Chimodzi mwazomera zazikuluzikulu zochepa zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala zamoyo zazitali kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa musk ng'ombe (musk ng'ombe), amangokhala mphalapala nthawi zonse momwemo.
Kufotokozera kwa musk ng'ombe
Ovibos moschatus, kapena musk ng'ombe, ndi membala wa artiodactyl order ndipo ndi yekhayo, kupatula mitundu iwiri yazakale zakale, woimira mtundu wa Ovibos (musk ox) wabanja la bovid. Mtundu wa Ovibos ndi wa banja laling'ono la Caprinae (mbuzi), lomwe limaphatikizaponso nkhosa ndi mbuzi zam'mapiri.
Ndizosangalatsa!Takin amadziwika kuti ndi wachibale wapamtima wa musk ng'ombe.
Komabe, musk ng'ombe imakhala ngati ng'ombe yamphongo kuposa mbuzi ndi mawonekedwe ake: izi zidapangidwa pambuyo pofufuza thupi ndi ziwalo zamkati za ng'ombe ya musk. Kuyandikira kwa nkhosa kumatha kutsatidwa ndi momwe anatomy ndi serological reaction, komanso ng'ombe - momwe zimapangidwira mano ndi chigaza.
Maonekedwe
Chifukwa cha kusinthika, nyama ya musk idapeza mawonekedwe akunja, opangidwa ndimakhalidwe oyipa. Chifukwa chake, ilibe ziwalo zotulutsira kutentha kuti muchepetse kutentha kwa chisanu, koma ili ndi ubweya wokutali kwambiri, womwe matenthedwe ake amatenthedwa ndi giviot (chovala chamkati chomwe chimatenthetsa kwambiri kuposa ubweya wa nkhosa). Ng'ombe ya musk ndi nyama yolimba yokhala ndi mutu waukulu ndi khosi lalifupi, lodzala ndi tsitsi lochulukirapo, lomwe limapangitsa kuti liziwoneka ngati lalikulupo kuposa momwe lilili.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kukula kwa nyama yayikulu musk kufota kumakhala pafupifupi 1.3-1.4 m yolemera 260 mpaka 650 kg. Ng'ombe ya musk yakula minofu, pomwe minofu yathunthu imafikira pafupifupi 20% ya kulemera kwake.
Kutsogolo kwa chophimbira sikuli maliseche, monga ng'ombe, koma kumaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi. Makutu owonekera amakona atatu samasiyanitsidwa nthawi zonse ndi tsitsi lopindika. Miyendo yolimba imakutidwa ndi ubweya mpaka ziboda, ndipo ziboda zazing'ono ndizocheperako kuposa zam'mbuyo. Mchira wofupikitsidwa umasowa mu malaya ndipo nthawi zambiri suwoneka.
Chilengedwe chimapatsa ng'ombe yamphongo ndi nyanga zooneka ngati chikwakwa, zokulirapo komanso zamakwinya m'munsi (pamphumi), pomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi poyambira pang'ono. Kupitilira apo, nyanga iliyonse imayamba kuchepa, kutsika, kupindika mozungulira dera lomwe lili pafupi ndi maso ndipo kuyambira masaya akuthamangira panja ndi malekezero opindika. Nyanga zosalala bwino mozungulira (osaphatikizira mbali yakutsogolo) imatha kukhala imvi, beige kapena bulauni, mdima wakuda pamalangizo awo.
Mtundu wa musk ng'ombe umayang'aniridwa ndi bulauni yakuda (pamwamba) ndi bulauni yakuda (pansi) yokhala ndi malo owala pakati pa lokwera. Chovala chowala chimawoneka pamapazi ndipo nthawi zina pamphumi. Kutalika kwa malaya kumasiyana masentimita 15 kumbuyo mpaka 0.6-0.9 m pamimba ndi mbali. Mukayang'ana ng'ombe yamphongo, zikuwoneka kuti poncho yamtengo wapatali yaubweya yaponyedwa pamwamba pake, ikulendewera pansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Popanga chovalacho, mitundu ya tsitsi 8 (!) Imakhudzidwa, chifukwa chake ubweya wang'ombe wamiski uli ndi mawonekedwe osaziririka otentha, kuposa nyama ina iliyonse padziko lapansi.
M'nyengo yozizira, ubweyawo ndi wandiweyani komanso wautali; kusungunuka kumachitika nthawi yotentha ndipo kumayamba kuyambira Meyi mpaka Julayi (kuphatikiza).
Moyo, machitidwe
Ng'ombe ya musk imazolowera kuzizira ndipo imamva bwino m'chipululu cha polar ndi tundras ya arctic. Amasankha malo okhala malinga ndi nyengo komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya china: m'nyengo yozizira nthawi zambiri imapita kumapiri, komwe mphepo imasesa chisanu kuchokera kumalo otsetsereka, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe imatsikira mumtsinje wambiri ndi madera otsika mumtunda.
Njira yamoyo ikufanana ndi nkhosa, ikukakamira pagulu laling'ono la amuna ndi akazi, mchilimwe cha 4-10, m'nyengo yozizira ya mitu 12-50. Amuna mu kugwa / chilimwe amapanga magulu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena amakhala okha (ziweto zoterezi zimakhala anthu 9% yakomweko).
Dera lodyera m'nyengo yozizira silipitilira 50 km² pafupifupi, koma pamodzi ndi ziwembu za chilimwe zimafika 200 km²... Pofunafuna chakudya, gululo limatsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri kapena ng'ombe yayikulu, koma zikafika povuta, ng'ombe yokhayo ndi yomwe imasamalira anzawo. Ng'ombe za Musk zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, zikuyenda mpaka 40 km / h ngati kuli kofunikira ndikukwera mitunda yayitali. Ng'ombe za musk ndizolondola kwambiri pakukwera miyala. Mosiyana ndi mphalapala, samayenda nthawi yayitali, koma amasamuka kuyambira Seputembara mpaka Meyi, otsala m'deralo. M'nyengo yotentha, kudyetsa ndi kupuma kumalowa mkati 6-9 pa tsiku.
Zofunika! M'nyengo yozizira, nyama makamaka zimapuma kapena kugona, zikugaya zomera zomwe zimapezeka pansi, mpaka theka la mita, chipale chofewa. Mphepo yamkuntho ikayamba, ng'ombe zamphongo zimagona chagada. Sachita mantha ndi chisanu, koma chipale chofewa ndi chowopsa, makamaka chomwe chimamangirizidwa ndi ayezi.
Ng'ombe ya musk ili ndi maso akulu omwe amathandizira kuzindikira zinthu usiku wa polar, ndipo mphamvu zonsezo zimapangidwa bwino. Zowona, nyama ya musk ilibe fungo labwino ngati la mnansi wake pamtunda (mphalapala), koma chifukwa cha nyama zake zimazindikira kuyandikira kwa nyama zolusa ndikupeza mbewu pansi pa chipale chofewa. Kusindikiza kwa mawu ndikosavuta: achikulire amafufuma / amakalipira akagwidwa ndi mantha, amuna amabangula pakumenyana, ana amphongo amawomba, ndikuyimbira amayi awo.
Kodi musk ng'ombe imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Oimira mitunduyo amakhala pafupifupi zaka 11-14, pansi pazabwino, pafupifupi kuwirikiza nthawi ino ndikukhala zaka 23-24.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyana, kuphatikiza ma anatomical, pakati pa mamuna ndi wamkazi musk ng'ombe ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kumtchire, amuna amapeza makilogalamu 350-400 ndi kutalika pakufota mpaka 1.5 m ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa 2.1-2.6 m, pomwe akazi amakhala otsika kwambiri pakufota (mpaka 1.2 m) ndi kutalika kwakanthawi (1 , 9-2.4 m) ndi kulemera kofanana ndi 60% ya kulemera kwapakati kwamwamuna. Mu ukapolo, kuchuluka kwa nyama kumawonjezeka kwambiri: mwa amuna mpaka 650-700 kg, mwa akazi mpaka makilogalamu 300 ndi zina zambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Oimira amuna ndi akazi amakongoletsedwa ndi nyanga, komabe, nyanga zamphongo nthawi zonse zimakhala zazikulu komanso zazitali, mpaka masentimita 73, pomwe nyanga zachikazi zimakhala zazifupi (mpaka 40 cm).
Kuphatikiza apo, nyanga za akazi zilibe makwinya pafupi ndi tsinde, koma zili ndi malo achikopa pakati pa nyanga zomwe zimatulukira zoyera zoyera. Komanso, akazi ali ndi kabere kakang'ono kokhala ndi nsonga zamabele (zazitali 3.5-4.5 cm), zokutidwa ndi tsitsi lowala.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumawonekeranso munthawi yakukhwima. Ng'ombe yamphongo ya musk imapeza chonde pofika zaka ziwiri, koma ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi imakonzeka kumera ngakhale kale, miyezi 15 mpaka 17. Amuna amakhala okhwima kale asanakwanitse zaka 2-3.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mtundu woyambirira wamphongo wa musk unkaphimba madera a Arctic opanda malire a Eurasia, komwe, pafupi ndi Bering Isthmus (yomwe kale idalumikiza Chukotka ndi Alaska), nyamazo zidasamukira ku North America kenako ku Greenland. Zotsalira za ng'ombe zamtundu wa musk zimapezeka kuchokera ku Siberia mpaka kumpoto kwa Kiev (kumwera), komanso ku France, Germany ndi Great Britain.
Zofunika! Chofunikira kwambiri pakuchepetsa kwa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe zamtundu wa musk ndikutentha kwanyengo, komwe kudapangitsa kuti kusungunuka kwa Basin ya Polar, kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika / kachulukidwe ka chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa komanso kusambira kwa tundra steppe.
Masiku ano, ng'ombe zamtundu wa musk zimakhala ku North America (kumpoto kwa 60 ° N), ku Greenel ndi Parry land, kumadzulo / kum'mawa kwa Greenland komanso pagombe lakumpoto la Greenland (83 ° N). Mpaka 1865, nyama zimakhala kumpoto kwa Alaska, komwe zimawonongedweratu. Mu 1930, adabweretsedwa ku Alaska, mu 1936 - pafupifupi. Nunivak, mu 1969 - pafupifupi. Nelson mu Nyanja ya Bering ndi malo amodzi ku Alaska.
Ng'ombe ya musk yazika mizu m'malo awa, zomwe sizinganenedwe za Iceland, Norway ndi Sweden, komwe kuyambitsidwa kwa mitunduyo kudalephera.... Kubwezeretsanso kwa ng'ombe zamtundu wa musk kunayambikanso ku Russia: zaka zingapo zapitazo, pafupi ndi Taimyr tundra, pafupifupi nyama 8 zikwi zidakhala pafupifupi. Wrangel, opitilira 1 chikwi - ku Yakutia, opitilira 30 - m'dera la Magadan ndi pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri - ku Yamal.
Musk ng'ombe chakudya
Ichi ndi chomera chodyera chomwe chakwanitsa kuzolowera nkhokwe zosowa za Arctic yozizira. M'chilimwe cha Arctic chimangokhala milungu ingapo, ndichifukwa chake ng'ombe za musk zimakhutira ndi masamba owuma pansi pa chipale chofewa chaka chonse.
Zakudya zamtundu wa musk zimapangidwa ndi mbewu monga:
- birch shrubby / msondodzi;
- ndere (kuphatikizapo ndere) ndi moss;
- sedge, kuphatikizapo udzu wa thonje;
- astragalus ndi mytnik;
- arctagrostis ndi arctophila;
- Partridge Udzu (Dryad);
- bluegrass (udzu wa bango, udzu wam'maluwa ndi foxtail).
M'nyengo yotentha, mpaka chipale chofewa chimayamba kugunda, ng'ombe zamphongo zimabwera kunyambita zachilengedwe kuti zithetse kusowa kwa zinthu zazikulu ndi zazikulu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mchitidwewu umakhala kuyambira kumapeto kwa Julayi mpaka pakati pa Okutobala, koma nthawi zina amasintha chifukwa cha nyengo mu Seputembara-Disembala... Zazikazi zonse zaziweto, zokonzeka kubereka, zimakutidwa ndi yamphongo imodzi yamphamvu.
Ndipo pokha pokha paziweto zambiri, gawo la omwe amalowa m'malo mwa gululi amatengedwanso ndi ng'ombe yamphongo imodzi / ingapo. Pankhondo yaikazi, ovutitsayo nthawi zambiri amangowonetsa kuwopseza, kuphatikiza kuwinda mutu, kuluka, kubangula ndi ziboda zogogoda pansi.
Ngati wotsutsayo asataye mtima, nkhondo yeniyeni imayamba - ng'ombe, zikufalikira 30-50 m, zimathamangira kwa wina ndi mnzake, zikumenya mitu yawo pamodzi (nthawi zina mpaka 40). Ogonjetsedwa apuma pantchito, koma nthawi zina amafera pankhondo. Mimba imatenga miyezi 8-8.5, yomwe imafika poonekera ngati ng'ombe imodzi (yopanda mapasa) yolemera makilogalamu 7 mpaka 8. Maola angapo atabadwa, mwana wang'ombeyo amatha kutsatira mayi ake. M'masiku awiri oyambilira, mkazi amadyetsa mwana wake nthawi 8-18, ndikupereka njirayi kwa mphindi 35-50. Ng'ombe yamasabata awiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mawere 4-8 pa tsiku, ng'ombe yamwezi kamodzi ka 1-6.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa cha mkaka (11%) wamafuta ambiri, ng'ombe zimakula mwachangu, ndikupeza makilogalamu 40-45 ndi miyezi iwiri. Ali ndi miyezi inayi, amalemera makilogalamu 70-75, m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka chaka amalemera makilogalamu 80 mpaka 95, ndipo azaka ziwiri azitha makilogalamu 140-180.
Kuyamwitsa mkaka kumatenga miyezi inayi, koma nthawi zina kumatha chaka chimodzi kapena kupitilira apo, mwa akazi omwe adabereka mochedwa. Ali ndi msinkhu wa sabata, ng'ombeyo imayesa moss ndi nsanza za udzu, ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi imasamukira kumalo odyetserako ziweto, yowonjezeredwa ndi mkaka wa amayi.
Ng'ombe imasamalira ng'ombe mpaka miyezi 12. Ng'ombe zamphongo ndizogwirizana kusewera, zomwe zimangokhalira kusonkhanitsa akazi ndikutsogolera pakupanga gulu la ng'ombe zokhala ndi nyama zazing'ono. M'malo odyetsa olemera, ana amabwera chaka chilichonse, m'malo operewera pang'ono - theka nthawi zambiri, patatha chaka. Ngakhale amuna / akazi omwe ali ofanana pakati pa akhanda, nthawi zonse pamakhala ng'ombe zochulukirapo kuposa ng'ombe mwa anthu akulu.
Adani achilengedwe
Ng'ombe za Musk ndizolimba mokwanira ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuthana ndi adani awo achilengedwe, omwe ndi awa:
- mimbulu;
- zimbalangondo (zofiirira ndi zoyera);
- mimbulu;
- munthu.
Pozindikira zoopsa, ng'ombe zosakhwima zimathamanga ndikuthawa, koma ngati izi zalephera, akuluwo amapanga bwalo, kubisala ana amphongo kumbuyo kwawo. Nyama ikayandikira, ng'ombe imodzi imamukana ndipo imabwereranso m'gululo. Chitetezo chonse chimagwira ntchito polimbana ndi nyama, koma chimakhala chopanda tanthauzo komanso chovulaza gulu likakumana ndi alenje, omwe amakhala omasuka kwambiri kugunda chandamale chachikulu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ng'ombe ya musk idalembedwa mu IUCN Red List pansi poti ndi "yocheperako nkhawa", komabe amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zotetezedwa ku Arctic.... Malinga ndi IUCN, kuchuluka kwa nyama ya musk ikuyandikira nyama zazikulu za 134-137,000. Alaska (2001-2005) inali nyumba ya ng'ombe 3,714 zowoneka kuchokera kumlengalenga ndi pansi. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa IUCN, ziweto ku Greenland (kuyambira 1991) zinali nyama zikwi 9.5-12.5. Ku Nunavut, kunali ng'ombe zamphongo 45.3,000, zomwe 35,000 zimangokhalapo pazilumba za Arctic.
M'madera akumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Canada, kuyambira 1991 mpaka 2005, panali ng'ombe zamtundu wa 75.4,000, zambiri (93%) zomwe zimakhala kuzilumba zazikulu za Arctic.
Zowopseza zazikuluzikuluzi ndizodziwika:
- kusaka poaching;
- chipale chofewa;
- kudana kwa zimbalangondo ndi mimbulu (North America);
- kutentha kwa nyengo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Opha nyama mosaka nyama amasaka nyama zamphongo ngati nyama yonga ng'ombe ndi mafuta (mpaka 30% ya kulemera kwa thupi), zomwe nyama zimanenepa m'nyengo yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, pafupifupi 3 kg ya fluff fluff imametedwa kuchokera ku musk ng'ombe imodzi.
Akatswiri a zooology awerengera kuti chifukwa cha chipale chofewa, chomwe sichimalola kuti idutsenso kudera lamapiri, ziweto mpaka 40% za zilumba zina za Arctic zimafa nthawi yozizira. Ku Greenland, nyama zambiri zimasungidwa m'malire a National Park, komwe zimatetezedwa kusaka. Ng'ombe za Musk zomwe zimakhala kumwera kwa pakiyo zimawomberedwa pamlingo umodzi wokha.
