Njoka yokongola ya emarodi yokhala ndi chikhalidwe chovuta, chomwe ambiri ama terrariumist amalota, ndi mutu wagalu, kapena mtengo wobiriwira, boa constrictor.
Kufotokozera kwa boa constrictor wokhala ndi mutu wa galu
Corallus caninus ndi dzina lachilatini la zokwawa kuchokera kumtunda wa mabwato opapatiza, omwe ndi am'banja la Boidae. Mtundu wamakono wa Corallus umaphatikizapo magulu atatu amitundu mitundu, m'modzi mwa iwo omwe amaphatikiza ma boas a Corallus caninus ndi C. batesii. Yoyamba idafotokozedwa ndikuperekedwa kudziko lapansi ndi Karl Linnaeus mu 1758. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha utoto wamakorali wa ana obadwa kumene, mitunduyi idatchulidwa kuti ndi mtundu wa Corallus, ndikuwonjezera chiganizo "caninus" (galu), poganizira mawonekedwe amutu wa njoka ndi mano atali.
Maonekedwe
Boa constrictor wokhala ndi mutu wa galu, monga oimira ena amtunduwu, ali ndi thupi lokulirapo, lophwathika pang'ono, thupi komanso mutu wawukulu wokhala ndi maso ozungulira, pomwe ana omwe amakhala mozungulira amawonekera.
Zofunika. Minofuyo ndi yamphamvu kwambiri, yomwe imafotokozedwa ndi momwe amaphera wovutitsidwayo - boa amayimitsa, ndikufinya mwa kukumbatirana.
Ma pseudopods onse ali ndi zotsalira zamiyendo yakumbuyo monga zikhadabo zoyenda m'mbali mwa anus, momwe njoka zimatchulidwira. Ma pseudopods amawonetsanso zipsyinjo za mafupa / mchiuno mwazitsulo zitatu ndipo amakhala ndi mapapo, pomwe kumanja kumakhala kotalikirapo kuposa kumanzere.
Nsagwada zonse ziwiri zimakhala ndi mano olimba, obwerera kumbuyo omwe amakula palatine ndi mafupa a pterygoid. Nsagwada zakumtunda ndizoyenda, ndipo mano ake akulu amatsogola kutsogolo kuti athe kugwira mwamphamvu nyamayo, ngakhale yokutidwa kwathunthu ndi nthenga.
Boa wokhala ndi mutu wa galu sakhala wobiriwira nthawi zonse, pali mitundu ina yomwe imakhala yakuda kapena yopepuka, nthawi zambiri mtundu wa masikelo umakhala pafupi ndi azitona. Kumtchire, utoto wake umagwira ngati chobisalira, chomwe ndi chofunikira kwambiri posaka nyama.
Thupi la "udzu" wamba limasungunuka ndimadontho oyera, koma osakhala ndi mzere woyera woyera pamphepete, monga C. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yofananayi imasiyana pamiyeso pamutu (ku Corallus caninus ndi yayikulupo) ndikusintha kwa mphuno (mu C. caninus ndizovuta pang'ono).
Njoka zina zimakhala zoyera kwambiri, pomwe zina zilibe mawanga (izi ndizosowa komanso zotchipa) kapena zimawonetsa mawanga akuda kumbuyo. Zitsanzo zapadera kwambiri zimawonetsa mitundu yakuda ndi yoyera. Mimba ya boa constrictor wokhala ndi mutu wa galu imakongoletsedwa ndi mithunzi yakanthawi koyera mpaka yoyera. Ma boas obadwa kumene ndi ofiira-lalanje kapena ofiira owala.
Miyeso ya njoka
Mtengo wobiriwira wa boa sungadzitamande ndi kukula kwakukulu, chifukwa umakula pafupifupi osapitirira 2-2.8 m kutalika, koma uli ndi mano atali kwambiri pakati pa njoka zopanda poyizoni.
Kutalika kwa dzino lokhala ndi mutu wa galu kumasiyana pakati pa 3.8-5 cm, womwe ndi wokwanira kuvulaza munthu.
Tiyenera kunena kuti mawonekedwe okongola a boas omwe ali ndi mutu wa galu amasiyana ndi munthu woyipa kwambiri, yemwe amawonetsedwa pakusankha kwawo chakudya ndi nkhanza zokha (posunga njoka mu terrarium).
Zokwawa, makamaka zotengedwa m'chilengedwe, sizengereza kugwiritsa ntchito mano awo ataliatali ngati munthu sakudziwa momwe angatengere boa constrictor m'manja mwake. Mabwato amaukira mwamphamvu komanso mobwerezabwereza (mozungulira mpaka 2/3 kutalika kwa thupi), ndikupatsa mabala ovuta, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kachilombo komanso misempha yowononga.
Moyo
Malinga ndi akatswiri a herpetologists, ndizovuta kupeza mitundu yambiri yazovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi - boa wokhala ndi mutu wagalu amakhala nthawi yayitali panthambizo pozindikira (kusaka, kudya, kupumula, kunyamula awiriawiri kuti aswane, kunyamula komanso kubereka ana).
Njokayo imamangirira panthambi yopingasa, ndikuyika mutu wake pakati ndikulendewera mphete ziwiri za thupi mbali zonse ziwiri, pafupifupi osasintha malo ake masana. Mchira wa prehensile umathandizira kukhala panthambi ndikuwongolera mwachangu korona wandiweyani.
Ma boa opangidwa ndi agalu, monga njoka zonse, alibe malo otsegulira akunja ndipo ali ndi khutu lopanda chitukuko, chifukwa chake samasiyanitsa phokoso lomwe limafalikira mlengalenga.
Mabwato obiriwira obiriwira amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira, zobisala pansi pa denga la tchire / mitengo masana ndikusaka usiku. Nthawi ndi nthawi, zokwawa zimatsikira padzuwa. Nyamayo imasakidwa chifukwa cha maso ndi ma thermoreceptors-maenje omwe ali pamwamba pa mlomo wapamwamba. Lilime lachifoloko limatumiziranso chizindikiro kuubongo, momwe njokayo imayang'ananso malo oyizungulira.
Mukasungidwa mu terrarium, boa constrictor wokhala ndi mutu wa galu amakonda kukhala panthambi, kuyamba kudya posachedwa madzulo. Boas wathanzi, monga njoka zina, molt 2-3 pachaka, ndipo molt woyamba amapezeka pafupifupi sabata limodzi atabadwa.
Utali wamoyo
Palibe amene anganene motsimikiza kuti boa yemwe ali ndi mutu wagalu amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji, koma ali muukapolo njoka zambiri zimakhala nthawi yayitali - zaka 15 kapena kupitilira apo.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumatha kutsatiridwa, choyambirira, kukula - zoyambazo ndizocheperako kuposa zotsalazo. Komanso, yaimuna imakhala yopepuka ndipo imakhala ndi zikhadabo zowonekera pafupi ndi nyerere.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Boa wokhala ndi mutu wa galu amapezeka ku South America kokha, kudera la mayiko ngati:
- Venezuela;
- Brazil (kumpoto chakum'mawa);
- Guyana;
- Suriname;
- French Guiana.
Malo omwe Corallus caninus amakhala amakhala ndi nkhalango komanso nkhalango zotentha (zoyambirira ndi zachiwiri). Zambiri mwa zokwawa zimapezeka pamtunda wa mamita 200 pamwamba pa nyanja, koma anthu ena amakwera pamwamba - mpaka 1 km pamwamba pa nyanja. Ma boa opita ndi agalu amapezeka ku Park ya Kanaima kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Venezuela.
Mabwato amitengo yobiriwira amafunika malo ozizira kwambiri, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mitsinje yayikulu, kuphatikiza Amazon, koma malo osungira chilengedwe siofunikira kuti njoka zitheke. Ali ndi chinyezi chokwanira, chomwe chimagwa ngati mawonekedwe amvula - kwa chaka chiwerengerochi ndi pafupifupi 1500 mm.
Zakudya zam'mutu wa boa constrictor
Oimira mitunduyo, makamaka amuna, amakonda kusaka okha, ndipo amazindikira kuyandikira kwa oyandikana nawo, makamaka amuna, mwamphamvu.
Zakudya m'chilengedwe
Akatswiri ambiri amati boa yemwe mutu wawo ndi agalu amadyetsa mbalame zomwe zimauluka mosazindikira pafupi ndi mano ake ataliatali. Gawo lina la akatswiri ofukula ziweto ndiwotsimikiza kuti zomwe zimafotokozedwa pakusaka mbalame usiku zilibe chidziwitso cha sayansi, popeza zotsalira za zinyama, osati mbalame, zimapezeka m'mimba mwa nyama zophera.
Akatswiri owona zachilengedwe omwe amawona kutali kwambiri amalankhula za chidwi chachikulu cha Corallus caninus, chomwe chimazunza nyama zosiyanasiyana:
- makoswe;
- zotheka;
- mbalame (passerines ndi zinkhwe);
- anyani ang'onoang'ono;
- mileme;
- abuluzi;
- ziweto zazing'ono.
Zosangalatsa. Wowongolera boa amakhala atabisalira, atapachikidwa panthambi, ndikuthamangira pansi, akuwona wovutitsidwayo kuti anyamule pansi. Njokayo imagwira nyamayo ndi mano ake ataliatali komanso zopinimbira ndi thupi lake lamphamvu.
Popeza achichepere amakhala otsika poyerekeza ndi anzawo achikulire, amatha kutenga achule ndi abuluzi.
Zakudya mu ukapolo
Ma boas opangidwa ndi agalu ndiopanda tanthauzo kwambiri chifukwa chake samalimbikitsa oyambitsa: makamaka, njoka nthawi zambiri zimakana chakudya, ndichifukwa chake zimasamutsidwa kuti zizidyetsa. Mlingo wa kugaya kwa zokwawa, monga nyama zowopsa, zimadziwika ndi malo awo, ndipo popeza Corallus caninus imapezeka m'malo ozizira, imadya chakudya chotalikirapo kuposa njoka zambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mtengo wobiriwira wa boa amadya pang'ono kuposa enawo.
Nthawi yabwino pakati pakudyetsa wamkulu boa constrictor ndi masabata atatu, pomwe nyama zazing'ono zimafunikira kudyetsedwa masiku aliwonse 10-14. Kukula kwake, mtembowo usadutse gawo lalikulu kwambiri la boa constrictor, chifukwa amatha kusanza ngati chinthu chakudyacho chikhale chachikulu. Ma boa ambiri omwe ali ndi mutu wa agalu amadutsa mosavuta akagwidwa ndi makoswe, kuwadyetsa kwa moyo wawo wonse.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ovoviviparity - Umu ndi m'mene mbuzi za mutu wa galu zimaswana, mosiyana ndi nsato, zomwe zimayikira ndi kusanganizira mazira. Zokwawa kuyamba kubereka za mtundu wawo mochedwa: amuna - pa zaka 3-4, akazi - akafika zaka 4-5.
Nyengo yakumasirana imayamba kuyambira Disembala mpaka Marichi, ndipo kukondana komanso kugonana kumachitika panthambiyo. Pakadali pano, ma boas samadya, ndipo pafupi ndi akazi okonzekera umuna, zibwenzi zingapo zimazungulira nthawi imodzi, ndikupambana ufulu wamtima wake.
Zosangalatsa. Nkhondoyo imakhala ndi mafunde angapo akulumikizana ndikuluma, pambuyo pake wopambana amayamba kukondoweza mkazi pomupaka thupi lake ndikumakanda miyendo yakumbuyo (yamwano) ndi zikhadabo.
Mkazi wokhala ndi umuna amakana chakudya mpaka ana atatuluka: kupatula milungu iwiri yoyambirira atatenga pakati. Mazira omwe samadalira mwachindunji kagayidwe kake kamayi amakula m'mimba mwake, amalandira michere kuchokera m'mazira a dzira. Ana amatuluka m'mazira akadali m'mimba mwa mayi, ndipo amabadwira mufilimu yopyapyala, nthawi yomweyo imadutsamo.
Ana obadwa kumene amalumikizidwa ndi umbilical chingwe kupita ku yolk sac yopanda kanthu ndikuphwanya kulumikizana uku kwa masiku pafupifupi 2-5. Kubereka kumachitika masiku 240-260. Mkazi mmodzi amatha kubala ana 5 mpaka 20 (pafupifupi, osapitirira khumi ndi awiri), iliyonse yomwe imalemera 20-50 g ndikukula mpaka 0.4-0.5 m.
Ambiri mwa "makanda" amajambulidwa mu carmine ofiira, koma pali mitundu ina yamitundu - bulauni, mandimu wachikasu komanso nkhanu (yokhala ndi madontho oyera oyera pamphepete)
M'madera a terrariums, ma boas omwe ali ndi mutu wa galu amatha kusakanizidwa kuyambira azaka 2, koma ana apamwamba kwambiri amabadwa kuchokera kwa okalamba. Kubalana kumalimbikitsidwa ndi kutsika kwa kutentha kwa usiku mpaka madigiri 22 (osachepetsa kutentha kwamasana), komanso powasunga omwe angakhale nawo padera.
Kumbukirani kuti kubereka komweko kumadzetsa mavuto ambiri: mazira osakwanira, mazira omwe sanatukuke bwino komanso zonyansa zidzawonekera mu terrarium, zomwe ziyenera kuchotsedwa.
Adani achilengedwe
Nyama zosiyanasiyana zimatha kuthana ndi boa wamkulu wokhala ndi mutu wa galu, osati nyama zomwe zimadya nyama:
- nkhumba zakutchire;
- nyamazi;
- zolusa mbalame;
- ng'ona;
- zoyipa.
Adani achilengedwe ambiri m'maboti obadwa kumene ndi omwe akukula ndi akhwangwala, owunika abuluzi, ma hedgehogs, mongooses, nkhandwe, mphalapala ndi mphamba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pofika mu 2019, International Union for Conservation of Nature yaika mtundu wa boa constrictor ngati mtundu Wowopsa (LC). IUCN sinawone kuwopseza komwe kuli malo a Corallus caninus m'malo mwake, kuvomereza kuti pali chinthu chimodzi chodetsa nkhawa - malo osakira ogulitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, akakumana ndi ma boas a mitengo yobiriwira, nthawi zambiri amaphedwa ndi nzika zakomweko.
Corallus caninus yatchulidwa mu Zowonjezera II za CITES, ndipo mayiko angapo ali ndi gawo logulitsa njoka, mwachitsanzo, ku Suriname, palibe anthu opitilira 900 omwe amaloledwa kutumizidwa kunja (2015 data).
Zachidziwikire, njoka zambiri zimatumizidwa mosavomerezeka kuchokera ku Suriname kuposa zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi zomwe zimaperekedwa kunja, zomwe, malinga ndi IUCN, zimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu (mpaka pano m'chigawo). Zochitika zowunikira ku Suriname ndi ku Brazil Guiana zawonetsa kuti zokwawa izi ndizosowa kwambiri mwachilengedwe kapena zimabisala mwaluso kwa owonera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwerengera anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
