Mbalame yokongola yodya nyama yomwe ikuyenda pamwamba pa nkhalango ndi mapiko ake nthawi zambiri imasokonezeka ndi nthumwi zomwezo za mabanja amphamba. Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga ndi mbalame osati wotsika kwa mitundu yokhudzana ndi chilichonse.
Kulimba mtima, kulingalira mwachangu kumalola mbalame kuti ziziyenda m'misewu yamizinda, kuti zizichita makanema - anthu odziletsa amaphunzitsidwa bwino, amasonyeza kuleza mtima, kukonda anthu modabwitsa.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalameyi ndi chiwombankhanga chapakati-kutalika kwa thupi 65 -74 cm, kulemera kwa munthu aliyense 1.6 -3.2 kg. Pouluka, mapiko a chiwombankhanga chowoneka amafikira masentimita 180. Zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa chachikazi ndi chachimuna - ndizofanana mumtundu. Koma ngati mbalame za amuna ndi akazi zili pafupi, ndiye kuti mutha kuwona kuti thupi lamphamvu la mkazi limakulirapo, lokulirapo kuposa lamphongo. Palibe zisonyezo zina zakugonana.
Mwa mawonekedwe chiwombankhanga chowoneka bwino pafupi ndi chiwombankhanga, koma chimasiyana ndi mawonekedwe a mchira - wofupikitsidwa, wokhala ndi malire ozungulira. Mapikowo, mosiyana ndi okhala m'malo otsetsereka, satumphuka pa khola la carpal. Mukuuluka, kukwera, mzere wa mapikowo ndi wopingasa, nthenga zotsiriza zimatha kutsitsidwa pang'ono kapena kukwezedwa, ndikupanga "zala" zodziwika bwino.
Mwa mbalame yomwe imakhala, amafikira kutalika kwa chingwe cha mchira, nthawi zina amawonekera. Miyendo ya nyamayi ndi yokwanira. Miyendo yamphamvu yakula bwino, nthenga zala zakumapazi zimawapatsa mawonekedwe a "mathalauza" osalala. Misomali yakuda, yakuthwa.
Kuyang'ana kwakuthwa ndi kolimba kwa mbalameyi kumapereka nyama yeniyeni, yomwe imadziwika ndikomwe msodzi wamphongo amachita nthawi yomweyo. Mtundu wa mbalame umadalira zaka. Achinyamata mpaka zaka zitatu ndi abulauni yakuda ndikumwaza mawanga opindika kumbuyo, mapiko.
Chingwe chopangira zingwe choyera chimakongoletsa mchira wakumtunda, m'munsi mwa nthenga zowuluka pansi pamapiko. Mtundu wapakati wa mbalame zosakhwima umaphatikizira mizere yocheperako - kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu ndi kapangidwe kake.
Mbali yapadera yomwe ingatheke kudziwa molondola zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndendende chiwombankhanga chowoneka pachithunzichi, - iyi ndi mphuno yozungulira mosiyana ndi ming'alu, monga ziwombankhanga zina. Makona pakamwa pakamwa agawika, pafupi ndi maso.
Kuyamba kwa kutha msinkhu kumasintha chovalacho kukhala mtundu wonyezimira wofiirira, kokha nape ndi zodula ndizomwe zimawoneka mopepuka kuposa thupi la mbalame. Pali anthu omwe mtundu wawo waukulu ndi wopanda udzu, wofiirira. Sera ndi yachikasu. Maso nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira.
Dzina lachiwiri la mbalameyo ndi chiwombankhanga chofuula chifukwa cha kulira kofotokozera, mluzu wapamwamba pangozi yoyamba. Mluzu wosakhazikika umakhala wochulukirapo komanso mokweza kwambiri - mwachangu - mwachangu, kuk - kuk, ndi zina zambiri.
Mverani mawu a chiwombankhanga chachikulu
Mverani mawu a chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga
Mawu a Chiwombankhanga zikuphatikizapo kulira mluzu. Kutalika kwa nkhawa kwa mbalameyi, kulira ndi mluzu kumveka bwino. Zizindikiro zoyimbira makamaka zimamveka panthawi yopanga: kiyik, kiyyik, kiyyik.
Chikhalidwe cha mbalameyo ndi chamtendere, chomveka. Sizodabwitsa kuti kwa nthawi yayitali anthu asamalira achinyamata omwe analibe nthawi yolumikizana ndi gulu lankhondo, kuti adzipangire okha. Panali milandu pamene mbalame yovulala inadza kwa munthu, yomwe itachira siyinawuluke, koma imakhala ndi mwiniwake. Nzeru, zokhoza kuphunzitsa, ziwombankhanga zamawangamaanga zikadali zosaka pakati pa a Mongol.
Mitundu
Kafukufuku wasayansi wasonyeza kuti makolo wamba a chiwombankhanga chowoneka mwina amakhala mdera la Afghanistan wamakono. Popita nthawi, mitsinje ya mbalame imagawikana m'magawo akumadzulo ndi kum'mawa. Oyang'anira mbalame amalemba kusiyanasiyana kwa malo okhala ndi zisa, zachilengedwe, ndi ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawona. Pakadali pano pali mitundu yotsatirayi:
Chiwombankhanga chachikulu. Dzinali limapereka mawonekedwe apadera – mbalame ndi yayikulu kuposa abale ake. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa thupi kumafikira 75 cm, kulemera mpaka 4 kg. Mitunduyi imapezeka m'maiko aku Europe - Poland, Hungary, Finland, Romania.
Malo ena okhala ku Asia - kudera la Mongolia, Pakistan, China. M'dziko lathu, mutha kukumana ndi Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu ku Primorye, dera la Kaliningrad, ndi dera la West Siberia. Mbalameyi imapezeka kawirikawiri, imasowa m'malo. Kwa nyengo yozizira ikuwulukira ku India, Indochina, Iran.
Mtundu wake ndi woderapo kwambiri, owala omwe amakhala ndi nthenga zagolide ndi osowa kwambiri. Monga mitundu ina, mbalame zazing'ono za Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala kumbuyo ndi mapiko, tomwe timasowa akamakula.
Chiwombankhanga chocheperako. Ndizovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa ziwombankhanga zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, pali kusiyana pakati pawo, koma zazing'ono. Kutalika kwa mitundu yaying'onoyo kumakhala mpaka 65 cm, kulemera kwazimayi, komwe kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kwamphongo, kumapitilira 2 kg. Kukula kocheperako kumapereka chiweto cholusa champhamvu kwambiri. Posaka, mbalame yothamanga kwambiri komanso yothamanga sidzaphonya nyama kapena kuthengo kapena malo owonekera.
Malo omwe mbalamezi zimagawika amagawika magawo awiri. M'dziko lathu, chiwombankhanga chochepa kwambiri chimakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Tula. Ku Europe, mbalameyi imapezeka m'chigawo chapakati, chakum'mawa. Kuwoneka kosowa kwamitundu ku Asia Minor kudadziwika. Mbalameyi yatchulidwa mu Red Book.
Chiwombankhanga chaku India. Zimasiyana pakukhazikika, kukula kocheperako. Kutalika kwa thupi sikupitilira masentimita 65. Mapiko otambalala, mchira wawufupi, utoto wofiirira ndi mbalame yaying'ono koma yokhwima. Chiwombankhanga chowoneka ku India chimakhazikika ku Nepal, Cambodia, India, Bangladesh.
Mbalame zokhudzana ndi ziwombankhanga zomwe zimapezekanso zimaphatikizanso manda aku Spain, chiwombankhanga. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, kuwoloka Ziwombankhanga Zocheperako ndi Ziwombankhanga Zazikulu zimapanga ma hybridi otheka. Malo okhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame amapezeka ku Eastern Europe, kumpoto kwa Hindustan.
Kalelo kunaliko Mphungu yoyera yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yopatulika yomwe imanyamula chifuniro cha milungu. Zolemba zamakedzana zimawonetsa maulendo osaka a mafumu okhala ndi mbalame zoweta, zomwe zimawerengedwa ngati chizindikiro chokomera, ulemu wa eni ake. Mbalame zowala kwambiri zakhala ngwazi m'nthano ndi zonena za anthu achi China. Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga chimapatsidwa ntchito yoteteza anthu, mbalame ya sentinel pa Khoma la China.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Kuuluka kwa maola ambiri mlengalenga m'malo achilengedwe ndichikhalidwe cha chiwombankhanga chowoneka. Mbalame zosaoneka zambiri zomwe zimawoneka kumwamba nthawi zambiri zimasokonezedwa ndi okonda zachilengedwe osadziwa zambiri zomwe zimadya ndi mbalame zomwe zimadya.
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mawanga zimakonda kusefukira kwamadzi, nkhalango zachilumba; zimapezeka kumadera a taiga okhala ndi mitengo yowuma komanso yamitengo yambiri. Chilombocho chimakhala m'zigawo za nkhalango, zigwa za mitsinje, chifukwa chake, mbalame yosowa imapezeka m'madera a Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Amur.
Kuzungulira matupi amadzi, nyanja, madambo, mitsinje, chiwombankhanga chowoneka chimapeza malo abwino osakira. Amakhala m'malo athyathyathya, koma amatha kuwonekera m'mapiri ataliatali mpaka 1000 m.
Mbalame yosamukayi imabwera kuchokera kumaboma aku Africa kupita kumadera akumwera kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February, kumadera akumpoto - mu Epulo. M'dzinja, kusamuka kumayamba kumapeto kwa Ogasiti ndipo kumakhala mpaka pakati pa Seputembala. Nthawi yozizira ya mphungu imachitika kumadera otentha a ku Asia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa.
M'mbuyomu, mbalame wamba ya steppes ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana zakhala zosowa masiku ano. Kwa zaka 50 zapitazi, chiwerengerochi chatsika kwambiri. Cholinga chake ndi ntchito zamphamvu za anthu. Kudula mitengo, kutsetsereka kwa madambo, kulima madambo osefukira, kuwukiridwa kwa nyama zakutchire kumawononga kuchepa kwa anthu, makamaka ku Europe ndi Far East.
Pali malo ochezera ochepa. Ndikofunika kuti ziwombankhanga zamawangamawanga zipeze chakudya chokwanira pafupi ndi chisa. Kuponderezedwa kwa mbalame kumawapangitsa kutaya nyumba zawo, kusiya malo okhala ndi mabanja omwe akhala kwa zaka zambiri. Mbalame zochuluka kwambiri, pafupifupi awiriawiri 120, zikadali ku Belarus.
Mbalame zimawonetsa zochitika masana, mosalekeza zikutsata nyama. Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga chimasintha njira zosakira kutengera mawonekedwe amalo osakira. Mphezi zimaponyera kuchokera kutalika musaphonye ngati chandamale chosunthika chikuwoneka chikugwedezeka.
Poyerekeza ndi ziwombankhanga zazikulu, ziwombankhanga zamawangamawanga zimakwera m'munsi, koma kuthamanga kwake, kuthamanga kwake sikotsika kuposa ziphuphu zazikulu. Njira ina yosakira ili pansi. Nyama yamphongo imatha kugwira mbewa ngati mbewa poyenda, atawona nyama m'nkhalango.
Zakudya zabwino
Palibe luso lapadera pazakudya za ziwombankhanga. Pazakudya za chilombo, chakudya chachikulu ndi chakudya cha nyama monga ma voles amadzi, makoswe ambiri, zokwawa, amphibiya ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Mphepete mwa nyanja, ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawona zimadya achule ndi nsomba zamadzi osaya. Carrion alibe chidwi ndi mbalame, koma ngati kuli njala yayikulu ayenera kuwerengera ndi chakudyachi.
Alenje aluso nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda nyama ngati amakhala m'malo olemera ndi zinyama. Kugwira nyama yaying'ono, monga gologolo, mbalame yaying'ono (zinziri, grouse yakuda) ndichinthu chophweka kwa chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga. Chosaka nyama nthawi zambiri chimakhala nyama zazikulu - nguluwe, akalulu, nkhumba zazing'ono, nkhumba zazing'ono.
Kuperewera kwa chakudya chachilengedwe kumapangitsa ziwombankhanga zamawangamawanga kuyendera minda - kukaba nkhuku, abakha ndi nyama zina. Kumbu, mbozi, abuluzi, ndi njoka zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono kwa olanda nyama akamayenda panjira.
Mbalame zimasowa madzi kuti zithetse ludzu lawo ndi kusambira. Ziwombankhanga zamtchire zimakhala ndi ubale wapadera ndi madzi. Mwa ziwombankhanga zonse, ndiye yekhayo amene amayimirira omwe amayenda m'madzi osaya, kuponyera zala zake m'madzi, ndikuthira.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mbalame ndi mbalame zokhazokha zomwe zimakwatirana kamodzi. Nthawi yobereketsa imatsegulidwa pakadafika masika, kukonzanso malo okhala. Chisa cha Mphungu Chotayika chimakhala chosasintha kwa zaka zingapo, koma chaka chilichonse mbalame zimamaliza kuchimanga ndikuchikonzanso ndi nthambi zobiriwira, makungwa. Pansi pake pamadzaza ndi udzu, nsanza, pansi, nthenga.
Mabanja achichepere nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nyumba zopanda kanthu za adokowe ndi akalulu. Ndizosowa kwambiri kuti pakufunika kumanga chisa chatsopano. Chifukwa chake chiyenera kukhala kudula mitengo m'malo akale, zoyipa zakumphepo yamkuntho.
Clutch imapezeka nthawi zambiri mu Meyi, imakhala ndi dzira limodzi kapena awiri - oyera, okhala ndi mawanga abulauni. Mazira atatu ndi osowa kwambiri. Mzimayi amachita kusakaniza kuchokera dzira loyamba, mnzake amamupatsa chakudya. Nthawi yokwanira ndi masiku 40.
Chifukwa anapiye a mphungu Amawonekera munthawi zosiyana, wocheperako nthawi zambiri amazunzidwa ndi mwana wankhuku wamkulu, wamphamvu, amamwalira m'masabata oyamba amoyo.
Mapangidwe a nyama zazing'ono pamapiko amapezeka pafupifupi pakati pa Ogasiti, i.e. pambuyo pa masabata 7-9. Pang`onopang`ono, pali maphunziro kuuluka, kusaka. Iwo amene akufuna kuweta mbalame amazitengera pa nthawi ino, mpaka ana, pamodzi ndi mbalame zazikulu, athawa nthawi yozizira.
Kutalika kwa mbalame m'chilengedwe pafupifupi zaka 25. Ali mu ukapolo, pomwe palibe chowopseza chitetezo cha ziwombankhanga zooneka, azaka zana amatha kukondwerera zaka makumi atatu.
Mbalame zokongola zimakhala ndi mbiri yakale, m'nthano amapatsidwa udindo wa oteteza anthu. M'masiku amakono, zosiyana zikuchitika - kuchuluka kwa ziwombankhanga zowoneka bwino kumafuna thandizo la anthu - tsogolo la mbalame zanzeru komanso zolemekezeka zimadalira iwo.
