Machaon ndi gulugufe wamkulu wokongola kwambiri yemwe amatuluka m'mapiko ake akumbuyo, chifukwa cha dzina lachilendo kwa sing'anga wakale wachi Greek Machaon.
Kufotokozera kwa Swallowtail
Papilio machaon ndi banja lamabwato oyendetsa sitima (okwera pamahatchi), gawo lina la Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera). Kulongosola koyamba kwa gulugufe, monga dzina lake lachilatini, ndi la Karl Linnaeus.
Maonekedwe
Mapiko a swallowtail sakhala achikaso kwenikweni: nthawi zina amakhala oyera, okhala ndi mitsempha yakuda, ndipo amakhala ndi malire akuda okhala ndi masentimita owoneka bwino. Ndondomekoyi imawonedwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo, kumbuyo kwake kumawoneka kowala komanso kosavuta.
Mafunde akuda buluu (buluu wotumbululuka) amayenda pamapiko akumbuyo kwa swallowtail, ochepetsedwa ndi "malire" akuda pamwambapa ndi pansipa. Mbali ya mapiko oyandikana ndi thupi la gulugufe ili ndi "diso" lofiira / lalanje lodziwika bwino lokhala ndi mawonekedwe akuda. Kuphatikiza apo, mapiko akumbuyo amapatsidwa michira ya flirty (mpaka 1 cm kutalika).
Thupi la swallowtail, lodzala ndi tsitsi lowala, limadulidwa pamizere ingapo yosadziwika bwino pamimba ndi pachifuwa, pomwe kumbuyo kumawoneka kwakuda kwambiri chifukwa cha mzere wakuda wakuda womwe umayambira kumutu mpaka pansi. Zipangizo zam'kamwa zimawoneka ngati khungu lakuda, lokutidwa ngati losafunikira ndikuwongoleredwa kuyamwa timadzi tokoma. Pamphumi, pali tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mabampu owonekera kumapeto kwa nsonga.
Zofunika. Mutu wozungulira komanso wokhala pansi umakhala ndi maso ovuta kukhala pambali. Maso amathandiza chida chomeza kusiyanitsa mitundu ya zinthu ndi zinthu, potero amayenda malowa.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa mtundu / utoto kumatengera nthawi yakuwonekera kwa agulugufe komanso dera lomwe amakhala. Kumpoto chakumpoto kwake, ndi kolowera ndi kumeza. Zitsanzo zochepa zowoneka bwino zimawoneka pakati pa agulugufe am'badwo woyamba, pomwe m'badwo wachiwiri umangowala chabe, komanso wokulirapo. Zowona, m'badwo woyamba, mitundu yakuda yamapiko imakhala yosiyana kwambiri. Ngati chilimwe chimakhala chotentha kwambiri, nthawi zambiri akalulu ang'onoang'ono amatuluka pachilonda chodzikongoletsa chakuda.
Papilio machaon ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi Papilio ochereza alendo (Corsican boatboat), koma amasiyana nawo m'malo akulu ofiira / amtambo, osachita mdima wamapiko ndi mchira wautali.
Makulidwe a Swallowtail
Ndi gulugufe wamkulu wobisalira wokhala ndi mapiko a 64 mpaka 95 mm. Kukula kwa swallowtail kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wake, kukula (1, 2 kapena 3), komanso komwe amakhala.
Moyo
Swallowtail, monga mabwato ena, imagwira ntchito masiku otentha a dzuwa. Nthawi yotere, maluwa ake omwe amawakonda komanso inflorescence amapezeka kwa iye, omwe amamupatsa timadzi tokoma todzaza ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Swallows amafuna timadzi tokoma tambiri, chifukwa chake amapezeka m'mapaki, madambo ndi minda.
Amuna ndi gawo, pakati pa gawo lomwe lasankhidwa ndilotalika kwambiri. Amuna a Swallowtail nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu (anthu 10-15), amakhazikika pa manyowa kapena m'mphepete mwa madzi apafupi. Amuna ndi akazi amakhalanso paphiri, mitengo yayitali, kapena kuwuluka mlengalenga, kuwonetsa kuvina kwakumtunda ndi kutsika.
Zosangalatsa. Mwachilengedwe, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kugwila gulugufe wokhala ndi mapiko ake otseguka kwathunthu mchimango, chifukwa chakumbuyo nthawi zambiri chimakhala chobisika pansi pa kutsogolo.
Izi zimachitika pomwe cheza cha dzuŵa chimagwera pa chilled swallowtail (kutuluka kwa dzuwa kapena ikamagwa mvula), ndipo chimatambasula mapiko ake momwe angathere kuti chifundire ndikuuluka mwachangu. Swallowtail amatambasula mapiko ake abwino kwa mphindi zochepa, ndipo kujambula chithunzi panthawiyi kumawerengedwa kuti kupambana kwa wojambula zithunzi.
Utali wamoyo
Kuthamanga kwa Swallowtail (poganizira nyengo) kumagwera masika-nthawi yophukira, pomwe m'badwo umodzi, iwiri kapena itatu ya agulugufe amabadwa. Nyamayi zambiri padziko lapansi zimapereka mibadwo iwiri, kumpoto kwa mndandanda - umodzi wokha, koma ku North Africa - ochulukirapo atatu. Kuuluka kwa agulugufe m'malo otentha kumatenga kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti, ku kontrakitala waku Africa kuyambira Marichi mpaka Novembala. Kutalika kwa moyo wa swallowtail (osatengera dera) ndi pafupifupi masabata atatu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kugonana kwam'matumbo kumafotokozedwa moperewera ndipo kumadziwonetsera makamaka kukula kwa agulugufe. Amuna ndi ocheperako kuposa akazi, omwe amatha kuwona, makamaka, ndi mapiko a mapiko: m'mbuyomu, chizindikirochi ndi 64-81 mm, kumapeto kwake, chimayambira 74 mpaka 95 mm.
Swallowtail gulugufe subspecies
Lepidopterologists (entomologists omwe amafufuza agulugufe) amalankhula zamagulu ambiri a Papilio machaon, akutsutsana za munthu womaliza. Ena ali ndi ma subspecies osachepera 37, ena theka.
Ma subspecies osankhidwa a swallowtail amapezeka ku Eastern Europe, subspecies britannicus Seitz ku Great Britain, ndi subspecies gorganus ku Central Europe, kumwera kwa Russia Plain komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Caucasus. Ku Japan, zilumba za Kuril ndi Sakhalin, ma hippocrates subspecies amakhala, momwe mzere wamtambo (pamwamba pamaso a mapiko akumbuyo) umakhala pakati pa akuda awiri. Ma sachalinensis subspecies siopatsa chidwi ngati akalulu ena, ndipo amaoneka owoneka achikaso wowala kwambiri.
Mu 1928, katswiri wa tizilombo ku Japan Matsumura adalongosola zazing'ono ziwiri za swallowtail - chishimana Mats. (Shikotan Island) ndi mandschurica (Manchuria). Kwa asayansi ena, amakayikirabe.
Kwa Trans-Baikal steppes ndi Central Yakutia, ma subspecies awiri amadziwika - orientis (omwe amapezeka kumwera chakummwera) ndi asiatica (okhala kumpoto pang'ono). Ma orientis subspecies, okhala ndi michira yofupikitsa pamapiko ndi utoto wakuda m'mitsempha, imadziwikanso kumwera kwa Siberia. Mtundu wosangalatsa wa utoto ukuwoneka m'ma subspecies kamtschadalus - apa pali kusinthasintha kwamtundu wakuda pamapiko ndikusunga chikasu chowala kwambiri, komanso kuchepa kwa mchira.
Beseni la pakati ndi lotsika la Amur mumakhala subspecies amurensis, chowala chachikaso chameza chokhala ndi michira yayifupi. M'madera a Amur ndi Primorye, ussuriensis subspecies yadziwika, yomwe mibadwo yawo yachilimwe imasiyanitsidwa ndi anthu akulu - okhala ndi mapiko mpaka 94 mm mwa akazi. Ena amisonkho samazindikira ussuriensis subspecies, amatcha mawonekedwe achilimwe a amurensis subspecies.
Pamodzi ndi omwe adatchulidwawo, ma entomologists amasiyanitsa magawo ena angapo a swallowtail:
- aliaska Scudder - amakhala ku North America;
- centralis - kum'mawa kwa Greater Caucasus, gombe la Caucasus la Caspian Sea, steppes / semi-chipululu cha Northern Caspian, Talysh Mountains, Kura Valley ndi Iran;
- muetingi Seyer - Elbrus;
- weidenhofferi Seyer - malo otsetsereka akumwera a Kopetdag;
- syriacus ndi gawo laling'ono la ku Asia Minor lomwe limapezeka ku Syria;
- rustaveli - mapiri ataliatali komanso ataliatali a Caucasus.
Subspecies of the swallowtail amakhalabe amadziwika kuti centralis, omwe amangotchedwa mawonekedwe otentha kwambiri a Papilio machaon, ndi weidenhofferi Seyer (kachigawo kakang'ono kasupe kofanana ndi ma subspecies osankhidwa).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Gulugufe la swallowtail limadziwika bwino kwa anthu okhala ku Europe (kupatula ku Ireland ndi Denmark) kuchokera pagombe la Arctic Ocean mpaka ku Black Sea ndi Caucasus. Oimira mitunduyo amachita bwino ku Asia, kuphatikizapo kotentha, komanso North America ndi North Africa.
Zoona. Swallowtail imayandikira nkhalango, nkhalango ndi mapiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'mapiri a ku Ulaya, m'mapiri a Alps, amapezeka pamtunda wa makilomita awiri pamwamba pa nyanja, ku Asia (Tibet) - pamtunda wa makilomita 4.5.
Malo omwe amakhala ngati swallowtail ndi malo otseguka monga:
- matsamba ndi madera ouma amiyala;
- kugwa;
- mesophilic meadows;
- udzu wautali ndi madambo onyowa;
- mapaki a mzinda ndi nkhalango;
- minda ya zipatso ndi minda ya mitengo.
Amakonda ma biotopes otenthedwa bwino okhala ndi malo achinyezi, pomwe ma ambulera azakudya amakula. Kumpoto, swallowtail amakhala mumtunda, m'nkhalango momwe amayenda pafupipafupi m'mbali ndi magalasi, amathawira m'mbali mwa misewu. Iye sachita manyazi kwa chilengedwe yokumba, otchedwa agrocenoses.
M'chigwa cha Caspian (Azerbaijan, Kalmykia ndi dera la Astrakhan), chimatsatira kuyanika mapiri kapena zipululu zopanda kanthu. Pomwe zimasamukira kwina, nthawi zina zimawulukira m'mizinda yaying'ono komanso yayikulu, kuphatikiza madera akuluakulu.
Zakudya zam'madzi
M'mapiri ndi zipululu za ku Central Asia, chowawa chimakhala chomera chachikulu. Pakati panjira, swallowtail imadyetsa makamaka maambulera:
- hogweed ndi kaloti (zakutchire / wamba);
- katsabola, parsley ndi fennel;
- angelica, udzu winawake ndi chitowe;
- horticultural, buteny ndi prangos;
- gircha, zodulira ndi girchavnitsa;
- ntchafu ya saxifrage, wodula wamba ndi ena.
M'magawo ena a biotopes, swallowtail imadyetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya rue (Amur velvet, bush ash, mitundu yonse yamasamba athunthu) ndi birch, kuphatikiza alder ya Maksimovich ndi alder yaku Japan yomwe ikukula ku Southern Kuriles. Akuluakulu amamwa timadzi tokoma, timayamwa ndi ma proboscis awo, ndikuuluka kuchokera pamaluwa kupita ku maluwa osangokhala ambulera zokha.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mayi wankazi amatha kuikira mazira 120 pa moyo wake wawufupi. Njirayi imachitika mlengalenga, pomwe gulugufe amauluka pamwamba pazomera, atagona pansi pamunsi pa tsamba kapena mbali yotsalira ya tsinde. M'madera otentha, nthawi zambiri mazira amapezeka pa ambulera kapena mbewu zilizonse. Pakufika kamodzi, yaikazi imayikira mazira angapo, nthawi zina atatu, ang'onoang'ono ozungulira, nthawi zambiri amakhala achikasu achikasu.
Gawo la dzira limatenga masiku 4-5, pambuyo pake mbozi yakuda (larva) imatuluka mmenemo ndi "ziphuphu" zowala komanso malo oyera oyera kumbuyo kwake. Akamakula, malasankhuli amasintha utoto wake kukhala wa mizere yopingasa, pomwe pamakhala mizere yobiriwirako yakuda ndi yakuda (yokhala ndi madontho a lalanje).
Mphutsi zimadya ndikukula mpaka 8-9 mm sabata limodzi. Chakudya chomwe mbozi imakonda kwambiri ndi maluwa ndi thumba losunga mazira, makamaka masamba am'maluwa. Mboziyo imagwira ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri ndipo sigwa pansi, ngakhale ikamadula tsinde ndikupita nayo kwina.
Zosangalatsa. Tsiku limodzi, mphutsi imodzi imatha kuwononga kabedi kakang'ono katsabola. Koma pakutha pa kukula kwake, mphutsi sizimadya.
Gawo lomaliza, kusanachitike gulugufe wokongola, ndi kuphunzira. Kusintha kukhala pupa kumachitika pa tsinde la chomera chodyedwa kapena chapafupi. Mtundu wa pupa umadziwika ndi nyengo. Achilimwe amakhala obiriwira achikasu ndipo amakhala m'masabata 2-3 okha. Zima nthawi zonse zimakhala zofiirira, chifukwa zimatsanzira mtundu wamakungwa ndi masamba omwe agwa. Amabadwanso kukhala gulugufe miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, pakakhala kutentha kokhazikika.
Adani achilengedwe
Ana a Papilio machaon amasakidwa ndi mbalame, kuphatikizapo buntings, titi ndi nightingales, kuwononga mpaka 40-50% ya mbozi. Kuphatikiza pa mbalame, adani achilengedwe a swallowtail onse ndi tizilombo, kuphatikizapo akangaude akulu. Monga mabwato onse, swallowtail (makamaka, mbozi yake) imapatsidwa zida zodzitetezera kuyambira pakubadwa - iyi ndi kansalu kooneka ngati mphanda mu gawo la prothoracic, lotchedwa osmeterium.
Mbozi yosokonezeka imatulutsa osmeterium (nyanga ziwiri zowala za lalanje), yotulutsa chinsinsi chachikaso cha lalanje ndi fungo lonunkhira.
Kuopseza ndi osmeteria kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha ndi mphutsi zazing'ono komanso zapakati: mbozi zazikulu sizigwiritsanso ntchito gland. Kutulutsa koopsa kwa osmeteria kumayenda bwino polimbana ndi mavu, nyerere, ndi ntchentche, koma kulibe ntchito konse ku mbalame. Apa gulugufe amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zina - amatambasula mapiko ake mwachangu, ndikuwatulutsa ndi mitundu yowala ndikusintha chidwi cha nyamayo kuchoka ku ziwalo zake zofunikira kupita kumaso / michira yamapiko.
Mtengo wachuma
Zachinyengo, pakuchulukitsa, makamaka pafupi ndi mbewu zaulimi, m'nkhalango, m'minda kapena m'mapaki, gulugufe wokhoza kumatha amatha kusandulika tizilombo, chifukwa mbozi zake zimadya maluwa ndi mazira ambiri azomera. Koma m'moyo weniweni, swallowtail (chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo) samavulaza ulimi ndipo nawonso amafunika chitetezo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pamndandanda wofiira wa IUCN, Papilio machaon ali mgulu la LC ngati mitundu yazovuta kwambiri. Ngakhale izi zikucheperachepera, kugawanika kwamphamvu komanso kuchepa kwa anthu okhwima, swallowtail akadali mtundu wofala, makamaka mdera la Mediterranean.
Malinga ndi IUCN, kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kwatsika ndi ochepera 25% pazaka khumi zapitazi, ndikupangitsa mitunduyo kukhala LC.
Komabe, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu akumaloko kumadziwika m'maiko ena aku Europe, North Africa ndi Middle East. Madera ena amapereka ziwerengero, ena amangonena kuchepa:
- Morocco - kuchepa kwa anthu ndi 30-50%;
- Portugal ndi Montenegro - mwa 10-30%;
- Israeli - kusinthasintha koopsa;
- Croatia ndi Algeria - ikuchepa.
Papilio machaon anaphatikizidwa ndi Red Data Books ku Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, ndipo amatetezedwa mwamphamvu m'maiko amenewa. The swallowtail sichipezeka pamasamba a Red Book of Russia, lomwe limafotokozedwa ndikusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa manambala zigawo zina. Koma agulugufe adakhala otetezedwa ndipo mzaka zingapo adapezeka mu Red Books of Moscow, Crimea, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Rostov, Belgorod ndi Leningrad.
Akatswiri a tizilombo amagawanitsa zinthu zomwe zimakhudza anthu azachilengedwe ndi anthropogenic.
Ziwopsezo zachilengedwe:
- kutentha kwa mpweya, kusowa kwa dzuwa nthawi yokwatirana / ovipositor;
- kugwa kwamvula yayitali, komwe kumabweretsa kugonjetsedwa kwa mphutsi ndi majeremusi / bowa;
- kusamutsidwa kwa mbewu zakunja kwa umbellate zakomweko (touch-me-not glandular, Sosnovsky's hogweed ndi ena);
- chisanu choyambirira, kuteteza kuphulika kwa mphutsi ndikumwalira.
Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda zomwe zimawononga kapena kuwononga malo omwe amakhala a swallowtail:
- moto wa m'nkhalango, makamaka moto wam'mapiri ndi udzu udagwa;
- mankhwala ophera tizilombo a nthaka yaulimi;
- kulima malo osalankhula a steppe;
- chitukuko chachikulu;
- steppe nkhalango;
- kudyetsa kwambiri;
- Kuwonongeka kwa malo odyetserako ziweto osokonezeka;
- kuwonongedwa kwa mbozi komanso agulugufe osonkhanitsa.
Kusunga swallowtail, osachepera anthu aku Europe, kuthandizira njira izi - kubwezeretsa kwa udzu wa dambo; mitundu yapaderadera yodulira maluwa / madambo kuti asadzaze ndi zokolola; kuteteza kusamutsidwa kwa ma ambulera ndi udzu wina; Kutsata chiletso cha kasupe kudagwa ndipo chindapusa chowonjezeka pakuphwanya. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizoletsedwa kuthamangitsa akameza, kusonkhanitsa mbozi ndi agulugufe kuti azitolere.
