Mbalameyi imapezeka osati m'nthano zaku Russia "The Crane and Heron". Nthawi zambiri amawonekera pamabuku ndi ndakatulo za ambuye aku Europe, komanso ku Heron Celestial wokhala ndi maluwa a lotus akuwonetsabe kutukuka.
Kufotokozera kwa Heron
Mtundu wa Ardea (egrets) ndi membala wa banja la heron kuyambira pagulu la adokowe ndipo amalumikiza mbalame zazikulu za akakolo kuyambira theka la mita mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka kutalika. Achibale awo si ma cranes ndi ma flamingo, koma ntchentche ndi ntchentche ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi anyani, ndipo kwambiri, adokowe.
Mu Explanatory Dictionary of Dahl, mbalameyi imadziwikanso kuti "chepura" ndi "chapley" (kuchokera ku liwu loti "chapat" - kugwira kapena kuyenda, kumamatira pansi), zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndimayendedwe ake ovuta, komanso ndi njira yake yosakira. Phokoso loyambirira lasungidwa m'zilankhulo zonse za Slavic - chapla (Chiyukireniya), chapla (Chibugariya), chapa (Serbian), czapla (Polish), caplja (Slovak) ndi zina zotero.
Maonekedwe
Izi ndi mbalame zamphamvu zokhala ndi mawonekedwe odziwika - khosi lalitali, mlomo wautali woboola pakati, miyendo yayitali yopanda nthenga ndi zala zolimba ndi mchira wakuthwa wakuthwa. Mitundu ina imakongoletsedwa ndi gulu la nthenga zokwezedwa kumbuyo kwa mutu ndikuyang'ana kumbuyo.
Zitsamba zazikulu zimasiyana kukula kwake, mwachitsanzo, goliath heron (woimira wochititsa chidwi kwambiri wamtunduwu) amakula mpaka 1.55 m ndikulemera kwa 7 kg ndi mapiko mpaka 2.3 m. Mitundu yaying'ono imawonetsa magawo ochepa - kukula mpaka 0.6 m ndi kulemera 1 -2.5 makilogalamu.
Herons alibe coccygeal gland (yemwe mbalame zake zamadzi zimagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ake, kuti asanyowe), ndichifukwa chake samatha kusambira kapena kusambira.
Zowona, zitsamba zimadzipukuta mothandizidwa ndi ufa, pomwe ufa umasonkhana pamiyeso yomwe imapangidwa nthenga zonse zikathyoledwa pachifuwa, m'mimba ndi m'mimba. Ufawu umateteza nthenga kuti zisamamatirane, ngakhale ntchentche za nsomba zimayenda mthupi nthawi zonse. Mbalameyi imagwiritsa ntchito ufawu pogwiritsira ntchito chala chapakati ndi chikhadabo chachitali, chotenthedwa.
Zitsamba zimakhala ndi miyendo yakuda, mlomo wachikaso kapena wakuda, komanso nthenga zosalala, zosiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu kutengera mitundu. Awa ndimayimbidwe a monochrome - oyera, otuwa, abulauni, akuda kapena ofiira. Mitundu ya Bicolor siyodziwika kwenikweni.
Moyo, machitidwe
Ntchentche nthawi zambiri zimapanga madera, osati kuchokera kwa mitundu yawo - oyandikana nawo ndi mitundu ina ya mitundu ina, cormorants, ibis wonyezimira, ibises ndi spoonbill. Kawirikawiri, madera a heron amachepetsa mitundu iwiri ya mbalame zodya nyama monga:
- peregrine falcon;
- zosangalatsa
- wachibale;
- khutu lalitali;
- chiwombankhanga chagolide;
- rook;
- khwangwala wakuda.
M'mphepete mwa madamu ang'onoang'ono, mbalame zimamwazikana ndikubisa kutali. Zigawo zazikulu (mpaka 1000) zimawonedwa m'malo ambiri odyetsera, koma palibe malo ochulukirachulukira: ntchentche sizimasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu, zimakonda kukhala patali.
Mbalame zambiri zimakhala m'magulu osakhazikika a anthu 15-100, ndipo goliath heron amapewa malo aliwonse, amakhala kutali ndi anthu, abale ndi nyama zina.
Mbalame zimasaka chakudya masana, madzulo komanso ngakhale usiku, komabe, sikuti aliyense amachita kusaka mumdima: dzuwa litalowa, ambiri amayesetsa kuti agwirizane ndi anzawo kuti agone pagulu. Herons omwe amakhala m'malo otentha amawerengedwa kuti amasamuka, ndipo omwe amakhala kumadera otentha amangokhala. Herons aku North America amasamukira ku Central / South America nthawi yachisanu, ndipo anyani a "Eurasia" amathawira nthawi yozizira kumwera kwa Europe, Africa ndi South Asia.
Kusuntha kwadzinja kumayamba mu Seputembara - Okutobala ndikubwerera mu Marichi-Meyi. Ziwombankhanga zimauluka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zina zikukhalira pagulu la mbalame 200-250, ndipo pafupifupi sizimangoyenda zokha. Gululo, mosasamala nthawi yamasana, limauluka pamwamba kwambiri: nthawi yophukira, nthawi zambiri dzuwa litalowa, limayima m'mawa.
Ndege
Mphalapala uli ndi njira yake yowonera ndege, yomwe imasiyanitsa ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi, monga adokowe, ma cranes kapena ma spoonbill - kuwuluka kwake kumakhala kolemetsa komanso kocheperako, ndipo mawonekedwe ake okhala ndi zotupa (chifukwa chopindika pakhosi) akuwoneka owoneka bwino.
Chitsime chonyamuka chimapanga mapiko ake akuthwa, m'malo mwake chimanyamuka mwachangu pansi ndikusunthira bwino nthawi yayitali. Mbalameyi imapinda khosi lake ngati S, ikubweretsa mutu wake kumbuyo kwake ndikutambasulira miyendo yake, pafupifupi yofanana ndi thupi.
Kusuntha kwa mapiko sikutaya nthawi zonse, koma kumachulukirachulukira pamene chimeza chimathamanga kwambiri (mpaka 50 km / h), kuthawa adani. Zouluka zouluka, monga lamulo, zimapanga mphero kapena mzere, nthawi zina zimasunthira kukulira. Mphalapala amakonda kulankhula pa ntchentcheyo.
Zizindikiro
Kunja kwa madera, abusa amakhala "osalankhula", amakonda kulumikizana pafupi ndi malo awo okhala ndi zisa, mkatikati mwa atsamunda. Phokoso lodziwika bwino lomwe akatswiri amatha kuzindikira chimeza ndi kupukusa kovuta, kukumbukira chimphona chotsika. Phokoso lalikululi ndi lakutali lomwe kambalame kakang'ono kouluka kamapanga. Pakufikirako, kumveka phokoso lakuthwa lobwerezabwereza.
Zofunika. Matamawa akudziwitsa anthu amtunduwu za zoopsa, ndipo kulira kwa mmero (ndimanambala okugwedeza) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphalapala kuwopseza, kuwonetsa zolinga zake zoyipa.
Amuna, amalankhula zakupezeka kwawo, amalira mwachidule komanso osasangalatsa. Zikapatsana moni, mbalamezi zimathothoka kukamwa kwawo msanga. Kukhwimitsa ndi kulira kumamveka pafupipafupi kuchokera kumadera awo okhala ndi zisa, koma ntchentche zimalankhula osati kudzera pakumva kokha, komanso kudzera pamawonekedwe, pomwe khosi limakhudzidwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kulira kowopseza nthawi zambiri kumakwaniritsidwa ndi kukhazikika koyenera, mbalameyo itapinda khosi lake ndikututumuka pamutu pake, ngati ikukonzekera kuponya.
Ndi zitsamba zingati zimakhala
Akatswiri odziwa za mbalame amati anthu ena amtundu wa Ardea amatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 23, pomwe zaka za moyo wa anyaniwa sizipitilira zaka 10-15. Zitsamba zonse (monga mbalame zambiri zakutchire) zimakhala pachiwopsezo kuyambira nthawi yobadwa mpaka chaka chimodzi, pomwe 69% ya mbalame zazing'ono zimamwalira.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Palibe kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kupatula kukula kwa zitsamba zam'madzi - zoyambazo ndizazikulu pang'ono kuposa izi. Kuphatikiza apo, zamphongo zamtundu wina (mwachitsanzo, mbewa zazikulu) zimakhala ndi tinsalu tating'onoting'ono ta nthenga zakuda kumbuyo kwawo.
Mitundu ya Heron
Mtundu wa Ardea, malinga ndi mtundu wamakono, umaphatikizapo mitundu khumi ndi iwiri:
- Ardea alba - kudzikweza kwakukulu
- Ardea herodias - nguluwe yayikulu yabuluu
- Ardea goliath - chimphona chachikulu
- Ardea intermedia - sing'anga woyera woyera
- Ardea cinerea - imvi heron
- Ardea pacifica - heron wamakhosi oyera
- Ardea cocoi - Msuzi waku South America
- Ardea melanocephala - nsungu yakuda;
- Ardea insignis - nyerere yoyera yoyera
- Ardea humbloti - Madagascar heron;
- Ardea purpurea - heron wofiira
- Ardea sumatrana - Chitsamba chachi Malay.
Chisamaliro. Nthawi zina mtundu wa Ardea umanenedwa molakwika ndi ma yellow-billed (Egretta eulophotes) ndi magpie (Egretta picata) heron, omwe, monga titha kuwonera m'maina awo achi Latin, ndi amtundu wina wa Egretta (egrets).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Herons adakhazikika pafupifupi makontinenti onse, kupatula Antarctica ndi madera ozungulira a Northern Hemisphere. Mbalame sizikhala m'makontinenti okha, komanso kuzilumba zam'madzi (mwachitsanzo, Galapagos).
Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi yake, yopapatiza kapena yotakata, osiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zina malo amakhala. Chifukwa chake, egret yayikulu imapezeka pafupifupi paliponse, mbewa yakuda (yomwe imadziwika bwino ndi anthu aku Russia) yadzaza ma Eurasia ndi Africa ambiri, ndipo heron waku Madagascar amakhala ku Madagascar ndi zilumba zoyandikana nazo. M'gawo la dziko lathu, osati imvi zokha, komanso zisa zofiira.
Koma kulikonse komwe zitsamba zimakonda, zimamangidwa kumadzi achilengedwe okhala ndi kuya kwakuya - mitsinje (deltas ndi mitsinje yamadzi osefukira), madambo (kuphatikiza mangrove), madambo onyowa, nyanja ndi nkhalango zamabango. Ntchentche nthawi zambiri zimapewa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi madera oyandikira pafupi ndi madzi akuya.
Zakudya za Heron
Njira yokonda kuthamangitsa nyamayo ndiyo kuyiyang'ana mukuyenda m'madzi osaya, osakanikirana ndi malo osowa. Pakadali pano, mbewa imasunthira m'madzi kuti azindikire ndikugwira nyama. Nthawi zina mphalapala amaundana kwa nthawi yayitali, koma sikuti amangodikirira, koma kukopa wovulalayo. Mbalameyi imasuntha zala zake (za utoto wosiyana ndi mapazi) ndipo nsombazo zimasambira nkuwayandikira, kuwapanga ngati nyongolotsi. Msodzi nthawi yomweyo amapyoza nsombayo ndi kamwa lake ndipo amameza bwinobwino, chifukwa anali ataiponya kale.
Mphalapala amakonda kusaka nyama zakutchire, atakuta pa nthambi za mitengo yotsika. Zakudya za Herons zimaphatikizaponso nyama zamagazi otentha komanso ozizira:
- nsomba ndi nkhono;
- achule ndi achule;
- nkhanu ndi tizilombo;
- zatsopano ndi tadpoles;
- njoka ndi abuluzi;
- anapiye ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- timadumbu ndi akalulu.
Menyu yamphongo yayikulu imakhala ndi nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zolemera mpaka makilogalamu 3.5, makoswe olemera mpaka 1 kg, amphibians (kuphatikiza achule obowolera ku Africa) ndi zokwawa monga buluzi woyang'anira ndi ... mamba.
Msuzi wamtambo wakuda (mosiyana ndi mbewa yakuda ndi yofiira) amalowa m'madzi kawirikawiri komanso monyinyirika, amakonda kuteteza nyama kumtunda, kuyimirira kwa nthawi yayitali pamalo amodzi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake osati achule ndi nsomba zokha, komanso mbalame ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimagwera patebulo la nkhono wakuda.
Mbalame yotchedwa heron yoyera yayikulu imasaka yokha kapena polumikizana ndi ma comrade, omwe samatchinga kuti isasemphane nawo, ngakhale ndi chakudya chochuluka m'dera lozungulira. Oimira mitunduyi samazengereza kutenga zikho kuchokera kuzitsamba zazing'ono ndikumenyera nyama zamtundu wina.
Kubereka ndi ana
Herons amakhala ndi akazi okhaokha nthawi yakumasirana, yomwe imachitika kamodzi pachaka, koma kenako amasiyana. Mbalame zochokera kumtunda kotentha nthawi zambiri zimayamba kuswana mu Epulo - Meyi, kuwonetsa kukonzeka kwawo kusakanikirana ndi mtundu wosasintha wa mlomo ndi khungu pafupi ndi maso. Mitundu ina, monga egret yayikulu, imapeza ma egrets a nyengo yokhwima - nthenga zazitali zotseguka kumbuyo.
Kusamalira yaikazi, yamwamuna imawonetsa kuphuka ndi ma egrets, ma crouch ndi pops ndimlomo wake. Mkazi wachidwi sayenera kupita kwa njondayo mwachangu, apo ayi ali pachiwopsezo chotsutsidwa. Mwamunayo amapatsa zabwino mkazi wokwatiwa wodekha kwambiri. Atagwirizana, banjali limamanga chisa palimodzi, koma atagawana maudindowo - chachimuna chimabweretsa zinthu zomangira, ndipo chachikazi chimamanga chisa.
Zofunika. Zitsamba zam'mimba zimakhala m'mitengo kapena m'mabedi owuma. Ngati zisa zimapezeka pagulu losakanikirana (pafupi ndi mbalame zina), amphaka amayesa kumanga zisa zawo kuposa anzawo.
Chisa cha heron chimawoneka ngati mulu wonyamula nthambi mpaka 0.6 m kutalika ndi 1 mita m'mimba mwake. Pambuyo poikira mazira a 2-7 (obiriwira-buluu kapena oyera), mkaziyo amayamba kuwakhalira nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi yosakaniza imatenga masiku 28-33: makolo onse amakhala mosinthana. Anapiye amaliseche koma owonera amaswa nthawi zosiyanasiyana, ndichifukwa chake achikulire amakula msanga kuposa omaliza. Patadutsa sabata, matupi awo amakula pang'ono.
Makolo amadyetsa ana awo ndi nsomba, ndikuimata kuchokera ku chotupa, koma imangokhala yodzikuza kwambiri: sizosadabwitsa kuti kuchokera pagulu lalikulu mpaka kukhala wamkulu, banja lokha, ndipo nthawi zina kamwana kamodzi kamapulumuka. Anapiye amafa osati chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi, komanso chifukwa chovulala kosagwirizana ndi moyo, akamapita kukayenda m'mitengo, kukakamira ndi makosi awo m'mafoloko panjira kapena kugwa pansi. Pambuyo masiku 55, anawo amayima pamapiko, pambuyo pake amalowa nawo banja lomwelo ndi makolo awo. Zitsamba zamtunduwu zimakhala zachonde pafupifupi zaka ziwiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, anyaniwa amakhala ndi adani ochepa omwe angawagwere ali mlengalenga. Ziwombankhanga zazikulu, makamaka mitundu ing'onoing'ono, zitha kuukiridwa ndi akadzidzi akulu, mphamba ndi ziwombankhanga zina. Ng'ona amakhalanso owopsa mosakayika, m'malo omwe amakhala limodzi ndi ntchentche. Mazira a zitsamba, omwe amakopa ma martens, zilombo zakutchire, komanso akhwangwala ndi akhwangwala omwe amawononga zisa, ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitundu
Zitsamba zam'madzi zinawonongedwa mopanda chifundo chifukwa cha nthenga zomwe ankakongoletsa zipewa: mbalame 1.5-2 miliyoni pachaka ku North America ndi Europe. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi Ardea kwachira, kupatula mitundu iwiri yomwe koyambirira kwa 2019 (malinga ndi IUCN) ili pachiwopsezo cha kutha.
izo Madagascar HeronAmene ziweto si upambana 1 zikwi anthu, ndi Chitsamba choyera, yomwe ili ndi mbalame 50-249 zogonana zogonana (kapena 75-374, poganizira zazing'ono).
Kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi ikuchepa chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda:
- kunyozeka kwa madambo;
- poaching ndi kusonkhanitsa mazira;
- kumanga madamu ndi misewu;
- Moto wa m'nkhalango.
Zitsamba zimafunika kutetezedwa - zimadya nsomba zodwala, makoswe oopsa komanso tizilombo.
