Falcon ya peregrine ndi imodzi mwazinyama zokongola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, pachimake, khanda la peregrine limafika makilomita mazana atatu pa ola limodzi. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri pamene nyama yolusa yomwe yapeza nyama yake kuchokera kuphiri ikayiukira, ikungoyenda mlengalenga. Nthawi zambiri mimbulu imamwalira chifukwa chomenyedwa koyamba ndi mdani wamphamvuyo.
Kufotokozera kwachinyengo cha Peregine
Peregrine Falcon, (Falco Peregrinus), wotchedwanso Dak Hawk, ndiye mtundu wofala kwambiri wa mbalame zonse zodya nyama. Anthu ake amapezeka kumayiko onse kupatula Antarctica ndi zilumba zam'madzi. Kukhalapo kwa subspecies khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri kumadziwika pano.
Ndizosangalatsa! Falcon ya peregrine imadziwika bwino kwambiri chifukwa chothamanga kwambiri paulendo wapaulendo. Imafika makilomita 300 pa ola limodzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti nkhono za peregrine zisangokhala mbalame zothamanga kwambiri, komanso nyama yofulumira kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, mbalameyi idayamba kuchepa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. M'madera ambiri, kuphatikiza North America, chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kogawa ndikufa kwa mbalame kuchokera ku poizoni wa mankhwala, omwe adalandira ndi chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, posaka makoswe ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Zomwezo zidachitikanso ku Britain Isles, mitundu ya feteleza okha komanso momwe zimakhudzira thupi la mbalameyi ndizosiyana. Koma ataletsa (kapena kuchepetsa kwakukulu) kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organochlorine, anthu awonjezeka pafupifupi m'malo onse padziko lapansi.
Chiwerengero cha mbalame zamphongo zaku America zaku peregrine m'chigawo cha Hudson Bay kumwera kwa United States of America kale zinali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Mbalamezi zinasowa kotheratu kum'maŵa kwa United States ndi ku Canada kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960. Mu 1969, pamene kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mitundu ina ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunaletsedwa, mapulogalamu othandizira kuswana ndi kubwezeretsanso adayambitsidwa m'maiko onsewa. Pazaka 30 zotsatira zogwira ntchito molimbika ndi anthu osamala, oposa 6,000 ogwidwa ukapolo wa mbalame zamphongo adamasulidwa kuthengo. Anthu aku North America tsopano achira, ndipo kuyambira 1999 nkhandwe ya peregrine sakutchulidwanso ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu Yosavomerezeka ndi International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) kuyambira 2015.
Maonekedwe
Pakukonzekera, mapiko a mbalameyo amapanikizika pafupi kuti athetse kuwongolera kwa thupi, miyendo yatsamira. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nthawi zambiri amuna amakhala ocheperako pang'ono kuposa akazi. Kutalika kwakuthupi kwa mbalamezi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 46. Falcon ya peregrine ndiye mbalame yofulumira kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Falcon ya peregrine ili ndi bere loyera lokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, mapiko akuda ndi kumbuyo, ndi mzere wakuda wosiyana kuzungulira maso ndi mutu. Woyimira wamkulu wowonera pamwamba ndi wamtambo wabuluu, m'munsi mwake ndi yoyera ndimitsempha yaying'ono yakuda pachifuwa, nthenga. Kuchokera panja, zikuwoneka ngati chisoti choteteza buluu-imvi chili pamutu pa mbalameyo. Mofanana ndi nkhandwe zonse, chilombo chokhala ndi nthenga chimenechi chili ndi mapiko aatali, otambalala ndi mchira. Miyendo ya mphamba ya Peregine ndi yachikaso chowala. Akazi ndi abambo amafanana mofanana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mabodza amtundu wa Peregrine akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ngati mkaidi - wankhondo wankhondo wokhoza kusaka nyama. Ngakhale masewera apadera apangidwa kwa mmisiri wamphongoyi, amatchedwa - falconry, ndipo mmenemo falcon ya peregrine ilibe yofanana.
Moyo, machitidwe
Kutalika kwa makoko achikulire a peregrine amakhala pakati pa 36 mpaka 49 sentimita. Amphamvu komanso othamanga, amasaka, kuwuluka pamwamba kwambiri kuti athe kutsata nyama yawo. Ndiye, podikira mphindi yabwino, kumenyana naye, kudziponya pansi ngati mwala. Akufika pa liwiro lalikulu kuposa makilomita 320 pa ola limodzi, amadzipweteka ndi zikhadabo zopha ndikumapha pafupifupi koyambirira. Ziweto zawo zimaphatikiza abakha, mbalame zosiyanasiyana zoyimba ndi mbalame zam'madzi.
Ma Falcons a Peregrine amakhala m'malo otseguka okhala ndi miyala komanso mapiri. Komanso, panthawi yosankha malo okhala ndi zisa, amaganizira madera omwe ali pafupi ndi magwero amadzi abwino. M'malo otere, mumakhala mbalame zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chilombocho chimapatsidwa chakudya chokwanira.
Malo achizolowezi a kabawi wa peregrine nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati kakhonde kakang'ono pamphepete mwa thanthwe lalitali. Anthu ena samanyoza mapangidwe opanga opangidwa ndi anthu. Falcon ya peregrine siomanga waluso kwambiri, chifukwa chake zisa zake zimawoneka zosalongosoka. Nthawi zambiri amakhala nthambi zochepa, zopindidwa mosasamala, ndi mipata yayikulu. Pansi pake pamakhala chotsamira kapena nthenga. Ma Falcons a Peregrine samanyalanyaza ntchito zakunja ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zisa za anthu ena, zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malo okhala akhwangwala. Kuti izi zitheke, nyamazi zimangothamangitsa mbalamezo kumalo omwe zimakonda ndikukhalamo. Falcon ya peregrine nthawi zambiri imakhala yokhayokha.
Ndi ma falgine angati omwe amakhala
Nthawi yayitali yamoyo wa mbalame yotchedwa peregrine falcon kuthengo ili pafupifupi zaka 17.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna ndi akazi ali ofanana kunja. Komabe, nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti chachikazi chimayang'ana dongosolo lokulirapo.
Peregrine falcon subspecies
Pakadali pano, dziko lapansi limadziwa zazing'onozing'ono 17 za ma pharcine falcons. Kugawikana kwawo kumachitika chifukwa cha malo awo. Ichi ndi nkhokwe yolimba, ndiyonso tundra; ma subspecies osankhidwa omwe amakhala ku Eurasia; zazing'ono Falco peregrinus japonensis; nkhanu yaku Malta; Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides - Falcon wazilumba za Canary; wokhala pansi Falco peregrinus peregrinator Sundevall; komanso Falco peregrinus madens Ripley & Watson, Falco peregrinus aang'ono Bonaparte, Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe, Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgway (wakuda fodya), Arctic Falco peregrinus tundrius White, ndi thermophilic Falco peregrinus cassini Sharpe.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma Falcons a Peregrine ndi mbalame zomwe zimapezeka m'maiko ambiri ku America, Australia, Asia, Europe ndi Africa, kupatula chipululu cha shuga.
Ma falcine amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi chisa kumayiko onse kupatula Antarctica. Mbalameyi imakhala bwino ndikuswana ku North America, ku Arctic, Canada komanso kumadzulo kwa United States. Anthu ochepa oberekana apezekanso kum'mawa kwa United States.
Pakusamuka kwa nthawi yophukira, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimawoneka m'malo opitilira akalulu monga Mount Hawk ku Pennsylvania kapena Cape May, New Jersey. Mbalame zamphamba zam'madzi zomwe zimamanga chisa ku Arctic zimatha kusuntha makilomita opitilira 12,000 kupita kumalo awo achisanu kumwera kwa South America. Mbalame yolimba komanso yolimba imawuluka makilomita opitilira 24,000 pachaka.
Makoko a Peregrine omwe amakhala kumayiko ofunda samawona kufunika kothawa kwawo, koma abale awo, ochokera kumadera ozizira, amapita kuzinthu zabwino nyengo yachisanu.
Zakudya zopangira mphamba
Pafupifupi 98% ya chakudya cha nkhandwe ndi chakudya chokhala ndi mbalame zomwe zimagwidwa mlengalenga. Abakha, ma grouse akuda, ma ptarmigans, mbalame zina zazifupi komanso ma pheasants nthawi zambiri amatenga gawo lawo. M'mizinda, zikwizikwi zimadya nkhunda zambiri. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, nkhwimbi ya peregrine samanyoza nyama zazing'ono, mwachitsanzo, makoswe.
Falcon yamphamvuyi imadumphadumpha kuchokera pamwamba kwambiri ndikumenya mbalameyo kuti iduke, kenako nkuipha mwa kuthyola khosi. Mbalame yotchedwa Peregrine falcon imakonda kudya mbalame kuyambira kukula kwake kuchokera ku mpheta kupita ku pheasant kapena bakha wamkulu, ndipo nthawi zina imadya nyama zazing'ono monga kestrel kapena passerines. Sadzaopa kuukira mbalame zazikulu kwambiri monga nkhanu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Peregrine Falcon ndi mbalame yokhayokha. Koma panthawi yoswana, amatenga okha okwatirana, komanso kwenikweni - mlengalenga. Mgwirizano umapangidwa ndi nkhono yamphesa yamoyo, popeza iyi ndi mbalame zokhala ndi banja limodzi.
Amuna awiriwa amakhala m'dera lomwe limasungidwa bwino ndi mbalame zina ndi nyama zina zolusa. Dera lamtunduwu limatha kukhala mpaka ma kilomita 10.
Ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuti mbalame ndi makoswe, omwe ndi amtengo wapatali kwa peregrine falcon m'malo abwinobwino, koma amakhala mdera loyandikira chisa chawo, ali otetezeka kotheratu kukuzunguliridwa ndi ziweto zina zonse. Chowonadi ndichakuti mbalamezi sizisaka mdera lanyumba, pomwe zimateteza mwachangu ku ziwopsezo zakunja.
Kuikira ndi kusakaniza mazira mwa akazi kumachitika kumapeto kwa masika - koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Chiwerengero chawo nthawi zambiri chimakhala zitatu, mtundu wa mazirawo ndi mabokosi akuda. Abambo m'banja amapatsidwa udindo wokhala wopezera ndalama komanso kuteteza. Mayiyo amakhala ndi anapiye ongobadwa kumene, powasangalatsa ndi kuwasamalira. Kuyambira ali wakhanda, makanda amadyetsedwa ndi ulusi wa nyama zamasewera kuti awaphunzitse pang'onopang'ono kusaka pawokha. Ali ndi zaka mwezi umodzi, ma falgine amayesa kupanga mapiko awo oyamba, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mosalekeza pang'onopang'ono ndikudzazidwa ndi nthenga, ndipo ali ndi zaka 3 amakhala okonzeka kale kupanga awiriawiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Mbalame yotchedwa Peregrine Falcon nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimbana ndi zilombo zamphongo, ngakhale kupitirira kukula kwake. Umboni wowona nthawi zambiri umawonera nkhondoyi yolimba kuthamangitsa ziwombankhanga, ziphuphu ndi ma kite. Khalidweli limatchedwa chipwirikiti.
Nthanga ya peregrine imakhala pamalo okwera kwambiri pakati paulamuliro wa mbalame zolusa, chifukwa chake mbalame yayikulu siyingakhale ndi adani. Komabe, musaiwale za anapiye opanda chitetezo, omwe amatha kuzunzidwa ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimadya nyama komanso nyama zina.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Nkhanda ya peregrine idadutsa kwambiri pakati pa 1940 ndi 1970 chifukwa chofala kwambiri kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organochlorine, omwe amadzikundikira mthupi la mbalame zazikulu ndikutsogolera kuimfa yawo kapena kuwonongeka kwa chipolopolo, chomwe chimapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kuberekanso mtunduwo.
Kuwombera, ukapolo wa mbalame ndi poyizoni ndichinthu chakale kwambiri. Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amavulaza mtundu wa falcon ndizochepa kapena zoletsedwa kotheratu. Komabe, padakali zochitika zina zomanga ukapolo mbalame mosavomerezeka. Kusowa kotereku kwa munthu kumachitika chifukwa chofala kwa phala la peregrine kuti apange mabwinja.
Peregrine Falcon pakadali pano ali ndi mbiri yasayansi komanso chikhalidwe, ndipo amatetezedwa ndi malamulo angapo apadziko lonse lapansi. Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organochlorine, komanso kutulutsa kwa mbalame zomwe zidagwidwa ukapolo, zathandiza kuti mitunduyi ichulukane m'malo ambiri.
Ngakhale izi, kafukufuku ndi zochitika zikuchitikabe kuti ateteze European peregrine falcon. Zofunika patsogolo mtsogolomu zikufunika pakufunika kuyesayesa kowonjezera kuti abwezeretse mitengo yobereketsa mitengo ku Central ndi Eastern Europe, komanso kuteteza ndi kukonza malo okhala. Mpaka pano, pali vuto lalikulu lakuzunzidwa kosavomerezeka kwa ma peregrine falcons, chifukwa chantchito yosagwira ntchito yazamalamulo.
Monga mbalame zambiri zodya nyama, mbalamezi zimavutika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala komanso poizoni mosazindikira. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yomwe yakhudzidwa, monga ziwombankhanga, gulu la mphamba lotchedwa peregrine lidatenga nthawi yayitali kuti lipezenso bwino. Komabe, kuchuluka kwawo kwachulukirachulukira kuti angawerengedwe kuti sangaphatikizidwe pamndandanda wazinthu zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha.
