Dera la Moscow, ngakhale lili ndi mizinda yambiri, lili ndi nyama zolemera. Nyama za ku Moscow ndi dera la Moscow zimayimiriridwa ndi taiga, steppe ndi mitundu ina, iliyonse yomwe yapeza mwayi wake.
Zinyama ndi nyengo m'chigawo cha Moscow
Dera la dera la Moscow, lomwe lili pa nambala 57 m'chigawo cha Russian Federation, si lalikulu kwenikweni ndipo limakhala pafupifupi 44.4 km². Komabe, malo ambiri okhala ndi zakutchire, pafupifupi zachilengedwe adasungidwa pano. Kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa zamoyo kumathandizidwanso ndi nyengo yotentha yapadziko lonse lapansi yotentha komanso nyengo yozizira yozizira, yokhala ndi chivundikiro cha chipale chofikira theka la mita ndipo chimasungunuka pafupipafupi. Chipale chofewa choyamba chimagwa mu Novembala, ndipo Januware amadziwika kuti ndi mwezi wowopsa kwambiri, pomwe nthaka imazizira kwambiri ndi 0.6-0.8 m.
Pafupifupi masiku 130 pachaka, mpweya m'chigawo cha Moscow satentha kwambiri, ndipo kutentha ndi chisanu zimamveka bwino kummawa / kumwera chakum'mawa, komwe kumafotokozedwa ndi nyengo yotchuka kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa derali sikununkhunike ngati kumpoto chakumadzulo. Zaraysk amadziwika kuti ndi mzinda wotentha kwambiri, ndipo Julayi ndiye mwezi wowala kwambiri.
Nyama za m'chigawo cha Moscow zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe osintha. Kumpoto chakumadzulo, nyama zenizeni za taiga zimakhala (mwachitsanzo, chimbalangondo chofiirira ndi mphaka), ndipo kumwera kuli omvera enieni a steppes, kuphatikiza imvi hamster ndi jerboa.
Nyama za m'chigawo cha Moscow (kupatula tizilombo tosawerengeka) ndi mitundu pafupifupi 450, yophatikiza nthenga, kusambira ndi masewera apansi, komanso zokwawa ndi amphibiya.
Zinyama
Zoologists kuwerengera mitundu 75 kuchokera mabanja 21 ndi 6 madongosolo. Zowononga zazikulu (zimbalangondo, amphaka ndi mimbulu), nguluwe zambiri (agwape, mphalapala ndi agwape), makoswe (imvi / makoswe akuda, mbewa, agologolo, nyani ndi agologolo apansi), tizilombo (ma moles ndi ma shrews), komanso ma martens amapezeka m'chigawo cha Moscow. mbira, beavers, agalu a raccoon, nkhandwe, muskrats, hares, otters, steppe chories ndi nyama zina.
Palinso mitundu yodziwika: American mink, squirrel, flying Siberia. Pali mitundu yoposa 10 ya mileme m'chigawo cha Moscow.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira
Nyama iyi, yosowa kwambiri m'chigawo cha Moscow (anthu 10-20), imakhala m'nkhalango zakuya zowononga mphepo, mabulosi wandiweyani komanso udzu wamtali, makamaka kumadzulo / kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa deralo. Chimbalangondo chimakhala chokha, chikuyang'ana madera ndikukhala kudera la 73 mpaka 414 km². Mkazi amakhala ndi anawo, koma dera lake ndi locheperapo kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa lamphongo.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala chodabwitsa, koma chakudyacho chimayang'aniridwa ndi (75%) zomera:
- zipatso;
- mtedza ndi acorn;
- tubers, mizu ndi zimayambira.
Chimbalangondo chimadya tizilombo, nyongolotsi, abuluzi, achule, makoswe (mbewa, agologolo apansi, mbozi, chipmunks) ndi nsomba.
Deer mfulu
Mitundu yowonjezera, yobwereranso kudera la Moscow. Amapezeka m'nkhalango zamitundumitundu, koma amakonda masamba ofiira komanso owala, pomwe pali madambo aulere komanso tchire lalitali. Chuma chomwe chimadyetsa akalulu, chimakhala chaching'ono m'chigawo cha agwape ofiira. Izi ndi nyama zachitukuko komanso zachigawo - nswala zazikulu zomwe zimayang'anira kuwonongeka kwa malire zimathamangitsa mlendo yemwe akuyenda m'gulu la ziweto.
Nkhandwe wamba
Wodziwika kuti wamkulu kwambiri m'banjamo - kutalika pakufota ndi 0.7-0.9 m wokhala ndi thupi lokwanira 1.05-1.6 m ndi kulemera kwa 32 mpaka 62 makilogalamu. Alenje amazindikira mmbulu ndi "chipika" chake, mchira wakuda komanso wopendekera nthawi zonse, womwe umangouza osati za momwe nyamayo imakhalira, komanso udindo wake m'phukusi.
Zosangalatsa. Mmbulu umakhazikika m'malo osiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri umakhala wotseguka (nkhalango, steppe ndi kuyeretsa), kupewa misewu yolimba.
Ubweya wake ndi wautali, wandiweyani komanso wa magawo awiri, zomwe zimapangitsa nkhandweyo kuwoneka yowala kwambiri. Chosanjikiza choyamba ndi tsitsi lolimba lomwe limabwezeretsa madzi / dothi. Mzere wachiwiri (mkanjo) umakhala wopanda madzi pansi.
Mbalame za Moscow
Zinyama zokhala ndi nthenga za ku Moscow ndi dera la Moscow zili ndi mitundu 301, kuphatikiza anyani, atsekwe, ma grebes, nkhanu, akokowe, akabawi, nkhunda, akadzidzi, ma swifts, oponya nkhuni, mpheta ndi nkhanga, komanso nkhuku zosawerengeka, ma charadriiformes ndi cranes.
Little bittern, kapena pamwamba
Zimaswana m'mphepete mwa madzi osasunthika omwe amadzaza ndi zomera. Pamwamba pake ndi mbalame yobisa kwambiri yomwe imadzuka usiku. Ndiwulesi kuwuluka, ndipo amapanga maulendo okakamiza maulendo ataliatali, kuyandikira pafupi ndi madzi komanso nkhalango zamadzi.
Zakudya zazing'ono zakumwa zimaphatikizapo:
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- zamoyo zopanda madzi;
- achule ndi tadpoles;
- anapiye a odutsa ang'ono (osowa).
Pamwambapa pamakwera bango, kumamatira ku zimayambira ndi zala zazitali. Kanyama kakang'ono ngati kameneka, kakuuluka nthawi yozizira ndikubwerera kuchokera kumwera kokha, osapanga ziweto. Nthawi zambiri zimauluka dzuwa litalowa.
Gogol wamba
Bakha wothirira pamadzi wokhala ndi mutu wozungulira wozungulira, wamilomo yayifupi ndi nthenga zakuda ndi zoyera. Zimapezeka m'magulu obalalika, ndipo mosiyana ndi abakha ena samasokera akakhalira m'magulu ambiri.
Miphika ya mitengo (yomwe ikukula m'mphepete mwa nyanja zam'mitsinje ndi mitsinje) imakhala ngati zisa, pomwe mkazi amayikira mazira 5 mpaka 13 obiriwira. Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi zopanda nyama. Gogi wamba amapita nyengo yozizira kumadera ofunda, komwe kuli nyanja, mitsinje ikuluikulu, malo osungira kapena nyanja.
Nkhono yotulutsa peregine
Wodya nyama ya mphamba, kukula kwake kwa khwangwala. Kumbuyo kuli ndi nthenga zakutchire, m'mimba muli mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yopepuka, kumtunda kwa mutu ndikuda. Chidziwitso chamakhalidwe ndi "masharubu" akuda.
Falcon ndi mbalame yothamanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imathamanga mtunda wopitilira 322 km / h (90 m / s) ikakwera ndege. Ndege yopingasa, othamanga okha ndi omwe amathamanga mwachangu kuposa khanda la peregrine.
Chilombocho chimasaka nyama monga:
- nyenyezi;
- nkhunda;
- abakha ndi mbalame zina zazing'ono;
- nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono (kangapo).
Kabawi wa peregrine amatsata wovutitsidwayo kuchokera pakhonde kapena poyandama mlengalenga, ndipo atawona, imakwera ndikutsikira pansi pafupifupi mbali yakumanja, ndikumakoka mwamphamvu ndi mapiko ake atakulungidwa ndikuthinikiza thupi. Kuphulika ndi zikhadabo kumakhala kwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti ngakhale mutu wa masewera akulu nthawi zina amauluka.
Zokwawa ndi amphibiya
Nyama za m'chigawochi ku Moscow zikuyimiridwa ndi mitundu 11 ya amphibians ndi mitundu 6 ya zokwawa, zonse zili ndi poizoni ndipo sizikuwopseza anthu.
Njoka wamba
Njoka zonse zili ndi zida zowopsa zonse zokhala ndi mpata wautali (apo ayi pakamwa simatseka) mano, omwe amapita patsogolo akalumidwa. Mano okhala ndi ngalande za mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri amatuluka, ndikupatsanso njira zatsopano.
Zofunika. Njokayo ili ndi thupi lakuda, mchira waufupi komanso mutu wawung'ono wonyezimira wokhala ndi zotupa za poizoni, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa mthupi ndi kutulutsa kwa khomo lachiberekero.
Njoka wamba imakhala m'nkhalango ndipo imapakidwa m'malo oyenera amawu, kuyisanjikiza kwa omwe angakhudzidwe (makoswe ang'ono ndi achule). Kuukira, njokayo imabweretsa chibayo, ndikudikirira poyizoni kuti ayime nyama.
Buluzi wa Nimble
Ali ndi thupi lokhalitsa, lopanikizika pang'ono kuchokera m'mbali, ndi tsitsi laling'onoting'ono pazala zake, zomwe zimamuthandiza kukwera msangadza ndi miyala. Maso ali ndi zikope zosunthika ndipo amakhala ndi nembanemba yosokoneza. Monga abuluzi onse, amasiyanitsa zinthu bwino, koma amasaka zokhazokha zomwe zikuyenda.
Chokwawa chimamva bwino, ndipo nsonga ya foloko ya lilime imakhudza kukhudza, kununkhiza komanso kulawa.
Zokonda kwambiri za abuluzi zimakonda tizilombo timene timakhala ndi mphutsi, mollusks wapadziko lapansi ndi mavuvi. M'chaka, atadzuka, abuluzi amayamba kuberekana, akuikira mazira 16 m'mayenje osaya, owunikiridwa bwino ndi dzuwa.
Chingwe chopepuka
Imawerengedwa pakati pa abuluzi opanda miyendo omwe adataya miyendo yawo pakusintha, koma amasiyanitsidwa ndi njoka ndi zikope zosunthika, zotsegulira zakunja zakunja (kumbuyo kwamaso) ndi mchira waukulu.
Chingwe chopindika, chomwe chimatchedwanso mutu wamkuwa, chimakula mpaka theka la mita ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakhala cha bulauni / imvi ndi chitsulo chachitsulo. Amuna amatulutsa mawanga akulu akuda kapena amtambo omwe amakhala kumbuyo. Ma Albino nthawi zina amapezeka pakati pamutu wamkuwa - anthu okhala ndi thupi loyera pinki komanso maso ofiira.
Oimira mitunduyi amakonda moyo wachinsinsi, ndipo amadyako mphalapala, nsabwe zamatabwa, nyongolotsi ndi mbozi.
Nsomba
M'madamu achilengedwe a dera la Moscow, malinga ndi akatswiri a ichthyologists, mitundu osachepera 50 ya nsomba imapezeka. Anthu okhala pansi pamadzi amasiyana mosiyanasiyana m'malo awo, omwe amawagawika m'magulu atatu - mtsinje, nyanja yamtsinje ndi nsomba zam'madzi.
Pike
Nyamayi yofanana ndi torpedo imakula mpaka 2 mita, ikukula mpaka mafunde atatu ndikukhala (pansi pazabwino) kwa zaka zosachepera 30. Pike ili ndi mutu wakuthwa komanso pakamwa podzaza ndi mano akuthwa, pomwe maulesi aulesi, minnows ndi roach zimagwa.
Pike ndi wosusuka kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi zambiri samakhutira ndi nsomba, koma amalimbana ndi cholengedwa chilichonse choposa 1/3 cha kutalika kwa pike. Timadontho / mbewa zomwe mwangozi zimapezeka zili m'madzi, komanso mbalame zazing'ono zam'madzi kapena anapiye awo, nthawi zambiri zimagwera m'munda wamawonedwe, kenako mkamwa mwake.
Tench
Nsomba zamathambo zochokera kubanja la cyprinid lokhala ndi thupi lalifupi lokutidwa ndi masikelo owoneka bwino (mpaka 100 mkatikati) ndi ntchofu zambiri. Mapiko a caudal alibe cholembera, ndipo utoto umadziwika ndi malo okhala.
Zoona. M'madzi oyera okhala ndi mchenga, mizere yobiriwira yobiriwira imapezeka, ndipo m'matumba amadzi - bulauni yakuda ndi utoto wamkuwa.
Lin amakonda kusintha ndipo sakonda kusuntha kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri nsombazi zimayima pakati pa nkhalango, pafupifupi pansi, ikubisala pamenepo chifukwa cha kuwala. Imasaka nyama zosagontha zam'mimba za benthic - molluscs, mbozi ndi tizilombo.
Bream wamba
Amadziwikanso kuti kum'mawa kapena ku Danube bream. Mitundu yazing'ono imatchedwa obereketsa. Msuziwo umakhala ndi thupi lokwera, mpaka pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwake, komwe kuli keel yopanda malire yomwe imapezeka pakati pa mapiko amchiuno ndi kumatako. Pakamwa ndi pamutu pa bream ndizochepa, ndipo yoyamba imathera mu chubu chosungunuka.
Izi ndi nsomba zochenjera komanso zochenjera zomwe zimakonda kukhala limodzi. Amakhala m'magulu ophatikizika, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madzi akuya, pomwe pali zomera zambiri.
Akangaude
Amasiyana ndi tizilombo ndi kuchuluka kwa miyendo (8, osati 6). Ma arachnid onse owopsa komanso opanda poyizoni amakhala mdera la Moscow. Otsatirawa akuphatikizapo akangaude anyumba, oyenda chammbali, zoluka, opanga udzu ndi ena.
Knitter
Amakhala kuthengo kokha, amapewa kukumana ndi anthu. Oluka akufuna kulanda mtundu umodzi wa tizilombo (udzudzu wa miyendo yayitali) ndipo ndi kwa iwo kuti amaluka maulalo akuluakulu ozungulira.
Zosangalatsa. Choluka chowopsya chimatambasula miyendo yake mthupi kuti isanduke udzu wa mdani, osawonekera pang'ono kumbuyo kwa korona ndi udzu. Akakhudza, udzuwo umagwa pansi ndi kuthawa miyendo yake.
Chotchinga
Mutha kukumana nayo m'nkhalango (zosakanikirana ndi paini), m'madambo, m'malo olimapo, madambo ndi minda. Amayi amakula mpaka 2.5 cm, amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala theka la kukula, koma onse amakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe olankhula, ngati mtanda. Kuphatikiza apo, matupi awo amakhala okutidwa ndi zinthu zopota, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala owala komanso osasungunuka chinyezi. Cephalothorax ili ndi chishango chokhala ndi awiriawiri a maso. Makamaka tizilombo touluka - ntchentche, agulugufe, udzudzu, njuchi ndi zina zambiri - zimakhala nyama yolanda akangaude.
Karakurt
Chifukwa cha ubale wawo wamagazi ndi akazi amasiye akuda, amawoneka kuti ndi owopsa kwambiri, ndipo amachenjeza za izi ndi mtundu wawo wachilendo - mawanga ofiira owala 13 (okhala m'malire oyera) pamiyendo yakuda. Wamphongo wamwamuna samakwanitsa ngakhale sentimita, pomwe mkazi amafikira mpaka 2 cm.
Chisamaliro. Karakurt sakhala kwamuyaya m'chigawo cha Moscow, koma akukwawa kuno kuchokera kumadera oyandikana ndi chilimwe kotentha kwambiri.
Karakurt akuukira, monga lamulo, kuti adziteteze, ndipo akamamuukira, ndi wamkazi amene amaluma kwambiri, akubaya khungu ndi 0,5 mm.
Tizilombo ta ku Moscow
Mitundu yambiri yomwe ikukhala ku Moscow ndi dera la Moscow imaphatikizidwa mu Red Data Book of the Moscow Region (2018). Kukonzanso kwaposachedwa kumafotokoza mitundu 246, yolamulidwa ndi agulugufe (198 taxa), hymenoptera (41) ndi kafadala (mitundu 33).
Woyendetsa Gulugufe
Gulugufe wamasana, yemwe amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango komanso malo ouma, madambo, misewu ndi magombe a mitsinje. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwakukulu pakati pa anthu, nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa pamlingo waukulu. Gulugufe amadya minga modzipereka, zipsera wamba ndi nthula, nthawi yomweyo atayikira mazira pamenepo - tsamba limodzi. Mbozi zimayamba kumeneko kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti.
Chikumbu cha Ladybug
Coccinella septempunctata ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino m'chigawo cha Moscow, mpaka kutalika kwa 7-8 mm m'litali. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira ndi chikopa chakuda chakuda ndi malo oyera komanso elytra yofiira yosalala yokhala ndi madontho 7 akuda. Ladybug amaonedwa kuti ndiwothandiza, chifukwa amadya nsabwe za m'masamba ndi akangaude, amakhala kulikonse komwe tizilomboto timaswana.
Zinyama za Red Book
Buku lamakono la Red Book of the Moscow Region limaphatikizapo mitundu 20 ya zinyama (tizilombo 4 tating'onoting'ono, mileme 5, makoswe 7 ndi 4 nyama zodya nyama), ndipo mitundu 11 sinapezeke mu 1998 Red List.
Magazini yomwe yasinthidwa ikuphatikiza:
- yaying'ono, yaying'ono komanso yopanda mano;
- phwando laling'ono lamadzulo;
- Mleme wa Natterer;
- jekete wachikopa wakumpoto;
- nyumba yogona ndi hazel;
- mbewa yachikasu;
- vole yapansi;
- Mink waku Europe.
Mitundu iwiri - usiku waukulu komanso wochokera ku Russia - amapezekanso mu Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Mitundu yotayika
Pakukhalapo konse kwa Russia m'chigawo cha Moscow, mitundu 4 yasowa: njati, nswala zofiira zaku Europe, mphalapala ndi nkhuku. Omalizawa adatha monga mitundu yachilengedwe, pomwe ena (makamaka njati ndi nswala zofiira), akatswiri azamoyo akuyesera kuti abwererenso.
Asayansi amatchulanso mtundu wachisanu (wolverine), womwe umapezeka nthawi zambiri m'nkhalango za m'chigawo cha Moscow. Nyama zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala m'dera la Smolensk ndi pafupi ndi Tver zinabwera kuno mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Koma kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, mtundu wa wolverine udasunthira kummawa (dera la Kostroma) ndi kumpoto (dera la Vologda).
Kuchepetsa mitundu ya mitundu
Chiyambire kutulutsidwa kwa Red Data Book yoyamba ya Chigawo cha Moscow, palibe mtundu uliwonse womwe udasowa m'dera lake, womwe ukufotokozedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango zazikulu komanso maukonde azachilengedwe opita kudera lobiriwira la Moscow. Koma tsopano oteteza zachilengedwe ali ndi nkhawa ndipo amatchula zinthu zingapo zomwe zikugwedeza zachilengedwe:
- chitukuko chakunyumba yayikulu;
- kumanganso misewu yayikulu;
- kugwiritsa ntchito nkhalango zosangalatsa.
Ndi zifukwa izi zomwe zingachepetse mitundu ya mitundu, yomwe imadziwika kale mkati mwa radius ya 30-40 km kuchokera kulikulu.
Mitundu yambiri ya taiga
Mitengo ya timitengo ting'onoting'ono komanso tomwe tili ndi mano akuchepa chifukwa chodula bwino (nyumba zazinyumba zanyengo yotentha) za nkhalango zakale zakuda komanso kuberekana kwa kachilomboka.
Kuwonongedwa kwa malo okhala - otakata (nthawi zambiri thundu) ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino, mapaki akale - akuwopsezanso mitundu yocheperako ya m'chigawo cha Moscow monga mbewa zazing'ono, zapakhosi zachikaso, hazel dormouse, regiment ndi vole underground. Nyama izi ndizofala kufupi ndi malire akumpoto kwakumtunda kwawo ndipo sizimachitika kwenikweni m'magulu ena.
Mink waku Europe
Sizingapikisane ndi mink yaku America (yoyambitsa) ndipo itha kukhala nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Mlendoyo, wokhazikika pafupi ndi mink waku Europe, amachulukitsa kwambiri chonde (ana 6-8 pa zinyalala) ndikuchotsa chachiwiricho m'malo onse okhalamo.
Mink yaku Europe imakakamizidwa kukhazikika pafupi ndi matupi amadzi odyetserako zochepa, omwe amakhala m'malo opumulirako pang'ono kapena chitukuko cha dacha. Njira yokhayo yosungira zamoyo ndiz kuzindikira ndi kuteteza malo ake achikhalidwe.
Mitundu ina yosatetezeka
Mileme yambiri imavutika ndi kuwonongedwa kwa malo awo ogona masana - mitengo yakale yopanda dzenje kapena nyumba zosakhazikika. Anthu okhazikika, monga jekete lachikopa lakumpoto ndi mleme wa Natterer, amadalira chitetezo chamakona achisanu - mapanga, malonda, nyumba zosungira ndi ndende.
Chiwerengero cha otter chikuchepa chifukwa chakumanga kwa gombe, komanso chifukwa cha kupha nyama mosavomerezeka. Kukula mwakhama, limodzi ndi zosangalatsa zambiri, zimapangitsa munthuyo kukhala pamphepete mwa moyo.
Wolamulira waku Russia ndi wamkulu wa jerboa amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yomwe ili pachiwopsezo kwambiri, yomwe kutha kwawo pamndandanda wazinyama zaku Moscow kungachitike posachedwa.
Kwa lynx ndi chimbalangondo, kumanga nyumba zazing'ono zazikulu zanyengo yotentha m'matanthwe omwe kale anali ogontha kwayamba kukhala chinthu chakupha, makamaka, momwe zilili tsopano zinyama za m'chigawo cha Moscow zimalimbikitsa mantha oyenera. Malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo, buku latsopanoli la Red Data Book la m'chigawo cha Moscow lithandiza kupewa kutha kwa mitundu yachilengedwe.
