Nkhandwe yofiira, kapena nkhandwe yamapiri, kapena nkhalango ya Himalaya (Cuon alpinus), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti buanzu, ndi nyama yodya nyama ya banja la Canidae. Lero ndiye mitundu yokhayo komanso yosawerengeka ya mtundu wa Cuon, yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chothereratu.
Kufotokozera kwa nkhandwe yofiira
Mimbulu yofiira imasiyana ndi nthumwi zina za ma canine ochepa molars ndi mawere ambiri.
Maonekedwe
Mimbulu yofiira ndi nyama zazikulu zokwanira ndi thupi lokwanira masentimita 55-110, ndikukula kwa mchira wa 45-50 cm ndi thupi lolemera 17-21 kg. Maonekedwe a chilombo amaphatikiza mawonekedwe a nkhandwe, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi nkhandwe wamba ndi mtundu wake, chovala chofewa komanso mchira wautali, womwe umafikira padziko lapansi. Oimira mitunduyo amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa chimbudzi chofupikitsa komanso chosongoka... Makutu, okhala pamwamba pamutu, ndi akulu, amtundu wowongoka, okhala ndi nsonga zowoneka bwino.
Mtundu wamtundu wa malayawo ndi ofiira, osinthika kwambiri mwa anthu ambiri okhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nsonga ya mchira ndi yakuda. Mpaka miyezi itatu zakubadwa, anawo amakhala ndi utoto wakuda. Chivundikiro cha tsitsi m'nyengo yozizira ndichokwera kwambiri, m'malo mofewa komanso chokulirapo. M'chilimwe, ubweyawo ndiwofupikitsa, wowoneka bwino komanso wakuda. Mchira ndiwokwanira mokwanira, ngati nkhandwe wamba. Malinga ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa utoto ndi kachulukidwe ka ubweya, komanso kukula kwa thupi, ma subspecies khumi afotokozedwa lero, awiri omwe amakhala mdera la Russia.
Moyo, machitidwe
Nkhandwe yofiira ndimomwe amakhala m'mapiri, okwera mpaka kutalika kwa mita zikwi zinayi pamwamba pamadzi. Kwa gawo lalikulu la chaka, nyamayi yomwe imadyedwa imakhala kumapiri a Alps ndi subalpine belt, komanso m'phiri la taiga lomwe lili ndi malo amiyala ndi mitsinje. M'malo otseguka kwambiri, nyama sichikhazikika, koma pofunafuna chakudya imatha kusunthira nyengo yayitali pamtunda wautali. Nthawi zina nthumwi zamtunduwu zimatha kupezeka m'malo osazolowereka, kuphatikiza mabwinja, nkhalango ndi zipululu.
Pambuyo pachikuto chachikulu cha chipale chofewa m'mapiri, mimbulu yofiira imayamba kutsatira nyama zambiri zamatchire, monga argali, ibex, mbawala zamphongo ndi nswala zofiira. Panthawi ino ya chaka, nyama zolusa zimakonda kukhala kumapiri, m'malo omwe kuli chipale chofewa pang'ono, kuphatikiza m'malo otsetsereka ndi dzuwa. Mimbulu yofiira imakhala ndikusaka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi anthu khumi ndi awiri amibadwo ingapo. Nthawi zina kuchuluka kwa ziweto m'gulu kumatha kupitirira awiri kapena atatu.
Ndizosangalatsa!Phokoso lomwe mimbulu yofiyira imapanga ndiosiyanasiyana, poyerekeza ndi nkhandwe wamba, yotikumbutsa kwakanthawi kanyimbo kosangalatsa komanso kuyimba kokoka.
Nthawi zambiri, ubale womwe uli paketi yotere siwowopsa. Kukhazikika kwa maubwenzi apamwamba kumachitika pakatha miyezi isanu ndi iwiri. Malo othawirako adani nthawi zambiri amakhala mabowo okhala ndi miyala yokwanira kukula kwake, komanso ziphuphu ndi mapanga awo. Nyama mwachilengedwe imamva bwino, imatha kusambira komanso imatha kudumpha, kugonjetsa mosavuta mtunda wa mita sikisi. Mimbulu yofiira imakonda kupewa anthu, chifukwa chake sichiwongoleredwa, koma imatha kubereka bwino mndende.
Kodi nkhandwe yofiyira imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Pali milandu yodziwika bwino pomwe nthawi ya moyo wa nkhandwe yofiyira yomwe inali mu ukapolo inali zaka 15-16, koma kuthengo nyamayi yolusa imakhalanso ndi moyo wocheperako. M'malo awo achilengedwe, nyama zoterezi zimayenera kulimbana kwakanthawi kochepa komanso koopsa, chifukwa nyama mwachilengedwe, zimakhala zaka pafupifupi zisanu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Mwakutero, mawonekedwe azakugonana pakati pa akazi ndi abambo a mmbulu wofiyira sanatchulidwe kwambiri ndipo amangoyimiriridwa ndi kusiyana kochepa pakudya kwa akulu akulu kukula kwa thupi.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Kuchuluka kwa malo okhala ndi nkhandwe zofiira zili ku Central ndi South Asia, kumwera kwa East Asia, kuphatikiza Indonesia, India, China ndi Tibet, komanso Mongolia, zilumba za Java ndi Sumatra. M'malo okhala, m'malo olanda nyama zoterezi amawonongedwa kapena kulowedwa m'malo ndi anthu, m'malo mwake sapezeka m'malo akulu popanda kulowererapo anthu. Kwenikweni, nyama yodya nyama sikupezeka m'chipululu komanso m'malo ena.
Kumpoto, malire a nkhandwe yofiira ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri mdera la Russia. Malo oterewa akuyimiridwa ndi madera akumwera kwa Far East, Central ndi Eastern Siberia, komwe mimbulu yofiira ndiyosowa kwambiri komanso yosowa. M'malo awo okhala, mimbulu yofiira imakonda mapiri ndi mapiri ataliatali.
Nyama yosautsa imeneyi imatha kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kumapiri a mapiri, kuphatikizapo zigwa zazitali kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi udzu wambiri, mpaka kudera lamapiri a mkungudza ku Far East, kuphatikizapo nkhalango zowirira ku Eastern Siberia. Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za mawonekedwe a malo okhala paketi ya mimbulu yofiira, mkhalidwe wofunikira ndi chivundikiro chaching'ono cha chipale chofewa. Chipale chofewa kwambiri chimakakamiza nyamayo kuti isamukire kwina, osati madera achisanu.
Zakudya zofiira nkhandwe
Mmbulu wofiira uli m'gulu la nyama wamba. Nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka, pafupifupi nyama zilizonse zam'nkhalango zimatha kukhala chakudya cha nyama yotere. Komabe, maziko a chakudya cha nkhandwe yayikulu nthawi zambiri amakhala mitundu ingapo yayikulu kwambiri. Zimadziwikanso kuti nthawi yachilimwe nyama yodya nyama imeneyi imadya chakudya chokwanira, makamaka masamba a rhubarb wamapiri. Mountain rhubarb imapezeka nthawi zonse m'mapanga a nkhandwe pamaso pa ana agalu, chifukwa chake amaganiza kuti nkhandwe zazikulu zodyetsa zimadyetsa nyama zazing'ono, ndikubwezeretsanso theka, koma osafalikira bwino inflorescence.
Nthawi zina nyama yayikulu yamtchire imatha kudyedwa ndi mitundu yonse yofa. Mimbulu yofiira nthawi zambiri imayendetsa nyama zawo m'madzi, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuyenda kwa nyama zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizipezekanso. Asanasake, nyama zolusa zimachita miyambo yovuta, yomwe imaphatikizapo kupukuta ndi kununkhiza, komanso malo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Ankhandwe ofiira amapita kukasaka masana, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosakira nyama komanso njira zachikhalidwe zoukira nyama yawo, zomwe zimatengera kukula kwa paketi yomwe idapangidwa, mawonekedwe othandizira pagawo ndi mitundu ya nyama. Mwachitsanzo, mimbulu imakonda kusaka yokha pamitundu yonse ya ma lagomorphs ndi makoswe, ndipo gulu lokha ndi lomwe limatha kusaka nyama zazikulu kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mosiyana ndi mayitini ena amtchire, nkhandwe yofiyira imapha nyama yake, osati kuigwira pakhosi, koma kumenya mwamphamvu kuchokera kumbuyo, kotero ziweto zazikulu ziwiri kapena zitatu zimatha kupha mphalapala ya kilogalamu 50 pasanathe mphindi zochepa.
Gulu la mimbulu, yopangidwa ndi achikulire 15-20, nthawi zonse imagwira ntchito mogwirizana, chifukwa imatha kusaka nyama yayikulu ngati njati... Mmbulu wofiira umasaka ndipo umapeza nyama yake mwa kununkhiza, pambuyo pake kuthamangako kwachikhalidwe kumayamba. Nyama yodya nyama yotereyi imayenda pang'onopang'ono kuposa nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe, koma imasiyanitsidwa ndi kupirira kopitilira muyeso, chifukwa chake imatsata nyama yake mpaka nthawi yomwe yatopa kwambiri. Atagwira nyama yomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri, paketi ya mimbulu yofiira imaluma, motero patapita kanthawi nyamayo imagwa ndikudya nyama zolusa. Pali milandu yodziwika bwino pomwe gulu la mimbulu limayendetsa nyama yomwe idawatsata kumapeto kwa phompho, komwe adakakamiza kuti iduke.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ku India, nthumwi za nyama zodyera ku Canidae zimatha kuswana kwa miyezi isanu pachaka. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yoberekera ya nkhandwe yofiyira imagwera munthawi kuyambira Seputembara mpaka Januware kuphatikiza. Mukasungidwa mu ukapolo, m'malo osungira nyama omwe ali mkatikati, zolusa zimawonedwa kuyambira koyambirira kwa Januware mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala.
Nthawi yonse yoti bere la nkhandwe zofiira zomwe zimasungidwa m'malo osungira nyama zoweta ndi pafupifupi miyezi iwiri kapena kupitirirapo. Avereji ya zinyalala zolembedwa ku India kuyambira ana anayi mpaka asanu ndi mmodzi. Pali milandu yodziwika yotenga ana khumi ndi awiri kuchokera mdzenje la nkhandwe, koma, malinga ndi asayansi ambiri, anthu oterewa amatha kukhala azimayi awiri kapena atatu nthawi imodzi. Ana agalu aakazi ofiira obadwa kumene amakhala ndi utoto wakuda.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mosiyana ndi paketi ya nkhandwe, momwe amuna okwatirana amakonda kudya okhaokha, mimbulu yofiyira nthawi zonse imapereka ana awo patsogolo, chifukwa chake amawalola kuti adye kaye, ndipo mamembala am'banjali amadyetsa amayi awo ndi nyama zazing'ono, kubwezeretsanso chakudya.
Ana obadwa kumene akhungu kwathunthu, alibe mano ndipo amasiyanitsidwa ndi ngalande zotsekedwa zotsekedwa. Kulemera kwake kwa mwana wagalu kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa 200-350 magalamu. Ana amatsegula maso awo ali ndi zaka pafupifupi ziwiri zakubadwa. Kumtchire, ana agalu ofuira ofiira amachoka m'manda awo ali ndi zaka 70-80 zokha.
Ana obadwa m'malo opaka zoological koyamba amatha kutuluka mumtambo ali ndi zaka mwezi umodzi. Pofika miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, ana amakhala atatha kutenga nawo mbali pakusaka pamodzi, koma amakula msinkhu pakadutsa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu.
Adani achilengedwe
Wopikisana wamkulu wa nkhandwe yofiira m'malo achilengedwe kwazaka zambiri wakhala msuwani wake wakuda, chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza maluso osakira bwino komanso kulimba. Chiwerengero cha nkhandwe zakuda chikukulirakulirabe ndipo chimachotsa mimbulu yofiyira yomwe ili pangozi tsopano. Nyama yosawerengeka yomwe ili pachiwopsezo ikumenyera nkhondo kuti ipulumuke ndi mphaka ndi kambuku wa chisanu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mimbulu yofiira ikadali chizunzo cha ozembetsa nyama, chifukwa chake tsopano akhazikitsa lamulo ndipo zilango zochititsa chidwi zaperekedwa chifukwa chowombera nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
Matenda ambiri amakhudza kwambiri nkhandwe, pomwe miliri ndi chiwewe zimabweretsa ngozi kwa adani. Khalidwe la anthu limakulitsa chilombocho. Madera akulu kwambiri akupangidwa ndi anthu pafupipafupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa ziweto zingapo zazikulu, kuphatikiza mphalapala ndi mphalapala. Malo azakudya, omwe agwedezeka kwambiri mzaka zaposachedwa, apangitsa nyamazo kufa ndi njala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Nkhandwe yofiyira yatchulidwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation. Mu IUCN Red List, chilombocho chidapatsidwa udindo wa "Mitundu Yowopsa". Njira zomwe cholinga chake ndi kupulumutsa nkhandwe yofiyira ndizofalikira padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano, ndipo mdera lathu lino nyama yolanda imatetezedwa ndi boma.
Madera omwe anthu omwe ali ndi nkhandwe yofiyira apulumuka amadziwika. M'madera oterewa, malo osungira nyama zakutchire amakonzedwa mwakhama pofuna kuteteza nyama zolusa komanso nyama zamtchire zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama. Ntchito yopititsa patsogolo chidziwitsochi cholinga chake ndikuletsa kuwombera mwangozi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni cha kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe zofiira.
