ndikulera ana. Khokhulya amakonda kukhala m'malo opanda phokoso ndi zomera zobiriwira m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pamphepete mwa nyanjazi, ndizosavuta kuti nyama ibisalire pangozi, komanso kumakhala kosavuta kupulumuka nthawi yamadzi osefukira. Ngati dziwe limadziwika ndi kusintha kwamphamvu kwamadzi, desman amapanga maenje olowera angapo okhala ndi zolowera zingapo.
Chinyama chimayesera kulowa mdzenje lomwe lili kumapeto kwenikweni kwa madzi. Kuchokera pakhomo lolowera kunyumbako, poyambira pamayambira pansi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala nthambi zingapo. Imeneyi ndi njira yapansi pamadzi yomwe imalola kuti desman asasochere ndikupeza njira yomwe akufuna. Nthawi zambiri, ma grooves amalumikiza dzenje lalikulu ndi ena owonjezera - a forage, momwe nyama imatha kudya, kupuma, kapena kupuma mpweya wabwino. Mtunda pakati pa mabowo sukupitilira 25-30 mita, chifukwa pafupifupi kuchuluka komweko kwa desman amatha kusambira pansi pamadzi mu mpweya umodzi. Pamene madzi amagwa, desman amakulitsa ma grooves pafupi ndi khomo loboora ndikupitiliza kuwagwiritsa ntchito.
Madzi osefukira ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa desman. Ayenera kusiya dzenje lake ndikudikirira kuti madzi atuluke m'malo ena akanthawi. Pakadali pano, nyama zimakhala pachiwopsezo kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakodwa ndi adani. Ngati sizingatheke, chinyama chimanyamula pano. Sikuti anthu onse amapulumuka izi. Koma umu ndi momwe desman amafalikira.
Kodi munthu wochokera ku Russia amadya chiyani?
Pokhala ndi kuyenda kwakukulu komanso kagayidwe kabwino ka mankhwala, wolowera ku Russia amafunikira chakudya chambiri chambiri. Ntchitoyi imasungidwa pafupifupi chaka chonse. Maziko azakudya za wolamulirayo ndi chakudya cha nyama, ngakhale chinyamacho sichinyoza zomera zam'madzi.
Nthawi zambiri, amalowa mndandanda:
- tizilombo ta m'madzi;
- mbozi za tizilombo;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono;
- nkhono;
- ziphuphu ndi mphutsi zina.
Kuphatikiza apo, nyamayo imasangalala kudya nsomba zazing'ono ndi achule, ngati mungathe kuzigwira. Nthawi zina amapatsa chakudya chake mapesi amphaka, mabango, makapisozi a dzira.
Hohula imasaka m'madzi mokha, ndipo imadya nyama yake kumtunda. Pakusaka, nyama imayendetsedwa ndi vibrissae. Atapeza nyama, amaigwira ndi mano ndikupita nayo kubowola kapena malo obisika pagombe, komwe amadyerera. Kuphatikiza pa mphutsi zofewa za tizilombo, desman amachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya nkhono mu zipolopolo chifukwa cha mano ake olimba komanso akuthwa kutsogolo. Popeza "chipinda chodyera" cha desman chili pamalo omwewo, ndikosavuta kupeza malo okhala nyama yobisalayi ndi zotsalira za chakudya.
Grooves pansi pa dziwe amatenga gawo lofunikira pakusaka kwa wolamulira waku Russia. Kuyenda nawo mosalekeza, nyamayo imazungulira madzi pafupipafupi ndikupangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wabwino. Tizilombo ta m'madzi ndi mphutsi zawo zimasambira mwachangu kupita m'madzi okhala ndi mpweya wabwino, omwe hochula amasaka.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Wolemba ku Russia ndi nyama yam'madzi yopuma yomwe imapuma mpweya wam'mlengalenga. Koma njira yamoyo idasiya chizindikiro chake ndipo nyama yakaleyi idasintha mitundu ingapo. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndizokhoza kusambira pansi pamadzi ndikupumira mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngati chinyama chikuwona kuti chili pachiwopsezo pamwamba pamadzi, ndipo muyenera kupumira, ndiye kuti desman mosamala amatulutsa manyazi ake ndi mphuno pamwamba pamadzi ndikupuma. Izi zimapitilira mpaka ngoziyo itasowa.
Ngakhale kuti Wamng'ono waku Russia akumva bwino, samachitapo kanthu pazokakamiza zonse. Kawirikawiri zanenedwa kuti zolankhula za anthu kapena phokoso la ziweto pagombe nthawi zina sizimakhala zofanana ndi kuwaza pang'ono kapena kugundana kwaudzu pagombe. Komabe, wolandirayo amayesa kusunga chinsinsi ndikubisala pachiwopsezo chilichonse.
Wobadwa ku Russia nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu am'banja. Banja limodzi ndi la gulu limodzi lotukuka, momwe anthu onse amakhala mwamtendere. Koma nyamazi sizingatchulidwe zamtendere komanso zosasunthika! Nthawi zambiri, mikangano imabuka pakati pa nthumwi za mabanja osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimatha kubweretsa imfa ya m'modzi mwa anthuwo. Koma izi ndizochepa. Nthawi zambiri mlandu umatha ndi chiwonetsero mwamtendere kapena kuwopsezedwa. Kuukira kumawoneka kawirikawiri kuchokera kuzinyama zazikulu zazing'ono zazing'ono zochokera kubanja loyandikana nalo.
Wolemba ku Russia amayesetsa kusunga ubale wabwino ndi nyama zam'madzi komanso zam'madzi zamtundu wina. Chifukwa chake, ndi beaver, pamakhala mawonekedwe ena ofanana. Khokhula nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito maenje a beaver pazinthu zake zokha, ndipo ngati amalipira amadya mbewa zomwe zimatha kunyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a beaver. Chifukwa chake, onse amapindula. Palibe mpikisano wazakudya ndi ma beavers ku Russia desman.
Ndi nyama ina yam'madzi, muskrat, desman amapanga ubale wosunthika. Nyama sizimakumana molunjika ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala mumtsinje womwewo, komabe, sizachilendo kuti nyama yayikulu muskrat kuthamangitsa nyama yofooka. Izi zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha madokotala m'malo ena.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, bambo wachi Russia amakhala m'magulu am'banja omwe amakhala ndi makolo komanso m'badwo womaliza wa nyama zazing'ono. Nthawi zina, ndi kuchuluka kwa nyama, anthu osagwirizana kapena ana okulirapo amalowa m'banjamo. Banja lililonse la desman limakhala mumtsinje wake ndipo limayang'anira malo mozungulira. Mukakumana ndi nthumwi za mabanja oyandikana nawo, mikangano ingabuke.
Wolemba ku Russia amabereka kawiri pachaka. Nthawi zambiri masika (nyengo yamadzi osefukira) komanso nthawi yophukira. Mimba mwa mkazi imakhala pafupifupi miyezi 1.5. Nthawi yonseyi amakonza chipinda chimodzi mu dzenjelo, momwe amaberekeramo ndikudyetsa anawo. M'ngalande imodzi, hohuli ili ndi ana asanu. Amabadwa amaliseche, opanda chitetezo komanso opanda chodzitetezera, omwe amangolemera magalamu 3-5 okha. Pakadutsa milungu iwiri, mayiyo amasamalira ana, kudyetsa mkaka, kutentha ndi kunyambita. Pambuyo pake, mayiyo amayamba kuchoka mchipindacho kuti akapumule kwakanthawi kochepa. Amuna amateteza banja ndikusamalira akazi panthawiyi.
Ngati mkaziyo wasokonezeka panthawi yakulera, nthawi zambiri amasamutsira ana kuchipinda china kapena kubowola kwina. Mayi amayendetsa anawo m'madzi, kuwaika pamimba. Abambo omwe amakhala ndi nkhawa nthawi zambiri amakhala oyamba kuchoka pamtengopo.
Kwa mwezi woyamba, mayi amadyetsa ana ndi mkaka wokha. Ana akakwanitsa mwezi umodzi amakula mano ndipo amayamba kulawa chakudya chachikulire. Kuyambira pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ndi theka, desman wachichepere amayamba kutuluka mu dzenje ndikuyesera kupeza chakudya paokha. Pofika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, amakhala atadziyimira pawokha, ndipo pakadutsa miyezi 11 amakhala okhwima mwauzimu ndikusiya mzere wa makolo.
Adani achilengedwe achifumu achi Russia
Ngakhale woperekayo amakhala moyo wachinsinsi komanso wosamala, ali ndi adani ambiri kuthengo! Pokhala ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, nyamayi nthawi zambiri imakhala nyama ya adani.
Adani akulu pamtunda:
- nkhandwe;
- otters;
- ziphuphu;
- nkhalango zakutchire;
- mbalame zina zodya nyama.
Nthawi zambiri, nyama yaubweya imagwidwa pansi, chifukwa miyendo yake ndiyabwino kuti isinthidwe poyenda pamtunda. Nthawi yowopsa kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi kusefukira kwamadzi masika. Ndipo panthawi imeneyi nthawi yakumasulira imagwa. Nyama zotanganidwa ndi kusankha awiriwa sizikhala tcheru, ndipo malo osungidwazo amawasowetsa malo okhala achilengedwe - maenje. Chifukwa chake, desman amakhala nyama yosavuta ya adani. Nguluwe zakutchire zimapwetekanso, zomwe, ngakhale sizisaka achikulire, nthawi zambiri zimaswa maenje awo.
M'madzi, hochula ndiwothamanga kwambiri ndipo sichitha kuukiridwa, koma ngakhale kuno siyabwino kwenikweni. Nyama yaying'ono imatha kulanda nyama yayikulu kapena mphamba. Munthu ndi zochita zake akhala mdani wina woopsa wa desman. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, amapha nyama chifukwa cha ubweya ndi musk. Koma ngati tsopano kusaka malonda a hohul ndikoletsedwa ndipo kuli pachitetezo, kuwonongedwa kwa malo ake achilengedwe kukupitilizabe kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nyama zakale izi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kalelo, zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, wolamulira wachi Russia adakhala pafupifupi ku Europe konse ndipo ziwerengero zake zinali pabwino. Koma pazaka 100-150 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa nyamazi kwatsika kwambiri ndikugawana. Masiku ano, khasu limapezeka nthawi zina m'malo ena a Volga, Don, Ural ndi Dnieper. Komanso, kukumana kosowa kwa desman kudadziwika m'chigawo cha Chelyabinsk ndi Tomsk.
Chifukwa chobisalira, kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa chinyama kumabweretsa zovuta zingapo, ndiye pakadali pano nambala yake siyikudziwika. Koma ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chiwerengero cha anthu olipirira masiku ano, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, pafupifupi anthu 30-40,000. Iyi ndi nambala yochepa, poyerekeza ndi ziweto zam'mbuyomu, pomwe zikopa zikwizikwi za nyamazi zimabweretsedwa kumawonetsedwe chaka chilichonse, koma zimasiya chiyembekezo chamoyochi.
Kuteteza kwa wachi Russia
Tsopano wolamulira waku Russia ndi mitundu yosowa yocheperako. Ili pafupi kutha ndipo yalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, komanso ikutetezedwa ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse lapansi. Pofuna kuteteza wolamulirayo ku Russia komanso madera oyandikana nawo, malo angapo osungiramo nyama zakutchire pafupifupi 80 apangidwa, momwe nyama zimatetezedwa ndikuphunzirira.
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20s ku USSR, komanso ku Russia kwamakono, mapulogalamu obwezeretsanso munthu waku Russia akhala akukhazikitsidwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Chifukwa cha izi, mwachitsanzo, anthu adawonekera ndikukhalapo mu beseni la Ob. Pali chiwerengero chake, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kovuta, pafupifupi 2.5 zikwi nyama. Koma zoyesayesa zambiri sizinatheke. mtundu wakale uwu sunamvetsetsedwe bwino.
Ngakhale kuti nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo ili pachiwopsezo, wolowetsayo akadali wokondweretsabe ngati nyama yaubweya wamalonda ndipo amasandulikanso kosaka nyama zosaka nyama. Maukonde osodza, momwe ziweto zambiri zimawonongeka, siowopsa. Izi zimasokonezanso kubwezeretsa kwa anthu aku desman.
Wolemba wachi Russia - m'modzi mwa oimira akale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Nyama izi zawona mammoth, zawona pafupifupi magawo onse amakulidwe a anthu, sizinapulumuke tsoka limodzi lokha, koma zitha kufa mzaka zikubwerazi chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu. Pofuna kupewa izi, wofesayo ayenera kutetezedwa ndikutetezedwa. Kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi sikungatheke popanda kusungidwa ndi kubwezeretsa malo achilengedwe a nyama zabwino zamtunduwu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.01.2019
Idasinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 13:27
