Zaulere ngati mphepo, zosalamulirika, zothamanga komanso zokongola - awa ndi ma mustang, akavalo amtchire akumapiri aku North America ndi mapampu aku South America.
Kufotokozera kwa Mustang
Dzinalo la mitunduyo limabwereranso kuzilankhulo zaku Spain, pomwe mawu oti "mesteño", "mestengo" ndi "mostrenco" amatanthauza "ziweto zosakhazikika". Mustang amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu, kuyiwala kuti liwuli limatanthawuza mikhalidwe ingapo yomwe imakhazikika pakuberekana. Nyama zakutchire sizikhala ndi mtundu uliwonse ndipo sizingakhale nazo.
Maonekedwe
Oyambitsa ma mustangs amawerengedwa kuti ndi mares ndi mahatchi amtundu wa Andalusian (Iberian), omwe adathawa ndikumasulidwa ku pampas mu 1537, pomwe aku Spain adachoka m'dera la Buenos Aires. Nyengo yotentha idathandizira kuti mahatchi osochera aberekane mwachangu komanso kuti azitha kusintha moyo wawo momasuka... Koma mawonekedwe a nthanga yodziwika bwino adayamba pambuyo pake, pomwe magazi amtundu wa Andalusian osakanikirana ndi magazi a akavalo amtchire ndi mitundu ingapo yaku Europe.
Kuwoloka kwadzidzidzi
Kukongola ndi mphamvu za ma mustangs zimakhudzidwa ndi malo amisala amisala, pomwe mitundu yamtchire (kavalo wa Przewalski ndi tarpan), zoweta zaku France ndi Spain, mahatchi achi Dutch komanso ma poni adathandizira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amakhulupirira kuti Mustang adalandira zambiri mwa mitundu ya Spain ndi France, popeza Spain ndi France mzaka za zana la 16 ndi 17 zidasanthula kontinenti yaku North America molimbika kuposa Great Britain.
Kuphatikiza apo, kulumikizana kwadzidzidzi kwamitundu ndi mitundu kudakonzedwa ndi kusankha kwachilengedwe, momwe majini a nyama zokongoletsera komanso zosabala (mwachitsanzo, mahatchi) adatayika ngati osafunikira. Makhalidwe apamwamba kwambiri adawonetsedwa poyenda pamahatchi (osapewa kutsatira) - ndi omwe adapatsa mafinya a masanduku opepuka, omwe amatsimikizira kuthamanga kwambiri.
Kunja
Oimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma mustang ndiosiyana modabwitsa, chifukwa anthu onse amakhala okhaokha, osadukiza kapena osalumikizana. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nyama m'dera limodzi. Komabe, kunja konse kwa Mustang kumafanana ndi kavalo wokwera ndipo kumakhala kolimba (motsutsana ndi mtundu wa zoweta) minofu ya mafupa. Mustang siyabwino konse komanso yayitali monga imawonetsedwa m'makanema ndi m'mabuku - sikukula motalika kuposa mita imodzi ndi theka ndipo imalemera 350-400 kg.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mboni zidadabwa kuzindikira kuti thupi la mustang nthawi zonse limanyezimira ngati lidatsukidwa ndi shampu ndi bulashi mphindi zingapo zapitazo. Khungu lonyezimira limabwera chifukwa cha ukhondo wachibadwidwe wa mitunduyo.
Mustang ili ndi miyendo yolimba, yomwe imathandizira kuti isavulazidwe pang'ono ndikupirira kusintha kwakanthawi... Mabowo omwe samadziwa nsapato za mahatchi amawasinthanso kuti azitha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali ndipo amatha kupirira malo amtundu uliwonse. Kupirira kopambana kumachulukitsidwa ndi liwiro labwino kwambiri lomwe Mustang amapatsidwa ndi malamulo ake odabwitsa.
Masuti
Pafupifupi theka la ma mustang ndi ofiira ofiira (okhala ndi utawaleza), mahatchi ena onse ndi bay (chokoleti), piebald (wokhala ndi zoyera zoyera), imvi kapena yoyera. Ma mustangs akuda ndi osowa kwambiri, koma sutiyi imawoneka yokongola kwambiri ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi yokongola kwambiri. Amwenye anali ndi chidwi chapadera ndi ma mustangs, woyamba kupeza akavalo oti azidya nyama, kenako kuwagwira ndikuwaphunzitsa ngati okwera komanso kunyamula nyama. Kubwezeretsa kwa ma Mustang kunaphatikizidwa ndi kusintha komwe kumakonzedwa mikhalidwe yawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amwenyewa adachita chidwi ndi ma piebald (mawanga oyera), makamaka omwe mawanga (pezhins) adakongoletsa pamphumi kapena pachifuwa. Hatchi yotere, malinga ndi Amwenyewo, inali yopatulika, kupatsa wokwerayo kuti asatengeke pankhondo.
Ma Mustang oyera oyera anali oyera ngati ena ochepa (chifukwa chazipembedzo zoyera pakati pa Amwenye aku North America). The Comanches anawapatsa iwo nthano, mpaka kukhala ndi moyo wosafa, kuyitana ma mustangs oyera mizukwa yakumapiri ndi mizimu yam'mapiri.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Kuzungulira ma Mustangs, zopeka zambiri zikadali kuzungulira, chimodzi mwazomwezi ndikuphatikiza mahatchi ambiri komanso mazana mazana kukhala gulu lalikulu. M'malo mwake, ziweto zambiri siziposa mitu 20.
Moyo wopanda munthu
Ndi izi (kusinthasintha kukhala panja popanda kutenga nawo mbali anthu) kumasiyanitsa mustang ndi kavalo wamba wamba. Masangono amakono ndi odzichepetsa, olimba, olimba komanso ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira chachilengedwe. Gululo limadya msana nthawi zambiri kapena limafufuza msipu woyenera. Ma Mustang aphunzira kukhala opanda msipu / madzi kwa masiku angapo.
Zofunika! Nthawi yovuta kwambiri ndi nthawi yachisanu, pomwe chakudya chimasowa, ndipo nyama zimakhalira pamodzi kuti zitenthedwe. Ndi m'nyengo yozizira pomwe mahatchi akale, ofooka komanso odwala amataya mphamvu zawo zachilengedwe ndikukhala osavuta kuwadya.
Sizikudziwikabe kuti polish wakunja wa mustang amaphatikizidwa bwanji ndi kukonda kwawo malo osambira matope. Atapeza chithaphwi chamatope, nyamazo zimagona pamenepo, ndikuyamba kugubuduzika - iyi ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yochotsera tiziromboti tokwiyitsa. Masangoma amakono, monga makolo awo achilengedwe, amakhala m'makomo a anthu 15-20 (nthawi zina kuposa pamenepo). Banja limakhala gawo lake, pomwe ochita nawo mpikisano amathamangitsidwa.
Zolamulira
Gulu limayang'aniridwa ndi alpha wamwamuna, ndipo ngati ali wotanganidwa ndi china chake - alpha wamkazi. Mtsogoleri amakhazikitsa njira ya ziweto, amakonza chitetezo pamagulu akunja, komanso amakwirira mahatchi aliwonse mgululi. Alfa stallion amakakamizidwa kuti atsimikizire kupitilira kwake pochita masewera ndi amuna achikulire: atagonjetsedwa, amamvera mwamphamvu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mtsogoleri amayang'anira gulu lake - amaonetsetsa kuti amphakawo samalimbana nawo, apo ayi amatha kuphimbidwa ndi alendo. Wotsirizira, mwa njira, nthawi zambiri amayesetsa kusiya ndowe kudera lachilendo, kenako mtsogoleriyo amadziyika yekha pamwamba pa mulu wachilendo, kulengeza zakupezeka kwake.
Ng'ombe yamphongo yayikulu imakhala ndiudindo wotsogolera (monga kutsogolera gulu) pomwe alfa wamwamuna amachita ndi mahatchi kapena adani. Amalandira udindo wa alpha wamkazi osati chifukwa cha mphamvu zake komanso luso lake, koma chifukwa cha kubereka kwake. Amuna ndi akazi onse amamvera alpha mare. Mtsogoleri (mosiyana ndi mahatchi) ayenera kukhala ndi zokumbukira zabwino komanso zokumana nazo zambiri, chifukwa ayenera kutsogolera obadwa nawo kumadziwe ndi msipu. Ichi ndi chifukwa china chomwe mahatchi achichepere sakuyenera kukhala mtsogoleri.
Nthawi yayitali bwanji Mustang amakhala
Zaka za akavalo amtchirewa zimatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 30.... Malinga ndi nthano, Mustang angakonde kupereka moyo wake m'malo mwa ufulu. Sikuti aliyense adzakwanitsa kuweta kavalo wouma khosi, koma akangogonjera munthu, Mustang amakhalabe wokhulupirika kwa iye mpaka atafa.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma Mustang amakono amakhala kumapiri a South America komanso kumapiri a North America. Paleogenetics adazindikira kuti ku America komanso pamaso pa ma Mustang panali akavalo amtchire, koma (pazifukwa zosadziwika) adamwalira pafupifupi zaka 10 zapitazo. Kuwoneka kwa ziweto zatsopano zamahatchi ogundana, kapena m'malo mwake, kudakhala chifukwa chakukula kwa America. Anthu a ku Spain ankakonda kuphulika, kuwonekera pamaso pa Amwenye akukwera pamahatchi a ku Iberia: Aaborijini amamuwona wokwerayo ngati mulungu.
Colonization idatsagana ndimikangano yankhondo ndi anthu akumaloko, chifukwa chake akavalo, atataya wokwera, adathawira ku steppe. Amalumikizidwa ndi akavalo kusiya ma bivouacs awo azisamba ndi msipu. Zinyama zosochera zidakundana mwachangu ndikuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchuluka kwa akavalo amtchire kuchokera ku Paraguay (kumwera) kupita ku Canada (kumpoto). Tsopano ma mustangs (ngati tikulankhula za United States) amakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto kumadzulo kwa dzikolo - monga Idaho, California, Montana, Nevada, Utah, North Dakota, Wyoming, Oregon, Arizona ndi New Mexico. Pali kuchuluka kwa akavalo amtchire pagombe la Atlantic, kuzilumba za Sable ndi Cumberland.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma Mustangs, omwe makolo awo muli mitundu iwiri (Andalusian ndi Sorraya), apulumuka ku Spain komweko. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa akavalo amtchire, otchedwa Don mustangs, amakhala pachilumba cha Vodny (Rostov Region).
Zakudya za Mustang
Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, koma akavalo amtchire sangatchedwe nyama yodyetsa: ngati pali zomera zochepa, amatha kusinthana ndi chakudya chanyama. Kuti mokwanira, mustang wamkulu ayenera kudya kuchokera ku 2.27 mpaka 2.72 makilogalamu azamasamba tsiku lililonse.
Zakudya Zapadera za Mustang:
- udzu ndi udzu;
- masamba a nthambi;
- mphukira zazing'ono;
- zitsamba zochepa;
- makungwa a mtengo.
Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, pomwe kontrakitala sinakule bwino, masanguni amakhala mosavutikira. Tsopano ziweto zakutchire zimakankhidwira kumadera akutali ndi masamba ochepa, komwe kuli nkhokwe zochepa zachilengedwe.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'chilimwe, mustang amamwa malita 60 a madzi tsiku lililonse, m'nyengo yozizira - theka (mpaka malita 30). Nthawi zambiri amapita kumalo othirira kumitsinje, akasupe kapena nyanja kawiri patsiku. Kuti adzaze thupi ndi mchere, akuyang'ana mchere wachilengedwe.
Nthawi zambiri posaka udzu gulu limayenda ma kilomita mazana. M'nyengo yozizira, mahatchi amagwira ntchito mwakhama ndi ziboda zawo, akudutsa pamtunda kuti apeze zomera ndi chipale chofewa, chomwe chimalowetsa m'malo mwa madzi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kuthamanga kwa Mustang kumangokhala masika ndipo kumapitilira mpaka koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Maresitala amakopeka ndi amisalayo potsekula michira yawo patsogolo pawo. Koma kufikira maresi sikophweka - mahatchi amalowa ndewu zolimba, pomwe wopambana yekha ndi amene amakhala ndi mwayi wokwatirana naye. Chifukwa chakuti kupambana kopambana mwamphamvu pamikangano, magwero amtunduwo amangochita bwino.
Mimba imakhala miyezi 11, ndipo pofika chaka chamawa mwana wamphongo amabadwa (amapasa amawerengedwa kuti ndi opatuka pachikhalidwe). Patsiku la kubadwa kwake, mahatchiwo amachoka m'gulu la ziweto, kufunafuna malo opanda phokoso. Vuto loyamba kwa mwana wakhanda ndi kuyimirira kuti agwere pachifuwa cha mayi. Patatha maola angapo, mwana wamphongo akuyenda bwino ngakhale kuthamanga, ndipo patatha masiku awiri mwana wamphongo amamubweretsa m'gulu.
Achibwana amamwa mkaka wa m'mawere pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, mpaka mwana wang'ombe wotsatira awonekere, popeza maresi amakhala okonzeka kutenga bere atangobereka kumene. Pakatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, msipu umawonjezeredwa mkaka wa amayi. Ma stallion achichepere nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo akamasewera, amayeza mphamvu zawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mtsogoleri amachotsa ochita nawo mpikisano akangofika zaka zitatu. Amayi ali ndi chisankho - kutsatira mwana wokhwima kapena kukhala.
Zitenga zaka zina zitatu nyamayo isanayambe kuswana: adzatenga azimayi ake ambiri kapena amenya okonzeka kuchokera kwa mtsogoleri.
Adani achilengedwe
Mdani wowopsa kwambiri wa ma mustang amadziwika kuti ndi munthu yemwe amawapha chifukwa cha khungu komanso nyama yabwino kwambiri. Lero, mitembo yamahatchi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakudya cha ziweto. Ma Mustang kuyambira pakubadwa amapatsidwa liwiro lalikulu, kuwalola kuthawa nyama zolusa, komanso kupirira komwe kumapezeka ku mitundu yolemera. Koma mikhalidwe yachilengedwe iyi sikuti nthawi zonse imathandizira akavalo amtchire.
Mndandanda wa adani achilengedwe ndi awa:
- cougar (puma);
- chimbalangondo;
- nkhandwe;
- nkhandwe;
- lynx.
Ma Mustang ali ndi njira yodzitchinjiriza yothandizira kuthana ndi ziwopsezo kuchokera kuzilombo zakutchire. Gulu limayikidwa pamzera wamtundu wankhondo, pomwe mahatchi okhala ndi ana ali pakati, ndipo mozungulira pali mahatchi akuluakulu, otembenukira kwa adani ndi croup yawo. Potero, akavalo amagwiritsa ntchito ziboda zawo zamphongo zamphamvu pomenyera owukira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ngakhale m'zaka zana zapitazo, ma mustangs amawoneka osawonongeka - kuchuluka kwawo kunali kwakukulu. Ku steppes aku North America, ziweto zomwe zili ndi anthu 2 miliyoni zimayendayenda. Munthawi imeneyi, akavalo amtchire amaphedwa mosazengereza, kupeza khungu ndi nyama, mpaka zinawonekeratu kuti kubereka sikunayende limodzi ndi chiwonongeko. Kuphatikiza apo, kulima nthaka komanso kutuluka kwa malo odyetserako kampanda odyetserako ng'ombe zachitazi kudakhudza kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu..
Ndizosangalatsa! Anthu a mustang adavutikanso ndi "kusonkhetsa" nyama ndi anthu aku America koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Anatenga mahatchi achilengedwe ochulukirapo kuti akamangirire nawo nkhondo yaku America-Spain komanso Nkhondo Yadziko I.
Zotsatira zake, pofika zaka za m'ma 1930 kuchuluka kwa masing'anga ku United States anali atatsikira pamahatchi zikwi 50-150, ndipo pofika zaka za m'ma 1950 - mpaka 25 zikwi. Akuluakulu aku US, pokhudzidwa ndi kutha kwa zamoyozi, adakhazikitsa malamulo angapo mu 1959 omwe amachepetsa ndipo kenako adaletsa kusaka akavalo amtchire. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma mustang, omwe amatha kuwirikiza kawiri zaka zinayi zilizonse, tsopano kuchuluka kwawo ku United States ndi Canada akungokhala mitu 35,000 yokha. Manambala ocheperako amafotokozedwa ndimiyeso yapadera yokonzera kukula kwa akavalo.
Amakhulupirira kuti amawononga malo okhala ndi zitsamba, ndikupangitsa kuti zomera ndi zinyama zakomweko zizivutika. Pofuna kuteteza zachilengedwe, ma mustangs (ndi chilolezo cha mabungwe azachilengedwe) amapangidwa pano kuti agulitsenso kapena aphe nyama. Zowona, anthu akomweko akumidzi amatsutsa kuwonongedwa kwa akavalo amtchire, ndikupanga zifukwa zawo poteteza akavalo opanduka komanso okongola awa. Kwa anthu aku America, ma Mustangs anali ndipo amakhalabe chizindikiro cha kuyesayesa kosayenerera ufulu ndi moyo waulere. Nthanoyi imaperekedwa kuchokera pakamwa kupita pakamwa kuti Mustang kuthawa mwana wamwamuna wa ng'ombe samalola kuti amukwiyitse, amakonda kudziponyera pansi.
