Vyakhir, yemwenso ndi njiwa yayikulu ya nkhalango kapena vituten, amakhala kuthengo. Momwe mbalameyo imakhalira ndi "zomwe zimapuma", tidzakambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kufotokozera kwa njiwa
Nkhunda ndizofunikira kwambiri m'mizinda yaying'ono, yaying'ono komanso ikuluikulu... Amabweretsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana mwa anthu. Wina amawakalipira chifukwa cha "kusayera" kwawo kwachilengedwe, ena amawadyetsa mokakamiza ndi mabuluwa ndi zinyenyeswazi za mkate m'mapaki ndi mabwalo. Lero tikambirana za abale awo apamtima - nkhunda zakutchire zamtchire, nkhunda zamatabwa. Anthu aphunzira za nkhunda nkhuni posachedwapa. Asanabwere intaneti, imadziwika ndi akatswiri odziwa zamatsenga okha. Masiku ano, mlenje wosowa samadziwa kukoma kwa nyama yake. Mbalame ya whitewood, ngakhale imakhala tcheru komanso yowopa, nthawi zambiri imakhala nyama ya munthu.
Ndizosangalatsa!Mutha kuzembera pa iye pokha pobisala pansi pa chivundikiro chobisalira pafupi ndi malo achilengedwe a nkhunda. Ndikofunika kuphimba nkhope yanu nthawi yomweyo, apo ayi mbalame yochenjera idzawona wosazindikira ndipo nthawi yomweyo imathawa.
Ponena za mtundu wakunja ndi mawonekedwe amthupi, njiwa yakutchire siyimasiyana ndi njiwa wamba yamzinda. Makulidwe owoneka bwino okha ndi omwe amapatsa wokhala m'nkhalangomo. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyi kumafika masentimita 45 ndipo kumalemera magalamu 700-900. Milandu inadziwika pamene kulemera kwa nkhunda nkhuni kunkafika kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Mapiko a mapiko okha ndi pafupifupi masentimita 70, kulimba kwake kumathandiza mbalameyo kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita zikwi zambiri panthawi yosamukira nyengo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mwamunayo amawoneka wamkulu kuposa wamkazi, koma kulemera kwake nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofanana.
Maonekedwe
Vyakhir - njiwa yooneka ngati yayikulu... Ili ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa mbalamezi. Mbali yaikulu ya nthengayo ndi yakuda, kutanthauza buluu wamtambo. Mtundu uwu umakupatsani mwayi wobisala kwa omwe akufuna. Mapiko a whitut amakongoletsedwa ndi ma chevrons oyera oyera, omwe amatha kuwoneka bwino kwambiri akamauluka. Pamwamba pakamdima pamchira kumakwaniritsidwa ndi mapaipi oyera. Chokhacho chomwe chimasiyanitsa mbalame iyi ndi amzake am'mizinda ndi kusapezeka kwa mikwingwirima yakuda pamphiko. Chifuwa cha njiwa chimadzipaka utoto wofiirira wa pinki wokhala ndi ubweya wobiriwira, womwe umawoneka wokongola kwambiri padzuwa.
Mutu wa njiwa ndi ashy. Mbali za khosi zimakongoletsedwa ndi zoyera kapena, nthawi zina, madontho a beige. Mayiwo ali ndi milomo yachikaso yopindika komanso mawanga ofiira ofiira. Maso ake ndi ozungulira, akuda ndi mkombero wachikasu mozungulira nthiti. Nkhunda yamphongo yamphongo imawoneka yayikulu kwambiri. Akazi ndi achisomo kwambiri. Mtundu wa nthenga zawo ndiwopepuka pang'ono, mawanga ake ndi ochepa, koma madonawo akamawoneka okongola komanso ocheperako.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Mbalamezi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi achibale akuluakulu m'nkhalango zakutchire za nkhunda zathu zam'mizinda. Malo awo okhala ndi nkhalango zowirira, malo amphesa zaulimi, komwe amafunafuna chakudya m'minda.
Komabe, mutha kupeza ma vitute m'mizinda komanso ngakhale mzindawu. Malo okhala mbalame amatha kukankhidwa chifukwa chosowa chakudya m'malo okhalamo.
Nkhunda zakutchire nthawi zambiri zimakhala. Amakonda m'mphepete mwa nkhalango zowuma pafupi ndi minda yodyetsera. Malo achithaphwi okha amadutsa, kukhazikika kunja kwawo ndizosowa kwambiri. Pazilumba za Orkney ku Scotland, zomwe zimadziwika kuti kulibe mitengo, mbalamezi zimakhala pansi pomwe. Nkhunda sizidzanyoza moyo wochepa chonchi komanso ngalande pakati pamiyala.
Ndizosangalatsa!Azungu ndi mbalame zosamala kwambiri. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chodzitchinjiriza mwachilengedwe motsutsana ndi nyama zolusa zazikulu. Chifukwa chake, kuyesa kuti asakope diso lawo ndiye chida chawo chachikulu chodzitetezera. Nkhunda nazonso zimauluka mofulumira. Pakusaka mlenje kapena chilombo, njiwa yakutchire imazizira ndipo nthawi zambiri ikawuluka imangoyenda mlengalenga mwadzidzidzi, ikumveka phokoso lofuula ndi mluzu ndi mapiko ake.
Amamva bwino kutali ndi diso la munthu, komwe amakhala ndikukula bwino. Vyakhiri amasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mbalame zingapo; mkati mwa gulu amakhala mwamphamvu komanso ochezeka.
Ndi nkhunda zingati zomwe zimakhala
Mkhalidwe wosiyanasiyananso ukhoza kukhala kuti nkhunda yakutchire ikhale ndi moyo mpaka zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna amawoneka akuluakulu kuposa akazi. Mawanga awo ofananira ndi khomo lachiberekero ndi okulirapo, mtundu wonsewo ndi wowala kwambiri, amawoneka mosiyana kwambiri.
Mitundu ya nkhunda
Mbalame ya njiwa ilibe subspecies. Chiwerengero cha anthu chitha kugawidwa pokhapokha pamadera omwe akukhalamo.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Vyakhir makamaka ndi mbalame yomwe imakhala ku Europe. Komabe, mutha kuyipeza pagawo lalikulu. Amakopeka ndi nkhalango zotere za ku Ukraine, Russia, Scandinavia ndi Baltic. M'miyezi yotentha, kuchuluka kwa nkhunda zamitengo yaku Crimea kumawonjezeka, chifukwa nthawi yotentha amakopeka kwambiri ndi mayiko akumwera. Muthanso kukumana ndi njiwa yakutchire kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa.
Zakudya za Vyakhir
Maziko a chakudya cha nkhunda zamatabwa ndi chakudya chomera... Izi ndi zipatso, chimanga. Menyuyi mulinso zipatso, ma koni, mtedza, zipatso, mbewu zina ndi mbewu zawo. Nkhunda zakutchire zimakhala ndi chodabwitsa chimodzi.
Pofuna kupeza zipatso kapena mtedza wovuta kufika panthambi, amamatira ku nthambizo ndi zikhadabo zawo, atazipachika mozondoka. Pakasowa chakudya, mbalamezi zimadya njenjete zapadziko lapansi, slugs ndi mbozi. Vitutni wokhala pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu nthawi zambiri amadyetsedwa ndi zotsalira za zinthu zophika. Gulu la nkhumba zamtengo wapatali zimakonda kutsikira kukadyetsa minda ya mpiru kapena clover. Madera akumwera amakopa mbalame ndi nkhuyu zakutchire.
Nkhunda zakutchire zimasiyana ndi mitundu ina yakumwa. Pabowo lothiriralo, ndiosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi wina aliyense; amangotsitsa mulomo wawo m'madzi ndikulowetsa kudzera m'mabowo apadera. Nkhunda imadzutsa mutu wake kwakanthawi kochepa isanameze.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nkhumba zamatabwa zimatha kubereka ndikukula mpaka ana atatu pachaka. Komabe, izi ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi nyengo. Kwenikweni, pali ana awiri, osachulukitsa 1 kapena 3. Nthawi yoswana imayamba mu Epulo, ikabwerera kuchokera kuzipinda zanyengo, imatha mpaka Seputembala. Ali ndi miyezi 10-11, kutha msinkhu, amuna amawulukira pamwamba pamitengo kuti akope amuna kapena akazi anzawo ndikuyamba kulira. Nthawi zambiri amachita izi m'mawa. Mkazi atangomvera za njondayo, nthawi yomweyo amatsikira kwa iye, ndikupitilizabe kulira, kumuzungulira mozungulira. Zotsatira za chibwenzi ndikuyika mazira awiri.
Ndizosangalatsa!Atakwatirana, awiriwa amayamba kumanga chisa. Nthambi zazing'ono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zakuthupi. Asanavomereze nthambi iliyonse, amamvekedwa bwino ndi mlomo kuti aone ngati ali ndi mphamvu.
Zinthuzo zikangonyamulidwa. Pambuyo masiku 2-3, chisa chimamangidwa. Pansi pa chisa pamakhala chimango cha nthambi zazikulu zolimba, danga pakati pake limadzazidwa ndi nthambi zazing'ono komanso zosinthika. Zotsatira zake ndi mtundu wa mbale yokhala ndi malo pansi ndi mbali zosalala. Zitsulozo ndi zotayirira, momwe dzira loyambira limagwera. Nkhunda zimakhala malo osapitilira 2 mita kuchokera pansi. Makamaka aulesi amatha kutenga wina amene wasiyidwa.
Mkaziyu amaikira mazira oyera awiri, omwe amatenga pafupifupi milungu 2.5 kuti amawawiririra. Mkazi amachita nawo makulitsidwe, abambo nthawi zina amalowa m'malo mwake kuti adye. Onse makolo akuchita nawo kudyetsa ana obadwawo. Kwa mwezi wathunthu, anapiye opanda pake, akhungu amadya "mkaka wa mbalame", chimanga chokhotakhota chomwe chimakhala chopyapyala. Pambuyo pa masabata asanu, anapiye amakhala okonzekera moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe
Choopsa chachikulu mwachilengedwe kwa nkhumba nkhuni chimayimilidwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama monga peregrine falcon ndi hawk. Amasaka mbalame zazing'ono komanso zazikulu. Osatsalira m'mbuyo pakuwononga nkhunda zakutchire ndi agologolo, magpies, jays ndi khwangwala wokutira, omwe amawononga zisa zawo ndi mazira oswedwa. Pali ziwerengero malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhumba nkhuni pachaka kumachepa ndi 40% chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi nyamazi.
Zachilengedwe zimasokonezanso. Mwachitsanzo, kuzizira msanga msanga, chinyezi chambiri ndi masoka ena amachepetsa nthawi yogonana ya nkhumba zamatabwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kukula ana awiri kapena kupitilira apo pachaka. Mwachitsanzo, kumapeto kwa kasupe kukakamiza kuyikira mazira oyamba kuchedwetsedwa mpaka mwezi wa Meyi, zomwe sizimapereka nthawi yopanga clutch yachiwiri.
Munthuyo amathandizanso. Vituten ndi mbalame yokhala ndi nyama yokoma, yofewa. Chifukwa cha izi, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala mlenje wa alenje. Nthawi yomweyo, mukawombera njiwa, ngakhale itagundidwa ndi chipolopolo, imathawa mphamvu yake yomaliza, yomwe imamupangitsa kuti afere m'nkhalango, ndipo mlenjeyo amafunafuna chandamale chatsopano.
Chitukuko chikupheranso mbalamezi. Zikuwoneka kuti kuchepa kwamidzi yakumidzi kuyenera kuchititsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, koma sizili choncho. Vyakhir ndi mbalame yomwe imakonda kukhala chete koposa zonse. Ndipo chitukuko cha zokopa zamagalimoto, kupezeka kwa anthu nthawi zonse (otola bowa, osaka nyama, alendo, alendo), ngakhale kumadera akutali kwambiri a nkhalango, zimapangitsa mbalame kusiya nyumba zawo. Komanso chiwerengero cha oimira mitunduyo "chinagwetsa" kufalikira kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'minda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Nkhunda zakutchire zomwe zimakhala mu Azores zalembedwa mu Red Book. Vyahiri wazilumba za Madeira adawonongedwa koyambirira kwa zaka zapitazo. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma subspecies ena a nkhumba zamtchire akucheperachepera chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mopitirira muyeso, kuwononga malo achilengedwe ndikuwombera kosalamulirika, mtundu uwu suzindikirika kuti uli pachiwopsezo.
