Si mbalame zonse zomwe zimachoka kumaiko awo komwe kumakhala nyengo yozizira. Mbalame zachisanu sizimaopa chisanu, koma nthawi zambiri zimafuna kudyetsa.
Chifukwa chiyani mbalame zonse zimauluka nthawi yozizira
Mitundu yambiri yam'malo otentha siyimasamuka chifukwa chanyengo yozizira, yomwe imawathandiza kuti azidya chakudya chawo komanso kuswana chaka chonse. Chizolowezi chokhazikika cha mbalame zambiri "zakumpoto" (akhwangwala, magpies, akadzidzi, jays, nati, nkhunda, nkhwangwa, mpheta ndi ena) amafotokozedwa ndi kuthekera kwawo kwabwino, kupezeka kwa chakudya choyenera komanso kusapezeka kwa adani achilengedwe.
Kugawidwa kwa mbalame zachisanu pamadera, ngakhale kuli kwakuti kumangokhala kopanda tanthauzo, kumawoneka motere:
- m'tawuni;
- munda;
- nkhalango.
Chisa chakale mumzinda ndi madera ake, kusunthira pafupi ndi nyumba za nyengo yozizira kuti ayang'ane momasuka zitini za zinyalala posaka chakudya chotsalira. Mwa njira yodyetsera, mbalame zachisanu zimaimiridwa ndi magulu onse odziwika:
- wolanda nyama;
- tizilombo;
- zovunda;
- zomvera.
Mbalame zonse zotentha kwambiri zimaphunzira kupeza chakudya ndi chisanu chochuluka komanso chisanu choopsa. Amapulumutsidwa kumatenthedwe otsika ndi mafuta wandiweyani komanso nthenga zafungo, zomwe zimasungabe kutentha.
Zofunika. Ndizabodza kukhulupirira kuti mbalame zodya tizilombo mopanda kusiyanasiyana zimauluka kum'mwera chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa tizilombo. Zilonda ndi mtedza, mwachitsanzo, zimawapeza pansi pa khungwa, osanyalanyaza mazira, mphutsi ndi ziphuphu.
Kodi mbalame zachisanu zimadya chiyani
Sakuvutika kwambiri ndi chisanu koma chifukwa chosowa chakudya, chomwe chimafunikira kuti athetse njala, makamaka, kuti apange kutentha. Njira yosavuta kwambiri ndi ya mbalame zazikuluzikulu (monga ma goldfinches, siskins, ng'ombe zamphongo kapena ovina matepi) ndi menyu yawo yachisanu yozizira, yomwe imaphatikizapo:
- mbewu za birch;
- mbewu za alder;
- burdock;
- zipatso za rowan;
- lilac ndi mbewu za phulusa.
Mbalame zodya nyama zasintha kuti zizigwira nyama zing'onozing'ono ngakhale pansi pa chipale chofewa, pomwe ena onse, akuyembekeza kuti apeza chakudya, amayandikira pafupi ndi anthu.
Kudyetsa mbalame nthawi yachisanu
Cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa kufa kwa mbalame m'nyengo yozizira. Kudyetsa nthawi yachisanu kumayamba (kutengera nyengo) mu Okutobala - Novembala ndikutha mu Marichi - Epulo.
Tirigu ndi zina zambiri
Kudyetsa nthawi yachisanu cholinga chake ndi kukopa mbalame zothandiza, makamaka mawere ndi zopinira, komanso kusamalira ndi kuwonjezera ziweto zawo. Zakudya zachisanu za mbalamezi zimaphatikizapo mbewu:
- mpendadzuwa;
- hemp;
- spruce ndi paini (zotsika);
- chivwende ndi vwende;
- maungu.
Chigoba cha mpendadzuwa chimadzipereka mosavuta ku mawere abwino komanso amchere, pomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timafunikira kuti tiphwanye pang'ono. Mbeu za mavwende, zomwe zimadyedwa mwachidwi ndi titmice ndi mtedza, zimasandulika chokoma chosafikirika ngakhale kwa mawere akuluakulu mu chisanu choopsa.
Chisamaliro. Pasapezeke mchere wodyetsa (iyi ndi poizoni wa mbalame zonse), ndipo mbewu za mpendadzuwa, nthanga za dzungu, vwende, paini ndi mbewu za mavwende ziyenera kuikidwa zatsopano, osati zokazinga.
Mitundu yonse yodzikongoletsa imadya oats ndi mapira, ndipo titmice, kuwonjezera apo, amadya magawo a nyama yankhumba yopanda mchere, nyama, mafuta amkati ndi mitembo ya nyama zazing'ono, zolumikizidwa ku nthambi yomwe ili ndi waya / twine.
Zakudya zosakaniza
Zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kutengera mtundu wa chakudya cha mbalame zodyetsedwa. Kotero, kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mpendadzuwa ndi mbewu za hemp zimalimbikitsidwa mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 4. Monga lamulo, chisakanizo chilichonse chimakhala ndi tirigu wosweka ndi mbewu: mu mawonekedwe oyera kapena othira mafuta osungunuka a nyama. Omalizawa amakonda kwambiri mawere.
Imodzi mwa maphikidwe apamwamba kwambiri ndi nyama yophika, yodzazidwa ndi mafuta, pomwe zinyalala zambewu, mbewu kapena chimanga, monga oat, zimaphatikizidwanso. Mbalame zopatsa chidwi komanso zodzikongoletsera zimauluka modzifunira zimapita kwa odyetsa, komwe masamba osakaniza a hemp, mapira, zipatso zouma (phulusa lamapiri, elderberry), mpendadzuwa wosweka ndi oats oyembekezera akuziyembekezera.
Odyetsa
Nyumbazi zimatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kukula kwake ndikuti chakudya sichimasamutsidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, odyetserako ayenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi nyumba zogona, popeza mbalame zambiri zachisanu zimadziwa kuti thandizo limachokera kwa anthu.
Ngati wodyetserayo amapangidwira makamaka mawere ndi ma nuthatches, ndalama pamwezi zimachokera ku 1.5 mpaka 2 makilogalamu osakaniza chakudya, 0,5 kg ya nyama ndi 200-300 g wamafuta. M'nkhalango ndi m'mapaki, momwe kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumadziwika, wodyetsa m'modzi amaikidwa pa 100-200 ha.
Kutalika kwa malowa sikulibe kanthu, koma pokhapokha ngati mulibe mphalapala m'derali, nthawi zambiri kugogoda odyetsa. Poterepa, amapachikidwa osachepera 2.5 m, ngakhale ndizosavuta pamene wodyetsayo sapachika kuposa kutalika kwa munthu.
Kuti mukope mbalame, ikani odyetsa m'malo omwewo kuti mbalame zizibweretsa kukula kuno.
Kudyetsa ngati choyambitsa chisinthiko
Mbalame zobisalira zimasintha zikamadyetsedwa pafupipafupi. Izi, zomwe zafotokozedwa m'masamba a magazini ya Current Biology, zidapangidwa ndi akatswiri odziwa zamoyo omwe akhala akuwona wankhondo wakuda wakuda kwa zaka zingapo. M'munda wa asayansi kunabwera anthu 2 a Sylvia atricapilla ochokera ku Germany, omwe adalekanitsidwa ndi ma 800 km okha. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike, mbalame za anthu onsewa zimawulukira ku Mediterranean nyengo yachisanu, zikudya azitona ndi zipatso.
M'zaka za m'ma 1960, gawo lina la zida zankhondo (pafupifupi 10%) zidayamba nyengo yozizira mu Albion, yomwe idathandizidwa ndi kudyetsa mbalame mwachangu ndi Angerezi osamala. Kusanthula kwa DNA kunawonetsa kuti zigawenga za anthu awiriwa, zomwe zimapitilizabe kusamukira ku Mediterranean, zikuwonetsa kufanana kwakukulu (ngakhale kulingalira mtunda wa 800 km) kuposa omwe adasamukira ku UK.
Akatswiri okhulupirira mbalame amakhulupirira kuti kufunika kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa majini komwe kumawoneka mwa nkhono za anthu omwewo nyengo yachisanu m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, nthambi zonse ziwiri za anthu zidayamba kusiyanasiyana kunja.
Kumbali ina, monga ofufuzawo akunenera, ndikumayambiriro kwambiri kuti tipeze malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa Sylvia atricapilla adayamba nyengo yozizira m'malo osiyanasiyana osati kalekale. Komabe, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amati adagwira kugawidwa kwa anthu kukhala mitundu iwiri yodziyimira pawokha, yomwe idachitika mothandizidwa ndi anthu.
Mbalame zachisanu
Ku Russia, kuphatikiza mitundu 70, koma akatswiri achiyankhulo aku Russia pachaka amasintha chithunzichi, ndikuwonjezera mndandanda wa mbalame zachisanu kuchokera pakati pa dziko lathu. Mndandanda (chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo) umawonjezeredwa ndi mbalame zosamuka, zomwe zimayandikira komwe kumakhala nyengo yozizira.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zam'madzi, zimapeza matupi amadzi osazizira pang'ono, amakhala mpaka nthawi yozizira m'mizinda. Mbalame zozizira m'nkhalango ndi nkhalango sizimasiya ntchito yawo yothana ndi tizirombo.
Mpheta
Dzinali nthawi zambiri limabisala mpheta ya nyumba, mitundu yotchuka kwambiri komanso yopanda ulemu yamtundu uliwonse wa mpheta. Pafupifupi ma subspecies onse 12, kupatula zochepa, amakhala moyo wokhazikika ndikukakamira anthu. Mpheta zapanyumba zimakhala kum'mwera ndi kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi (kuphatikizapo Eurasia, Australia, North / South America, South Africa, New Zealand ndi zilumba zambiri), koma sanathe kuzolowera Arctic kokha.
Amuna amadziwika mosavuta ndi malo akuda otambalala pachibwano, pakhosi / chotupa komanso pamwamba pachifuwa, komanso ndi imvi yakuda (osati yakuda, ngati korona wachikazi). Mzimayi amakhala wammero pakhosi ndi kumutu, ndipo mzere wotuwa wachikaso umadutsa pamaso.
Mpheta wopanda nyumba, monga zinachitikira, ndi wamwamuna m'modzi, ndipo amalowa m'banja lachiwiri pokhapokha atamwalira mnzake.
Mbalame ndi zamatsenga ndipo zimadziwika chifukwa chodzitukumula - samazengereza kupepera patebulo la cafe mumsewu kuti mugwetse zinyenyeswazi zochepa. Mpheta ya nyumba imakhala ndi moyo waufupi, osapitilira zaka zisanu. Mphekesera za mpheta zomwe zimakhala nthawi yayitali sizinalembedwe.
Bullfinch
Mamembala amtundu wa finch ndi wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa mpheta ya nyumba, koma akuwoneka wokulirapo chifukwa chakumanga kwake kothithikana. Mwamuna amasiyanitsidwa ndi mimba yofiira, yomwe mtundu wake umakwezedwa ndi mithunzi yofiira yamasaya, pakhosi ndi mbali (mosiyana ndi mkazi wofiyira). Akazi, kuwonjezera apo, alibe mzere woyera pamapiko awo, ndipo nyama zazing'ono sizikhala ndi chipewa chakuda pamutu pawo chisanachitike.
Ma Bullfinches amakhala ku Europe, Western and Eastern Asia, kuphatikiza Siberia, Kamchatka ndi Japan. Kudera lakumwera kwa malowa kumafika kumpoto kwa Spain, Apennines, kumpoto kwa Greece komanso kumpoto kwa Asia Minor. Anthu ambiri ku Russia amakhulupirira kuti bullfinch imapezeka m'nkhalango zathu m'nyengo yozizira, koma sizili choncho: nthawi yotentha imakutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira, komanso kumbuyo kwa mitengo yokutidwa ndi chipale chofewa imangowonekera kwambiri.
Matriarchy amalamulira m'mabanja a ng'ombe zamphongo - mpira wachisanu umapeza chakudya, umatsogolera wamwamuna ndikukangana ndi oyandikana nawo ngati kuli kofunikira. Yaimuna inapatsidwa udindo wolera anapiye.
Bullfinches amadziwa momwe angatengere mbewu kuchokera ku zipatso za rowan, ma hop ndi ma juniper, koma amakonda kwambiri mapulo, phulusa ndi mbewu za alder. Buckwheat ndi mapira sizonyansa kwa odyetsa.
Chizh
Wina wobadwira kubanja la finch, wokhala m'mitanthwe yotchedwa coniferous ndipo akuti mdziko lathu amapangidwa ndi mbalame zozizira pang'ono. Siskin ndi yaying'ono kuposa mpheta, koma yotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa chanyimbo yonena za Siskin-fawn.
Siskin ili ndi nthenga zopanda ubweya wachikasu komanso kutulutsa mawu kwabwino, chifukwa chake imagulidwa mosangalala m'misika ya nkhuku. Siskin amaweta mwachangu ndikuzolowera khola, pomwe amaliza mluzu nyimbo zosavuta komanso amatulutsa anapiye.
Zakudya zachilengedwe za siskin zimayang'aniridwa ndi zovuta (makamaka birch / alder) ndi nthanga za coniferous, zosakanikirana ndi tizilombo monga nsabwe za m'masamba. Mbozi yamaliseche imapita kukadyetsa anapiye. Ali mu ukapolo, mbalameyo yazolowera kugwirira mbewu, fulakesi ndi nthanga.
Amuna okwatirana a Siskin amangokhalira kukaikira zisa zina zokha. M'dzinja, magulu a siskins amasamukira komwe kumakhala matupi amadzi osazizira.
Klest-elovik
Ndi nthambi wamba, mbalame yocheperako mpheta, koma yocheperako nyenyezi. Klest ndiwotchuka chifukwa cha mlomo wake wolimba, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito sikungotenga mbewu kuchokera kuma cones, komanso kukwera mitengo. Klest-elovik amakhala ku Europe (kuphatikiza danga la Soviet Union), Central ndi North Asia, North-West Africa, Philippines, Central ndi North America.
Mbalameyi imasankha mosamalitsa ndipo imakhala makamaka spruce, nthawi zambiri paini komanso yosakanikirana, koma nkhalango za mkungudza.
Amuna amatha kudziwika ndi mabere a rasipiberi (mwa mkazi ndi wamtundu wobiriwira). Mchira ndi mapiko a crossbill wamba amakhala amtundu wofiirira. Nthawi zambiri mbalameyi imapachikika mozondoka, n'kufika pachonthopo, ndipo imagwira nthambiyo ndi zala zazitali zolimba.
Gulu "silivula" kondomu mpaka kumapeto, kukhala okhutira ndi 1/3 ya njere: zotsalazo zimadyedwa ndi mbewa ndi agologolo. Zikwangwani zaphokoso komanso zopindika zimathera nthawi yayitali mumitengo, pothawa nthawi zambiri zimamveka ngati phokoso la "kapu-kapu". Mosiyana ndi mbalame zambiri, zimatha kuswana ana m'nyengo yozizira.
Goldfinch wamutu wakuda
Mbalame yanyimbo, yaying'ono kuposa mpheta, ndipo imakondedwa ndi akatswiri chifukwa chaluso lake lomveka bwino. Goldfinch wamba, kapena wamutu wakuda, amayimba mosatopa chaka chonse, osataya mphatso yake ngakhale mu khola.
Chilengedwe chinapereka mphotho yagolide osati ndi talente ya woimbayo, komanso ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino - nthenga zakuda ndi zachikasu zamapiko, masaya oyera, nsana wofiirira kumbuyo ndi nthenga zofiira kuzungulira mlomo ndi mandible. Matenda okhudzana ndi kugonana amawonetseredwa m'lifupi mwake lofiira pansi pa mulomo: mwa amuna ndi 8-10 mm, mwa akazi ndi ochepa kupyola kawiri.
Malinga ndi akatswiri a maphunziro a mbalame, sikutheka kupeza miyala iwiri yagolide yokhala ndi nthenga zofananira.
Zofala zagolide zambiri zimapezeka ku Europe, Western Asia, North Africa ndi Western Siberia. Ngakhale samakonda chisanu, zoyikapo golide zambiri nthawi yachisanu kunyumba, ndikusunthira pafupi ndi midzi. Goldfinches amawononga tizilombo todetsa m'munda podalira mphutsi za nsabwe za m'masamba, komanso mbewu za udzu, kuphatikizapo burdock, zomwe zimakanidwa ndi mbalame zina.
Schur
Mbiri yotchuka ya mbalame iyi yamtchire - tambala wa ku Finnish, kapena mbalame yotchedwa parrot ya ku Finnish - idawonekera chifukwa cha nthunzi zowala (zokhala ndi khungu lofiirira) nthenga za amuna. Akazi achimuna ndi achichepere samayankhula kwambiri: mabere awo, mutu ndi nsana ndizopaka utoto wachikaso.
Schur imakula kuchokera ku nyenyezi, yokhotakhota ndipo imakhala ndi milomo yolimba, yomwe imathandizira kutulutsa mbewu kuchokera kuma cones ndikuphwanya zipatso. Shchur wamba amakonda nkhalango za coniferous, nthawi zambiri taiga, pomwe nthawi zambiri zimayitanitsa "ki-ki-ki", mosafanana ndi ng'ombe. Imaperekanso kulira kwamphamvu kwa "pew-li" kapena, makamaka munthawi yakumasulira, amasinthana ndi ma trous sonorous.
Schur nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi ng'ombe yamphongo chifukwa cha nthenga zofiira za m'mawere ndi kulumikizana ndi phulusa lamapiri. Zowona, Schur, mosiyana ndi ng'ombe yamphongo, amakonda njira zamadzi mosasamala nyengo: amati mbalame zimawoneka zikusambira ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira. Schurs amazolowera ukapolo, koma tsoka, amakana kuswana.
Chikumbu chamutu wachikasu
Wodziwika ngati mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri (yokha 10 cm) ku Europe komanso mbalame yadziko lonse ya Luxembourg. Dzina lachifumu limadziwika ndi mkombero wagolide wosayang'ana mozungulira, chifukwa umayenera kukhala korona weniweni, koma pamutu. "Korona" (lalanje wamwamuna ndi wachikaso mwa mkazi) amadutsa chipewa chakuda pa korona, ndipo kulibiretu mwa achinyamata.
Mtundu wonse wa nthenga ngati ya siskin ndi azitona, ndipo kapangidwe ka thupi longa la warbler ndi thupi lozungulira, mutu wawukulu wokhala ndi khosi losawonekera komanso mchira wawufupi.
Ziwombankhanga za mitu yachikaso m'mitengo ya coniferous / yosakanikirana (ndipo ngakhale mu taiga yakuya), komanso m'minda ndi m'mapaki momwe mitengo yakale imakula. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi mbalame zokhala pansi, zomwe zimakonda kusamukira munthawi yozizira. Njira yamoyo ikufanana ndi mawere: nawo kinglet imayendayenda, ikudutsa malire a biotopes ya kukaikira mazira.
Kuchokera pansi, mikandayo imakhala yosawoneka, chifukwa imasungidwa pamwamba pamikona. Apa nthawi zonse amayenda kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi, kuwonetsa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mozondoka. Kinglet imakhulupirira ndipo imatha kuloleza munthu kuti atseke, koma osati nthawi yovundikira.
Magpie
Mbalame yodziwika bwino yokhala ndi nthenga zakuda ndi zoyera, zolemekezeka munyimbo, nthano ndi ndakatulo. Zazimuna ndi zazimuna ndizofanana, koma zotsalazo zimakhala ndi chitsulo chosalala (chobiriwira / chofiirira) chowala cha mchira wofanana ndi fan womwe umatha kuthawa. Mlomo ndi miyendo ya magpie ndi yakuda, ndipo zoyera zimaphimba mbali zake, pamimba, pamapewa ndi kumbuyo.
Mbalame yayikulu imalemera 200 mpaka 300 g yokhala ndi mapiko kutalika kwa 19-22 cm ndi mchira mpaka 22-31 cm.
Agalu amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zina amakumbatirana pagulu lalikulu la anthu pafupifupi 200. Mbalame zachisanuzi ndizambiri m'malo ena, koma ndizosowa m'mizinda ikuluikulu komanso m'mizinda.
Kwa kukaikira mazira, nthawi zambiri amasankha:
- nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zosakanikirana, pomwe pali m'mbali;
- minda ndi minda;
- malamba amnkhalango;
- zitsamba zamatchire.
Magpie saopa mapiri, komwe amapezeka pamtunda wa 1.5-2.6 km pamwamba pa nyanja, monga lamulo, osati kutali ndi madzi. Pofika nyengo yozizira, imawulukira kuminda yocheperako, minda yamafamu ndi malo otayira mzindawo.
Mtengo waukulu
Osati zazikuluzikulu zokha, komanso mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa tit, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti msewu waukulu. Imafanana ndi mpheta kukula kwake, koma imaposa kuwala kwake kwa nthenga - chipewa chakuda chikuwonekera pamutu pa mseu, mimba yonyezimira yowala imagawidwa ndi "tayi" wakuda kuchokera pachifuwa mpaka mchira, masaya amajambulidwa oyera. Amuna nthawi zonse amakhala owoneka bwino kuposa akazi.
Mbiri yayikulu imapezeka ku Eurasia, Middle East komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Mbalamezi zokangalika komanso zokangalika nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pafupi ndi anthu (m'minda, mabwalo ndi malo osungira), komanso m'minda, pamapiri ang'onoang'ono ndi m'nkhalango.
Mbiri yayikulu ndiyopatsa chidwi ndipo imadya zonse zamasamba ndi nyama (makamaka mukamadyetsa anapiye) chakudya:
- mbozi ndi ziwala;
- mbozi ndi nyerere;
- akangaude ndi nsikidzi;
- udzudzu ndi ntchentche;
- mpendadzuwa, rye, tirigu, chimanga ndi mbewu za oat;
- mbewu / zipatso za birch, linden, mapulo, elderberry ndi ena;
- mtedza waung'ono.
Bolshaks, makamaka amuna, ndioyimba bwino mpaka 40 pamiyambo yamiyala. Amayimba chaka chonse, amangokhala chete kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira komanso koyambirira kwachisanu.
Kutulutsa
Mbalame yokongola kwambiri ya motley yokhala ndi mawonekedwe, pafupifupi osawoneka akuthawa. Akazi ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna, chifukwa chakumapeto kwake kusiyanasiyana kumakhala kwamphamvu komanso kowoneka bwino - mutu wofiirira, pakhosi lakuda ndi chigoba, nthenga zachikaso, zoyera, zofiira pamapiko ndipo nsonga yachikaso ya mchira imawonekera motsutsana ndi phulusa.
Waxwing amakonda nkhalango zamitundumitundu, minda ndi zitsamba, pomwe pamakhala gulu la makumi, mazana ngakhale zikwi za mbalame. Chakudya chachikulu chachisanu cha phulusa ndi phulusa lamapiri. M'chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, mbalame zimadya chisanu, ananyamuka m'chiuno, elderberries, jida zipatso ndi mbewu za apulo.
Zofunika. Waxworms amabisala m'dera linalake ngati muli chakudya chambiri. Kupanda kutero, gulu la mbalame zimayendayenda pofunafuna chakudya, zimasunthira kutali ndi malo obisalira.
Pomwe mitengo ya kuthengo imakhala yosauka kwambiri, m'pamene m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni mumakhala nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Mbalame ndizosusuka, ndipo zipatsozo sizikhala ndi nthawi yokwanira kupukusa, zomwe zimapangitsa kufalikira kwa zomera zomwe zadyedwa.
Kadzidzi
Mwinanso nyama yodya nyama yochititsa chidwi kwambiri yomwe idawoneka ngati kadzidzi, yomwe imawoneka bwino kwambiri - thupi looneka ngati mbiya, maso owala a lalanje, "makutu a nthenga" (nthenga zowongoka pamwamba pamaso) ndi nthenga za motley. Kadzidzi amatembenuza mutu wake madigiri 270 ndipo amatha kuuluka mwakachetechete pakati pa mitengo.
Kadzidzi sangawoneke osati ku Eurasia kokha, komanso ku North Africa (mpaka 15 kufanana). Mbalame yozizira nthawi zonse, yomwe imadzimva molimba mtima m'ma biotopes osiyanasiyana, kuyambira ku taiga kupita kuchipululu, nthawi zina imawonekera m'mafamu ngakhale m'mapaki amzindawu.
Zokonda za chiwombankhanga cha chiwombankhanga ndizochulukirapo ndipo zimaphatikizapo zonse zamphongo ndi zopanda mafupa:
- makoswe;
- ziphuphu;
- mbalambanda
- ana a ungulates;
- ma hedgehogs, omwe nthawi zambiri amadya ndi singano;
- nthenga;
- nsomba;
- zokwawa ndi amphibiya.
Chiwombankhanga sichimakumana ndi zovuta posankha chakudya, kusintha mosavuta kuchokera ku mtundu wina kupita ku china ndikusankha nyama zotsika mtengo.
Zakudya zimadalira dera. Mwachitsanzo, akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga m'chigawo cha Norway cha Rogaland amayang'ana kwambiri achule audzu (mpaka 45% yazakudya).
Kadzidzi ali ndi mawu okweza komanso repertoire yolemera - kuyambira kuwombera mozindikira ndikulira mpaka kulira ndi kuseka. Mwa njira, womaliza akuti mbalameyi siyosangalala, koma yachita mantha.
Jay
Mbalameyi, yomwe idalandira dzina lake kuchokera ku verebu lakale lachi Russia loti "kuwala", pofotokoza mawonekedwe ake okoma komanso nthenga zokongola, mtundu wake wa beige womwe umakwaniritsidwa ndi buluu, yoyera komanso yakuda pamapiko. Jay wachikulire amalemera pafupifupi 200 g ndikukula kwa 40 cm ndipo amakongoletsedwa ndi thumba la perky lomwe limatuluka likakhala tcheru.
Mlomo wolimba kwambiri umasinthidwa kuti ugawe zipatso zolimba, ma acorn ndi mtedza. Mndandanda wa jay umayang'aniridwa ndi zomera (mbewu, mbewu ndi zipatso), zomwe zimapindulitsa nthawi ndi mapuloteni a nyama, monga:
- tizilombo ndi arachnids;
- zamoyo zopanda mafupa monga mphutsi;
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- abuluzi;
- achule;
- mazira ndi anapiye.
Nyuzipepalayi imakhala yayitali kwambiri, pafupifupi Europe, North Africa ndi Asia Minor. Mitunduyi imakhala ku Caucasus, China ndi Japan, Mongolia ndi Korea, Siberia ndi Sakhalin. Jays mofunitsitsa amakhazikika m'nkhalango (coniferous, deciduous and mixed), posankha minda yamitengo. Mbalameyi sichitaopa kupita kumapaki osasamalidwa, komanso tchire lalitali (nthawi zambiri kumwera).
Nutcracker
Ndi mtedza wochokera kubanja la corvid. Nzosadabwitsa kuti patali mbalame iyi yamasentimita 30 itha kulakwitsa kuti khwangwala. Pafupi, zikwangwani zofananira zimatsutsana ndi mitundu yoipa - mutu ndi thupi la nutcracker sizakuda, koma zofiirira, zokhala ndi malo oyera oyera, mchira woyera wopota ndi wakuda. Dimorphism yakugonana ndiyofooka: akazi ndi opepuka pang'ono / ocheperako ndipo amakhala ndi malo owonekera pathupi.
Nutcrackers amakhala kuchokera ku Scandinavia kupita ku Japan, amasankha zitsamba za taiga zokomera, makamaka nkhalango za paini. Mbalame siziopa chisanu choopsa, ngakhale kutentha kukatsika pansi pamizere 40 digiri Celsius.
Patebulo la nutcracker, zinthu monga:
- ziphuphu;
- mbewu za mitengo ya coniferous / mitengo yotsika;
- zipatso za hazel;
- zipatso;
- tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono.
Nutcrackers ndi anzeru, monga ma corvids onse: kutolera mtedza, amataya zomwe zawonongeka, komanso amasungira tsiku lamvula, kubisa mtedza m'mabowo, pansi pa madenga, kapena kuwabisa pansi.
Nthawi ina mbalameyo imanyamula mtedza wa paini 100, ndikuuyika m'thumba la hyoid.
Nutcrackers amakhala m'modzi m'modzi kapena pagulu, amasamukira mtunda wawufupi chakudya chikatha. Mabungwe apabanja amapangidwa mpaka moyo utha.
Kadzidzi Woyera
Ndi yayikulu kuposa akadzidzi ena onse omwe amakhala mu tundra, ndipo akazi a mitunduyo amakhala ndi mbiri, amakula mpaka 70 cm ndikulemera makilogalamu 3.2. Ali mu ukapolo, mbalame zimakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri, mpaka zaka 30, koma theka lotalikirana kuthengo.
Mutu wa kadzidzi ku polar ndi wozungulira, nthenga, kuziphimba pakati pa chipale chofewa, ndi zoyera ndi mikwingwirima. Amuna ndi oyera kwambiri kuposa akazi ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Maso ndi achikaso chowala, mulomo wakuda ndi nthenga-bristles, nthenga pamapazi zimasokera mu "tsitsi", mapiko ake amafikira 1.7 m.
Kadzidzi wachipale chofewa, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wosakhalitsa wosamuka, amapita kumalo otseguka, nthawi zambiri tundra, osapezekanso steppe ndi nkhalango-tundra.
Amakhala ku Eurasia, North America, Greenland komanso pazilumba zilizonse za m'nyanja ya Arctic. Kukhazikika pansi, kumapewa zomera zazitali, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusaka - kuchokera pansi, kukhala paphiri. Kuchokera pamenepo, amayang'ana malo ozungulira ndipo, akuwona nyama, akuwulukira kwa iye, akugwedeza mapiko ake mwamphamvu kuti alowetse zikhadabo zakuthwa kumbuyo kwake.
Zakudya za kadzidzi woyera zimakhala ndi zamoyo:
- makoswe, nthawi zambiri ndimu;
- hares ndi pikas;
- ziphuphu;
- ziphuphu;
- Atsekwe ndi abakha;
- magawo;
- nsomba ndi zovunda.
Zowononga zimameza masewera ang'onoang'ono, masewera akuluakulu - amatenga kupita nawo ku chisa ndikuwanyeketsa, kuwang'amba. Chofunikira tsiku lililonse ndi makoswe anayi. Akadzidzi achisanu amasaka mbandakucha komanso madzulo, akuuluka kutali ndi chisa chawo. Kunja kwa nyengo yoswana, kadzidzi woyera amakhala chete, koma nthawi zina amalira, kufuula, kuuwa komanso kulira.
Nkhunda
Amayimira banja la nkhunda ndipo amakhala pafupi ndi anthu, omwazikana padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula Arctic ndi Antarctic. Kulemera kwake kwa nkhunda zowona ndizosiyana siyana ndipo zimakhala pakati pa 0.2 mpaka 0.65 kg. Nkhunda zimasiyana pamitundu ndi nthenga - mbalame zimatha kukhala zapinki, pichesi kapena mitundu yambiri, ngati mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe. Nthawi zina nthenga zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe, zopindika kapena kupanga mchira wa pikoko.
Nkhunda, makamaka zam'mizinda, ndizopatsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa zimakafika kudzala. Mwambiri, mndandanda wa nkhunda zenizeni umakhala ndi:
- mbewu ndi mbewu;
- zipatso ndi zipatso;
- tizilombo.
Kudzichepetsa kwa nkhunda kumafotokozedwa ndi masamba ochepa amakoma - 37 okha motsutsana ndi zikwi 10 za zolandilira zomwe munthu aliyense ali nazo.
