Burbot, kapena wocheperako (Lota lota) ndi woimira mtundu womwewo, gulu la Ray-finned fish ndi banja la Cod. Ndi nsomba yokhayo yomwe imasungidwa m'madzi opanda mchere kuchokera ku oda ya Codfish (Gadiformes). Zimasiyana pamalonda.
Kufotokozera kwa burbot
Burbot ndi mitundu yokhayo yomwe ili m'gulu la burbot kuchokera kubanja laling'ono la Lotinae... Ofufuza onse apanyumba, mtundu wa burbot ndi wa banja la Lotidae Bonaparte, koma malingaliro a asayansi ambiri adagawika pankhani yokhudza monotypicity. Asayansi ena aku Russia amasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri kapena itatu:
- burbot wamba (Lota lota lota) - wokhalamo ku Europe ndi Asia mpaka kumtunda kwa Lena;
- burbot (Lota lota leptura) - wokhala ku Siberia kuchokera mumtsinje wa Kara kupita kumadzi a Bering Strait, pagombe la Arctic ku Alaska kupita ku Mtsinje wa Mackenzie.
Chotsutsana ndikugawana kwa subspecies Lota lota maculosa, omwe nthumwi zawo zimakhala ku North America. Maonekedwe akunja, komanso njira yamoyo ya ma burbots, zikuwonetsa kuti nsomba iyi ndiyotetezedwa, yosungidwa kuyambira Ice Age.
Maonekedwe
Burbot ali ndi thupi lolololoka komanso lotsika, lozungulira mbali yakutsogolo ndikuthina pang'ono kuchokera mbali yakumbuyo. Mutu ndiwofewa, ndipo kutalika kwake kumakhala kopitilira kutalika kwa thupi. Maso ndi ochepa. Pakamwa pake ndi chachikulu, chotsika pang'ono, ndi nsagwada zapansi, zomwe ndizofupikitsa kuposa zakumwambazo. Pamutu pake komanso pamnsagwada, mano ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi buluu amapezeka, koma mkamwa mulibe. Mbali ya chibwano ili ndi kanyanga kamodzi kosagundika, komwe kamapanga pafupifupi 20-30% ya mutu wonse. Palinso tinyanga tomwe timakhala pa nsagwada zakumtunda.
Mtundu wa burbot umatengera mtundu wa nthaka, komanso kuwunikira komanso kuwonekera kwa madzi. Msinkhu wa nsombayo siwofunika kwenikweni pamtunduwo, chifukwa chake mtundu wa masikelo ndiwosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri pamakhala mitundu yakuda kapena yakuda yakuda, yomwe imawonekera msinkhu.
Mawanga akulu a utoto wowala nthawi zonse amakhala pazipsepse zopanda ulalo komanso mbali zina za thupi. Mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa mawanga otere kumatha kusiyanasiyana, koma m'mimba ndi zipsepse za nsombazo nthawi zonse zimakhala zowala.
Oimira amtundu womwewo amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa zipsepse zakuthambo. Chomaliza choyambirira ndichachidule, ndipo chachiwiri chimakhala chachitali. Kumapeto kwa kumatako kumadziwikanso ndi kutalika. Pamodzi ndi dorsal fin yachiwiri, amayandikira kumapeto kwa caudal, koma kulibe kulumikizana. Zipsepse zam'mimba ndizazungulira. Zipsepse za m'chiuno zimapezeka pakhosi, kutsogolo kwa ma pectorals. Kuwala kwachiwiri, komwe kumakhala m'chiuno, kumatambasulidwa kukhala ulusi wotalika, womwe umapatsidwa maselo ofunikira. Mapeto a caudal ndi ozungulira.
Ndizosangalatsa!Zizindikiro zabwino kwambiri zakukula ndi kunenepa zimakhala ndi burbots ya beseni ya Ob, yomwe ili pafupi kukula kwa mzere wa Vilyui burbot, ndipo akulu akulu, olemera 17-18 kg, amakhala m'madzi a Mtsinje wa Lena.
Masikelo amtundu wa cycloid, ochepa kwambiri kukula kwake, okutira thupi lonse, komanso gawo lachigawo cham'mwamba kuchokera pamwamba, mpaka pachikuto cha mphete ndi mphuno. Mzere wathunthu wotsatira umafikira ku caudal peduncle ndikupitilira, koma atha kusokonezedwa. Kutalika konse kwa thupi kumafikira masentimita 110-120. M'madamu osiyanasiyana achilengedwe, njira zokulirapo zimachitika mosafanana.
Moyo, machitidwe
Burbot ndi gulu la nsomba zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'madzi ozizira okha, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimabereka kuyambira Disembala mpaka zaka khumi zapitazi za Januware kapena February. Kwenikweni, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira pomwe chimake cha ntchito ya burbot wamkulu chimagwa. Nyama yam'madzi, yomwe imakonda kukhala ndi moyo wokha usiku, imasaka pansi kwenikweni.
Omasuka kwambiri ndi omwe akuyimira gulu la Ray-finned nsomba ndi mabanja Codfish imangomva m'madzi okha omwe kutentha kwawo sikupitilira 11-12zaKUCHOKERA... Madzi omwe amakhala m'malo awo amakhala otentha, ma burbots nthawi zambiri amakhala oopsa, ndipo boma lawo limafanana ndi tulo tofa nato.
Burbot sakuphunzitsira nsomba, komabe, anthu angapo nthawi imodzi amatha kukhala limodzi m'malo amodzi. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya burbot imakonda kukhala moyo wokhawokha. Chakumapeto kwa nyengo yotentha, nsombayo imadzifunira yokha kapena ikufuna kutseka pakati pa mbuna zikuluzikulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa cha machitidwe ena, akulu akulu amatha kudumpha chakudya kwa milungu ingapo.
Oimira gulu la Codfish amakonda malo okhala akasupe ozizira. Nsomba zotere sizimakonda kuwala, motero sizimakhala bwino pakakhala kuwala kwa mwezi. Masiku otentha kwambiri, ma burbots amasiya kudyetsa kwathunthu, ndipo nyengo yamvula kapena kuzizira amayang'ana nyama usiku.
Kodi burbot amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Ngakhale pansi pabwino kwambiri komanso malo okhala, moyo wautali kwambiri wa burbots suzidutsa kotala la zana.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Burbot imadziwika ndi magawidwe azungulira. Nthawi zambiri, oimira banja la Cod amapezeka mumitsinje yomwe imadutsa m'madzi a m'nyanja ya Arctic. Ku British Isles, zotsalira za burbots zimalembedwa pafupifupi kulikonse, koma pakadali pano nsomba zotere sizikupezeka m'madzi amadzi. Zofananazo nzofala ku Belgium. M'madera ena aku Germany, ma burbots nawonso awonongedwa, koma amapezeka m'madzi amtsinje wa Danube, Elbe, Oder ndi Rhine. Mapulogalamu omwe cholinga chake ndikubwezeretsanso burbot akuchitika lero ku UK ndi Germany.
Burbot imapezeka m'matupi achilengedwe a Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania ndi Latvia, koma m'madzi aku Finland, manambala awo ndi ochepa. M'matupi amadzi aku Finland, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kwadziwika posachedwa, zomwe zikuchitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi eutrophication yawo. Komanso, zifukwa zakuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi zikuphatikiza acidification yamadzi ndikuwonekera kwa mitundu yachilendo, yomwe ikulowa m'malo mwa mbadwa.
Gawo lalikulu la nkhokwe za Slovenia zimakhazikika mumtsinje wa Drava ndi Nyanja ya Cerknica. Ku Czech Republic, oimira mtunduwo amakhala mumitsinje ya Ohře ndi Morava. Ku Russia, burbots imagawidwa pafupifupi kulikonse m'madzi ozizira komanso ozizira, m'mabeseni a White, Baltic, Barents, Caspian ndi Black Sea, komanso m'mitsinje ya Siberia.
Malire kumpoto kwa burbot akuimiridwa ndi gombe lakunyanja la nyanja. Anthu amapezeka m'malo ena a Yamal Peninsula, pazilumba za Taimyr ndi Novosibirsk, m'madzi am'mphepete mwa Ob-Irtysh ndi Lake Baikal. Oimira mitunduyo nthawi zambiri amapezeka mumtsinje wa Amur ndi Yellow Sea, ndipo amapezeka kwambiri kuzilumba za Shantar ndi Sakhalin.
Zakudya za Burbot
Burbot ndi a nsomba zapansi zodya, chifukwa chakudya chawo chimayimiriridwa ndi okhala pansi pamadzi... Achinyamata ochepera zaka ziwiri amadziwika ndi kudyetsa mphutsi, tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi nyongolotsi, komanso mazira osiyanasiyana a nsomba. Anthu okulirapo samanyozanso achule, mphutsi zawo ndi mazira. Ndi zaka, burbots amakhala nyama zowopsa, ndipo chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi nsomba, zomwe kukula kwake kumatha kufikira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kukula kwake.
Kapangidwe kazakudya za ma burbots achikulire zimasinthidwa makamaka chaka chonse. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yachilimwe ndi yotentha, nyama zodya benthic, ngakhale zazikulu kwambiri, zimakonda kudya nsomba zazinkhanira ndi nyongolotsi. Masiku otentha kwambiri, ma burbots amasiya kudya konsekonse, ndipo amayesa kubisala m'malo amadzi ozizira osungira zachilengedwe. Kuyambika kwa nyengo yozizira yophukira kumadziwika pakusintha kwamakhalidwe ndi zakudya za oimira madzi oyera amtundu wa banja la cod. Nsomba zimachoka pogona pokha ndikuyamba kufunafuna chakudya usiku wokha.
Nthawi zambiri, posaka nyama, burbots amayendera malo osaya madzi. Kulakalaka nyama yodya nyama yayikulu kwambiri yam'madzi nthawi zonse kumawonjezeka ndikuchepa kwa kutentha kwamadzi ndikucheperachepera masana. Pofika nyengo yachisanu, minnows, ma loach ndi ma ruff, omwe amakhala atagona pang'ono, amakhala nyama ya burbot. Mitundu ina yambiri ya nsomba, kuphatikiza mtanda wamtanda wa crucian, imakonda kukhala tcheru kwambiri, kuzipangitsa kuti zizigwera m'kamwa mwa nyama yozizira usiku.
Kutengera mawonekedwe apadera a burbot burbot, ndizotheka kunena kuti nyama yam'madzi yotereyi imakonda kugwira nyama pafupifupi iliyonse, kenako imameza osachita chilichonse mwadzidzidzi. Oimira madzi amtundu woterewa a Codfish amakhala ndi luso labwino kwambiri la kununkhiza komanso kumva, pomwe maso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi nyama yomwe imadya nyama zam'madzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Burbots amatha kudya ngakhale nyama zowola, nthawi zambiri amameza nsomba zonunkhira kwambiri ngati zomata ndi zonyansa, ndipo womalizirayu amakonda kwambiri nyama yomwe imadya nyama zam'madzi usiku.
Burbots amatha kununkhiza komanso kumva nyamazo patali kwambiri. Pofika nyengo yachisanu, burbots amasiya kudyetsa. Pambuyo pa dzanzi lathunthu, lokhalitsa masiku ochepa kapena sabata, nthawi yobereka mwachangu imayamba.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mwa anthu, kuchuluka kwa amuna oyimira ma cod nthawi zonse kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa akazi onse... Burbots amakula msinkhu wazaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zakubadwa.
Amuna amphongo awiriawiri ndi akazi ndi manyowa atayikira mazira. Nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale anthu ocheperako atha kukhala ndi caviar wokhwima. Monga lamulo, mitundu yayikulu ndi yaying'ono nthawi yomweyo imakhala mosungira mwakamodzi, ndipo yomalizayi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wonse wakuda wa masikelo. Nyanjayi imakula msanga kuposa mtsinje umodzi. Amanyowetsa mazira atangofika kutalika kwa 30-35 cm, ndikulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Achinyamata amakula mwachangu, motero pofika Juni onse mwachangu omwe amatuluka m'mazira m'nyengo yozizira amafika mpaka 7-9 masentimita.
Oyambirira kupita kumalo oberekera ndiwo anthu ovuta kwambiri komanso akuluakulu, omwe amatha kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a nsomba khumi mpaka makumi awiri. Pambuyo pake, ndikutembenukira kwa ma burbots apakatikati kuti abereke. Nsomba zazing'ono ndizomaliza kupita kumalo osungira nyama, zikukakamira m'masukulu pafupifupi zitsanzo zana. Ma burbots akumtunda amapita pang'onopang'ono ndipo makamaka usiku. Malo osaya ndi nthaka yolimba pansi amakhala malo abwino kwambiri oberekera ana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mpaka atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi, tiana tating'onoting'ono tomwe timabisala timabisala m'miyala, ndipo pofika nthawi yachilimwe ya chaka chamawa, nsombayo imapita mozama m'malo opusa, koma zizolowezi zoyipa zimapezeka pokhapokha atatha msinkhu.
Akazi, omwe amaimira nsomba zamtchire zodziwika bwino, amadziwika ndi kubereka kwabwino kwambiri. Mzimayi wamkulu wokhwima pogonana amatha kutulutsa mazira pafupifupi theka la miliyoni. Mazira a burbot ali ndi mtundu wachikasu kwambiri ndipo ndi ochepa kukula kwake. Wapakati mazira amatha kusiyanasiyana mkati mwa 0.8-1.0 mm. Ngakhale mazira ochulukirachulukira, chiwerengero cha burbot pakadali pano ndi chochepa kwambiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Si mazira onse amene amabala mwachangu. Mwazina, si achinyamata onse akudzazidwa omwe amapulumuka kapena kukhala okhwima pogonana. Anthu ambiri ochokera kumtunduyu ndi chakudya cha anthu ena okhala m'madzi, kuphatikiza nsomba, goby, ruff, bream ya siliva ndi ena. M'nyengo yotentha yotentha, burbots samawonetsa zochitika, chifukwa chake amatha kukhala nyama ya mphamba. Mwambiri, achikulire komanso akuluakulu ambiri alibe adani achilengedwe, ndipo chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza anthu ndi nsomba zochuluka kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Masiku ano, ma burbots omwe amakhala m'madamu ku Netherlands ali pachiwopsezo chotheratu, ndipo chiwonetsero chonse cha anthu chikuchepa pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi zina anthu amapezeka mumtsinje wa Biesbosche, Krammere ndi Volkerak, m'madzi a Ketelmeer ndi IJsselmeer. Ku Austria ndi France, burbots ndi mitundu yosatetezeka, ndipo anthu ambiri tsopano ali mokhazikika ku Seine, Rhone, Meuse, Loire ndi Moselles, komanso m'madzi am'mapiri ena ataliatali. M'mitsinje ndi nyanja za Switzerland, anthu achifwamba amakhala osakhazikika.
Zofunika! Kuwonongeka kwachangu, komanso kuwongolera madera amtsinje, kumakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nyama zam'madzi zopanda madzi. Palinso zinthu zina zoyipa.
Amakonda kupezeka m'maiko a Kum'mawa kwa Europe ndipo amaimira vuto lalikulu lochepetsa ma burbots. Mwachitsanzo, ku Slovenia kulephera kwa burbot sikuletsedwa, ndipo ku Bulgaria nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zam'madzi zapatsidwa mwayi wokhala "Zamoyo Zosowa".
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Silver carp
- Nsomba Pinki
- Bream wamba
- Tuna
Ku Hungary, nthumwi za cod zamadzi amadzi ndizosavomerezeka, ndipo ku Poland chiwerengerochi chatsikanso kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Mtengo wamalonda
Burbot ndiyomwe imawonedwa ngati nsomba yamtengo wapatali yamalonda yokhala ndi nyama yosakhwima, yolawa kukoma, yomwe, itazizira kapena yosungira kwakanthawi kochepa, imatha kutaya kukoma kwake. Chiwindi chachikulu cha burbot chimakhala chamtengo wapatali kwambiri, chokoma modabwitsa komanso chili ndi mavitamini osiyanasiyana.
