Mphaka TemminckWodziwika kuti "mphaka wamoto" ku Thailand ndi Burma, ndipo monga "mphaka wamwala" m'magawo ena a China, ndi mphaka wokongola wamphongo yemwe ndi wamkulu msinkhu. Amapanga gulu lachiwiri lalikulu la amphaka aku Asia. Ubweya wawo umasiyana mitundu kuchokera ku sinamoni mpaka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulauni, komanso imvi ndi yakuda (melanistic).
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Cat Temminck
Mphaka wa Temminck ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi mphaka wagolide waku Africa, koma sizokayikitsa kuti ndi ofanana, chifukwa nkhalango za Africa ndi Asia sizinalumikizane zaka zoposa 20 miliyoni zapitazo. Kufanana kwawo mwina ndi chitsanzo chosinthika chosinthika.
Mphaka wa Temminck ndi wofanana ndi mphaka wa Borneo Bay m'maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Kafukufuku wa chibadwa wasonyeza kuti mitundu iwiriyi ndiyofanana. Mphaka wa Temminck amapezeka ku Sumatra ndi Malaysia, omwe adalekanitsidwa ndi Borneo zaka 10,000-15,000 zokha zapitazo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhulupirire kuti mphaka wa Borneo Bay ndi gawo laling'ono la mphaka wa Temminck.
Kanema: Cat Temminck
Kusanthula kwa majini kunawonetsa kuti mphaka wa Temminck, limodzi ndi mphaka wa Borneo Bay ndi katsamba, adasunthira kutali ndi ziweto zina zaka 9.4 miliyoni zapitazo, ndikuti paka ya Temminck ndi paka ya Borneo Bay zidalekana zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo, kutanthauza kuti yomalizayi inali mitundu yosiyana kalekale Borneo asanadzipatule.
Chifukwa chogwirizana kwambiri ndi mphaka wam'madzi, amatchedwa Seua fai ("kambuku wamoto") mdera lina la Thailand. Malinga ndi nthano zachigawo, kuwotcha ubweya wa mphaka wa Temminck kumachepetsa akambuku. Amakhulupirira kuti kudya nyama kumakhala ndi zotsatira zofananira. Anthu achi Karen amakhulupirira kuti ndikwanira kunyamula tsitsi limodzi lokha. Anthu ambiri amtunduwu amawona kuti mphaka ndiwolusa, koma amadziwika kuti ali mu ukapolo anali odekha komanso odekha.
Ku China, mphaka wa Temminka amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa nyalugwe ndipo amadziwika kuti "mphaka wamwala" kapena "kambuku wachikasu". Magawo amitundu yosiyanasiyana ali ndi mayina osiyanasiyana: amphaka omwe ali ndi ubweya wakuda amatchedwa "akambuku a inki" ndipo amphaka okhala ndi ubweya wambiri amatchedwa "akambuku a sesame".
Chosangalatsa ndichakutiMphaka uja adamupatsa dzina laku Dutch Coologist Cohenraad Jacob Temminck, yemwe adalongosola katsamba wagolide waku Africa mu 1827.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mphaka Temminka amawoneka bwanji
Mphaka wa Temminka ndi mphaka wapakatikati wokhala ndi miyendo yayitali. Zilinso zofananira ndi mphaka wagolide waku Africa (Caracal aurata), komabe kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwa majini kukuwonetsa kuti ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi mphaka wa Borneo Bay (Catopuma badia) ndi mphaka wamphete (Pardofelis marmorata).
Pali mitundu iwiri ya mphaka wa Temminck:
- catopuma temminckii temminckii ku Sumatra ndi Malay Peninsula;
- catopuma temminckii moormensis kuchokera ku Nepal kupita ku Northern Myanmar, China, Tibet ndi Southeast Asia.
Mphaka Temminka modabwitsa polymorphic muutoto wake. Mtundu wovala kwambiri ndi wagolide kapena wofiirira, koma amathanso kukhala wakuda kapena wakuda. Anthu okonda zachipembedzo adanenedwa ndipo atha kukhala otchuka m'malo mwake.
Palinso mtundu wamawangamawanga wotchedwa "ocelot morph" chifukwa cha ma rosettes ofanana ndi a ocelot. Pakadali pano, fomu iyi yadziwika kuchokera ku China (ku Sichuan ndi Tibet) komanso ku Bhutan. Zosiyanitsa kwambiri ndi mphaka uwu ndi mizere yoyera yomwe imadutsa kuchokera kudera lakuda mpaka lakuda, ikuyenda m'masaya, kuchokera m'mphuno mpaka masaya, mkatikati mwamaso ndikukwera korona. Makutu ozungulira amakhala ndi misana yakuda ndi malo otuwa. Chifuwa, mimba ndi mkati mwa miyendo ndi zoyera ndi madontho owala. Miyendo ndi mchira ndi zotuwa mpaka zakuda kumapeto kwake. Gawo lomaliza la mchira ndi loyera pansi ndipo nthawi zambiri nsonga yake imakutidwa pamwamba. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi.
Kodi katsi wa Temminck amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Cat Temminck m'chilengedwe
Kugawidwa kwa mphaka wa Temminck ndikofanana ndi kambuku wamtambo wamtambo (Neofelis nebulosa), nyalugwe wamtambo wa Sund (Neofelis diardi), ndi mphaka wamphete. Amakonda nkhalango zobiriwira zobiriwira nthawi zonse, nkhalango zobiriwira zobiriwira nthawi zonse komanso nkhalango zowuma. Amapezeka m'mapiri a Himalaya ku China ndi Southeast Asia. Amakhalanso ku Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, ndi Vietnam. Mphaka Temminka sapezeka ku Borneo.
Ku India, adalembetsedwa kokha kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Assam, Arunachal Pradesh ndi Sikkim. Malo otseguka kwambiri monga zitsamba ndiudzu, kapena malo amiyala otseguka akhala akunenedwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Mitunduyi imadziwikanso ndi makamera otchera omwe ali pafupi kapena m'minda yamafuta a kanjedza ndi khofi ku Sumatra.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale amphaka a Temminck amatha kukwera bwino, amakhala nthawi yawo yambiri pansi ndi mchira wawo wautali wokutidwa kumapeto kwake.
Mphaka wa Temminck nthawi zambiri amalembedwa m'malo okwera kwambiri. Iwonetsedwa mpaka 3050m ku Sikkim, India, ndi ku Jigme Sigye Wangchuk National Park ku Bhutan pa 3738m mdera lamadodombero ndi madambo. Kutalika kwazitali ndi 3960 m, pomwe mphaka wa Temminka adapezeka ku Hangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim, India. Komabe, m'madera ena amapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango za m'zigwa.
Ku National Park ya Kerinchi Seblat ku Sumatra, idalembedwa kokha ndi misampha yama kamera kumtunda wotsika. M'nkhalango zamapiri m'chigawo chakumadzulo kwa India ku Arunachal Pradesh, mphaka wa Temminka sanagwidwe ndi makamera otchera msampha, ngakhale panali amphaka amiyala ndi akambuku amtambo.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala mphaka wakuthengo wa Temminika. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe mphaka wagolide waku Asia amadya.
Kodi mphaka wa Temminck amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mphaka wamtchire Temminka
Monga amphaka ambiri amphaka wawo, amphaka a Temminck ndi nyama zodya nyama, nthawi zambiri amadya nyama zazing'ono monga agologolo a ku Indo-Chinese, njoka zazing'ono ndi ma amphibiya ena, makoswe ndi ma hares achichepere. Ku Sikkim, India, kumapiri, amasakanso nyama zazikulu monga nkhumba zamtchire, njati zam'madzi ndi nswala za sambar. Kumene kuli anthu, amasakanso nkhosa ndi mbuzi zoweta.
Mphaka wa Temminck makamaka ndi wosaka padziko lapansi, ngakhale anthu am'deralo amati alinso wodziwa kukwera. Amakhulupirira kuti mphaka wa Temminck amakonda makamaka makoswe akuluakulu. Komabe, imadziwikanso kusaka zokwawa, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, tizilombo, mbalame, mbalame zoweta ndi zingwe zazing'ono monga muntjac ndi chevroten.
Zimanenedwa kuti amphaka a Temminck amadya nyama zazikulu monga:
- anyaniwa m'mapiri a Sikkim, India;
- nkhumba zakutchire ndi sambar ku North Vietnam;
- ana amphongo a njati zoweta.
Kufufuza kwa ma stingray ku Taman Negara National Park ku Peninsula Malaysia kunawonetsa kuti amphaka amathanso kudya nyama monga nyani ndi mbewa. Ku Sumatra, pakhala pali malipoti ochokera komweko kuti amphaka a Temminck nthawi zina amasaka mbalame.
Ali mu ukapolo, amphaka a Temminck amadyetsedwa zakudya zochepa. Anapatsidwa nyama zomwe zili ndi mafuta ochepera 10%, chifukwa ndi mafuta ochuluka mu nyama kusanza kumachitika. Chakudya chawo chimapindulitsanso ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera za aluminiyamu carbonate ndi ma multivitamini. "Zakudya zonse zakufa" zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa nyama zinali nkhuku, akalulu, nkhumba, makoswe, ndi mbewa. M'malo osungira nyama, amphaka a Temminck amalandira chakudya chokwana makilogalamu 800 mpaka 1500 patsiku.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Golden cat Temminka
Zochepa ndizodziwika pamakhalidwe a mphaka wa Temminck. Poyamba ankaganiziridwa kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku, koma umboni waposachedwa ukusonyeza kuti mphaka amatha kukhala nthawi yamadzulo kwambiri kapena yopuma. Amphaka awiri a Temminck okhala ndi makolala apawailesi ku Phu Khyeu National Park, Thailand, adawonetsa makamaka nsonga zakusintha ndi madzulo. Kuphatikiza apo, amphaka ambiri a Temminck adazijambulitsa masana ku Kerinchi Seblat ndi Bukit Barisan Selatan National Parks ku Sumatra.
Amphaka awiri amtundu wa Temminck ku Thailand ku Phu Khieu National Park anali 33 km² (wamkazi) ndi 48 km² (wamwamuna) ndipo adalumikizana kwambiri. Ku Sumatra, mayi yemwe ali ndi kolala yawailesi adakhala nthawi yayitali kunja kwa malo otetezedwa m'malo ang'onoang'ono a nkhalango yotsalira, yomwe ili pakati pa minda ya khofi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kulankhulidwa kwa amphaka a Temminck akuphatikizira kulira, kulavulira, kupukuta, kutsuka, kukuwa ndi kuguguda. Njira zina zolumikizirana zomwe amphaka a Temminck omwe agwidwa akuphatikizira kuyika, kununkhiza mkodzo, kuteketsa mitengo ndi zipika ndi zikhadabo, ndikupaka mitu yawo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, zofananira kwambiri ndi mphaka woweta.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kitten cat Temminka
Zambiri sizikudziwika pokhudzana ndi kubala kwa mphaka wosavuta kuthengo. Zambiri zomwe zimadziwika zachokera ku amphaka ogwidwa. Amphaka achikazi a Temminck amakhala okhwima pakati pa miyezi 18 ndi 24, ndipo amuna azaka 24. Amayi amalowa ku estrus masiku aliwonse 39, pambuyo pake amasiya zilembo ndikufunafuna kulumikizana ndi abambo mwamakhalidwe olandila. Pogonana, champhongo chimagwira khosi lachikazi ndi mano ake.
Pambuyo pa bere la masiku 78 mpaka 80, yaikazi imabereka mwana wa mphaka mmodzi kapena atatu m'dera lotetezedwa. Amphaka amalemera pakati pa 220 ndi 250 magalamu akabadwa, koma amalemera katatu m'milungu eyiti yoyambirira ya moyo. Amabadwa, ali kale ndi chovala chamunthu wamkulu, ndipo amatsegula maso pakadutsa masiku asanu ndi limodzi kapena khumi ndi awiri. Ali mu ukapolo amakhala zaka makumi awiri.
Mphaka wa Temminck ku Washington Park Zoo (tsopano ndi Oregon Zoo) wasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mitengo ya fungo nthawi ya estrus. Nthawi yomweyo, nthawi zambiri amapaka khosi ndi mutu wake ndi zinthu zopanda moyo. Nthawi zambiri amabwera kwa wamwamuna mchikwere, akumupaka ndikumuganizira mozama (Lordosis) patsogolo pake. Munthawi imeneyi, yamphongo imakulitsa kuthamanga kwa kununkhira, komanso pafupipafupi momwe amafikira ndikutsatira wachikazi. Khalidwe lachimuna lamwamuna limaphatikizapo kuluma kwa occiput, koma mosiyana ndi zazing'ono zina, kulumako sikunapitirirebe.
Awiri ku Washington Park Zoo adatulutsa malita 10, iliyonse yomwe inali ndi mwana wamphaka mmodzi; ana awiri amphaka wamphongo, aliyense wobadwira ku Wassenaar Zoo ku Netherlands, imodzi idalembetsedwa kuchokera ku zinyalala zina. Malita awiri a tiana tiana tinabadwa pamalo obzala okhaokha ku California, koma palibe amene anapulumuka.
Adani achilengedwe amphaka a Temminck
Chithunzi: Mphaka woopsa Temminka
Pali kusowa kwazidziwitso zambiri pamagulu amphaka a Temminck ndi momwe alili, komanso kuzindikira pang'ono pagulu. Komabe, chiwopsezo chachikulu ku mphaka wa Temminck chikuwoneka ngati kuwonongeka kwa malo ndi kusintha chifukwa chodula mitengo m'nkhalango zam'madera otentha. Nkhalango ku Southeast Asia zikukumana ndi mitengo yomwe ikudula mitengo kwambiri m'derali, chifukwa chakukula kwa migwalangwa ya mafuta, khofi, mthethe ndi mphira.
Mphaka wa Temminck akuwopsezedwanso ndi kusaka khungu lake ndi mafupa ake, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe, komanso nyama, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yabwino m'malo ena. M'madera ena, anthu amawona kuti kudya nyama yamphaka ya Temminck kumawonjezera mphamvu ndi nyonga. Kupha nyama zamtunduwu akukhulupirira kuti kukukulira m'malo ambiri.
Malonda a ubweya wamphaka awonedwa m'malire a Myanmar ndi Thailand ndi Sumatra, komanso madera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India. Kummwera kwa China, amphaka a Temminck afunidwa kwambiri chifukwa chaichi, popeza kuchepa kwakukulu kwa akambuku ndi akambuku kwasunthira chidwi chawo ku mitundu yaying'ono ya mphalapala. Anthu am'deralo amatsata amphaka a Temminck ndipo amatchera misampha kapena amagwiritsa ntchito agalu osaka kuti awapeze ndikuwayika pakona.
Mitunduyi ikuwopsezedwanso ndi kusodza kosasankha komanso kuchepa kwa ziweto chifukwa chakusaka kwambiri. Anthu am'deralo amatsata njira za amphaka agolide ndikukhazikitsa misampha kapena kugwiritsa ntchito agalu osaka kuti apeze ndikuyang'ana mphaka wagolide waku Asia. Mitunduyi ikuwopsezedwanso ndi kusodza kosasankha komanso kuchepa kwa ziweto chifukwa chakusaka kwambiri. Anthu am'deralo amatsata njira za amphaka agolide ndikukhazikitsa misampha kapena kugwiritsa ntchito agalu osaka kuti apeze ndikuyang'ana mphaka wagolide waku Asia.
Mphaka wagolide waku Asia amaphedwanso pobwezera kuwonongeka kwa ziweto. Kafukufuku yemwe adachitika m'midzi yozungulira Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park ku Sumatra adapeza kuti mphaka wa Temminka nthawi zina ankasaka nkhuku ndipo nthawi zambiri ankazunzidwa chifukwa chake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mphaka Temminka amawoneka bwanji
Mphaka wa Temminck adatchulidwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, koma pali zambiri zazing'onozomwe zilipo ndipo chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwake sikudziwika. M'madera ena osiyanasiyana, izi zimawoneka ngati zachilendo. Mphaka ameneyu samanenedwa kawirikawiri kumwera kwa China, ndipo mphaka wa Temminck amalingaliridwa kuti ndi ocheperako kuposa kambuku wa kambuku ndi kambuku m'derali.
Mphaka wa Temminck samapezeka kawirikawiri kum'mawa kwa Cambodia, Laos ndi Vietnam. Zatsopano zomwe zatulutsidwa kuchokera ku Vietnam zidachokera ku 2005, komanso zigawo za China za Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi ndi Jiangxi, mitunduyi idapezeka katatu kokha pakafufuzidwa zambiri. Komabe, m'malo ena, zikuwoneka kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri. Kafukufuku ku Laos, Thailand ndi Sumatra awonetsa kuti mphaka wa Temminck ndiofala kwambiri kuposa amphaka achifundo monga mphaka wamphongo ndi kambuku yemwe ali ndi mitambo. Kugawidwa kwa zamoyozi kumakhala kochepa komanso kovuta ku Bangladesh, India ndi Nepal. Ku Bhutan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar ndi Thailand, ndizofala kwambiri. Mwambiri, amphaka a Temminck amakhulupirira kuti akucheperachepera chifukwa chakuchepa kwa malo okhala komanso kuwononga mosaloledwa kosalekeza.
Kuyang'anira amphaka Temminck
Chithunzi: Cat Temminck wochokera ku Red Book
Mphaka Temminka adalembedwa mu Red Book komanso adatchulidwa mu Zowonjezera I za CITES ndipo amatetezedwa kwathunthu munthawi yake yonse. Kusaka ndikoletsedwa mwalamulo ku Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand ndi Vietnam, ndipo ikulamulidwa ku Lao People's Democratic Republic. Kunja kwa malo otetezedwa ku Bhutan, palibe chitetezo chalamulo kwa amphaka a Temminck.
Chifukwa cha kusaka ndi kuwononga amphaka, Temminck akupitilizabe kuchepa. Ngakhale adatetezedwa, pali malonda pakhungu ndi mafupa amphakawa. Malamulo okhwima ndikukhazikitsa malamulo adziko lonse lapansi komanso mayiko akunja amafunika. Kusamalira malo okhala ndi kupanga makonde okhalamo ndikofunikanso kuteteza mitunduyo.
Sakuwoneka kuti ali pangozi komabe, koma ali pafupi kwambiri nayo. Amphaka ena a Temminck amakhala mndende. Samawoneka ngati akukula m'malo otere, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amasiyidwa kuthengo. Khama loteteza chilengedwe chawo ndilofunikanso kwambiri. Chikhulupiriro cha anthu ku Thailand chitha kupangitsanso zovuta pakusamalira. Amakhulupirira kuti potentha ubweya wa mphaka wa Temminck kapena kudya nyama yake, adzakhala ndi mwayi wodzipatula ku akambuku.
Mphaka Temminck Ndi mphaka wamtchire yemwe amakhala ku Asia ndi Africa. Tsoka ilo, anthu awo amadziwika kuti ali pangozi kapena ali pachiwopsezo. Amakhala pafupifupi kawiri kapena katatu kukula kwa mphaka woweta.Ngakhale kuti ubweya wawo nthawi zambiri umakhala wagolide wagolide kapena wofiira, malayawo amabwera mumitundu yosiyanasiyana modabwitsa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 31.10.2019
Tsiku losintha: 02.09.2019 nthawi 20:50
