Imodzi mwa njoka zazikulu kwambiri, zowopsa komanso zobisika pambuyo pa Soviet Union ndi gyurza. Sachita mantha ndi munthu ndipo sawona kuti ndikofunikira kumuwopseza, kumuzunza modzidzimutsa ndikumuluma ndi zovuta, nthawi zina zowopsa.
Kufotokozera kwa gyurza
Dzina lapakati la reptile ndi njoka ya Levantine... Iye, zowonadi, amachokera ku mtundu wa mphiri zazikulu, zomwe ndi gawo la banja lamanjoka. Ku Turkmenistan, amadziwika kuti njoka ya akavalo (at-ilan), ku Uzbekistan - ngati njoka yobiriwira (kok-ilan), ndipo dzina loti "gyurza" lodziwika bwino ku khutu la Russia limabwerera ku Persian gurz kutanthauza "mace". Herpetologists amagwiritsa ntchito mawu achi Latin akuti Macrovipera lebetina.
Maonekedwe
Ndi njoka yayikulu yokhala ndi mutu wooneka ngati mkondo ndi mphuno yosalimba, yomwe imakula mopitilira 1.75 m. Amuna ndiwotalika komanso okulirapo kuposa akazi: omalizirawa amakhala ndi kutalika kwa mita 1.3, pomwe oyambilirawo samakhala ochepera 1.6 m. amadziwika ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono a supraorbital. Mutu wa gyurza ndi utoto wopangidwa ndi monochrome (wopanda chojambula) wokutidwa ndi masikelo okhala ndi nthiti. Mitundu ya Reptile imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo okhala, kuyilola kuti igwirizane ndi malo ndikukhala yosawoneka nyama / adani.
Thupi lofupikiralo nthawi zambiri limakhala lofiirira kapena lofiirira, limachepetsa ndi mawanga abulauni kumbuyo kwake. Mawanga ang'onoang'ono amawonekera m'mbali. Pansi pake pa thupi nthawi zonse pamakhala chopepuka komanso pamakhala madontho akuda. Mwambiri, "suti" ya gyurza imadziwika ndi kusiyanasiyana kwake ndi kulumikizana ndi dera ladziko. Pakati pa njoka za Levantine, sizinthu zonse zomwe zimapangidwa, palinso monochromatic, zofiirira kapena zakuda, nthawi zambiri zokhala ndi utoto wofiirira.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Njoka zimadzuka masika (Marichi - Epulo), mpweya ukangotentha mpaka +10 ° C. Amuna amatuluka koyamba, ndipo akazi amatuluka patatha sabata. Ma Gyuras samapita kumalo osaka mwachizolowezi nthawi yomweyo, akumakhala padzuwa kwakanthawi kwakanthawi pafupi ndi "nyumba" zachisanu. M'mwezi wa Meyi, njoka za Levantine nthawi zambiri zimachoka m'mapiri, ndikutsikira m'malo otsika. Apa njoka zimakwawa m'malo osaka nyama.
Kuchuluka kwa zokwawa nthawi zambiri kumawoneka m'mapiri, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi akasupe - gyurza imamwa madzi ambiri ndipo imakonda kusambira, nthawi yomweyo imagwira mbalame zambiri. Poyamba kutentha (mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti), njoka zimasinthira mumayendedwe ausiku ndikusaka madzulo, komanso m'mawa ndi theka loyamba la usiku. Masomphenya abwino komanso kununkhiza bwino kumathandizira kutsata nyama mumdima. Amabisala kutentha kwa masana pakati pamiyala, muudzu wamtali, m'mitengo ndi m'mitsinje yozizira. Masika ndi nthawi yophukira, gyurza imagwira ntchito masana.
Zofunika! M'nyengo yozizira, njoka za Levant zimabwerera kumisasa yozizira, zimabisala payokha kapena pagulu (mpaka anthu 12). Amakhazikika m'nyengo yozizira m'mayenje osiyidwa, m'ming'alu ndi mulu wa miyala. Hibernation imayamba kwinakwake mu Novembala ndipo imatha mu Marichi - Epulo.
Gyurza amawoneka achinyengo (wandiweyani, ngati kuti wadulidwa thupi), chifukwa chake njokayo imawerengedwa kuti ndiyosachedwa komanso yovuta. Lingaliro labodzili lakhumudwitsa okonda kangapo, ndipo ngakhale odziwa kugwira njoka nthawi zambiri samapewa kuponya kwakuthwa kwa gyurza.
Herpetologists amadziwa kuti chokwawa ichi ndiwokwera kwambiri pamitengo, kulumpha komanso kuyenda mwachangu pansi, ndikukwawa mwachangu kutali ndi ngozi. Pozindikira kuti ndiwopseza, gyurza sikuti amangoyimbira anthu, koma nthawi zambiri amaukira nthawi yomweyo, ndikuponya kofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi lawo. Osati aliyense wogwira atha kunyamula gyurza wamkulu mmanja mwake, akumasula mutu wake. Pofunafuna kuthawa, njokayo siyimateteza nsagwada yake yakumunsi, ikuluma kuti ipweteke munthu.
Kodi gyurza amakhala motalika bwanji
Kumtchire, njoka za Levantine zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 10, koma kawiri, mpaka zaka 20 - m'malo opangira... Koma mosasamala kanthu kuti gyurza amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji, imatulutsa khungu lake lakale katatu pachaka - pambuyo komanso nthawi isanakwane, komanso pakati chilimwe (mult iyi ndiyotheka). Zokwawa zobadwa kumene zimatulutsa khungu lawo patangopita masiku ochepa kuchokera pobadwa, ndipo zokwawa zazing'onozi zimafika maulendo 8 pachaka.
Zinthu zingapo zimakhudza kusintha kwa nthawi ya molting
- kusowa kwa chakudya, komwe kumabweretsa njoka;
- matenda ndi kuvulala;
- nyengo yozizira, yomwe imapondereza ntchito ya gyurza;
- chinyezi chosakwanira.
Chikhalidwe chomaliza ndichofunikira kwambiri kuti molt bwino. Pachifukwa ichi, mchilimwe / nthawi yophukira, zokwawa zimakhetsa nthawi zambiri m'mawa, komanso zimachotsa khungu pakugwa mvula.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngati sipakhala mvula kwa nthawi yayitali, gyurza imanyowetsedwa ndi mame, imagona panthaka yonyowa kapena imiza m'madzi, pambuyo pake mambawo amafewetsa ndikusiyananso mosavuta ndi thupi.
Zowona, muyenera kuyesetsabe: njoka zimakwawa mwamphamvu paudzu, kuyesera kuti zizembera pakati pa miyala. Tsiku loyamba pambuyo pa kusungunuka, gyurza amakhalabe pogona kapena amagona pafupi ndi chikwawa chake (khungu lotayidwa).
Poizoni wa Gyurza
Ndizofanana kwambiri pakupanga / kuchitapo kanthu ndi poyizoni wa njoka ya Russell yotchuka, yomwe imayambitsa kugwedezeka kwamagazi kosalamulirika (DIC), limodzi ndi edema yayikulu yotulutsa magazi. Gyurza wokhala ndi poyizoni wake wamphamvu, mosiyana ndi njoka zambiri, saopa anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo mwake, osangoyenda mobisalira. Sakuthamangira kuthawa, koma monga lamulo zimaundana ndikudikirira kukulitsa zochitika. Wapaulendo yemwe sanazindikire ndikukhudza njokayo mosazindikira amakhala pachiwopsezo chodwala ndikuluma mwachangu.
Mofulumira komanso mosaganizira kwambiri, njoka za Levantine zimaluma alonda ndikuweta ziweto. Zikalumidwa ndi gyurza, nyama sizikhala ndi moyo. Momwe poyizoni angakhudzire thanzi la munthu wolumidwayo zimadalira pazinthu zosiyanasiyana - pa mlingo wa poizoni wolowetsedwa mu bala, pakuluma kwa kuluma, pakulowera mano, komanso thanzi / malingaliro a wodwalayo.
Chithunzi cha kuledzeretsa ndichikhalidwe cha njoka za mphiri ndipo zimaphatikizapo zizindikiro zotsatirazi (ziwiri zoyambirira zimawoneka bwino):
- kupweteka kwambiri;
- kutupa kwakukulu pamalo oluma;
- kufooka ndi chizungulire;
- nseru ndi kupuma movutikira;
- zikuluzikulu zotupa zotupa m'mimba;
- magazi osalamulirika oundana;
- kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo zamkati;
- minofu necrosis pamalo olumirako.
Pakadali pano, poyizoni wa gyurza waphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala angapo. Viprosal (mankhwala odziwika bwino a rheumatism / radiculitis) amapangidwa kuchokera ku poyizoni wa gyurza, komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo a Lebetox. Yachiwiri ikufunika kwambiri pochiza hemophilia komanso pochita opareshoni yamatoni. Kukhetsa magazi mutagwiritsa ntchito Lebetox kumasiya mphindi imodzi ndi theka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuchuluka kwa imfa kuchokera kulumidwa kwa Transcaucasian gyurz kuli pafupi 10-15% (popanda chithandizo). Monga mankhwala, amayambitsa seramu yotsutsana ndi njoka kapena seramu yotengera kunja (siyikupangidwanso ku Russia). Self-mankhwala ndikoletsedwa.
Mitundu ya gyurza
Misonkho ya zokwawa zasintha kwambiri, kuyambira ndi lingaliro loti mtundu wonsewo umakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wa mphiri zazikulu. M'zaka za m'ma XIX-XX. akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo anaganiza kuti palibe, koma mitundu inayi yokhudzana - V. mauritanica, V. schweizeri, V. deserti ndi V. lebetina - amakhala padziko lapansi. Pambuyo pagawoli, ndi Vipera lebetina yekha yemwe amatchedwa gyurza. Kuphatikiza apo, okhometsa msonkho amabweretsa njoka kuchokera kumtundu wa njoka zosavuta (Vipera), ndipo gyurza idakhala Macrovipera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu 2001, kutengera kusanthula kwa ma molekyulu, mitundu iwiri yaku North Africa ya ghurz (M. deserti ndi M. mauritanica) idaperekedwa ku mtundu wa Daboia, kapena m'malo mwake njoka zazingwe (D. siamensis ndi D. russeli) ndi njoka za ku Palestina (D. palestinae).
Mpaka posachedwa, akatswiri azachipatala adazindikira magawo asanu a gyurza, atatu mwa iwo omwe amapezeka ku Caucasus / Central Asia (kudera lakale la Soviet Union). Ku Russia, gyurza wa Transcaucasian amakhala, okhala ndi zishango zingapo zam'mimba komanso kusapezeka (ochepa) amdima pamimba.
Tsopano mwachizolowezi kulankhula za subspecies 6, imodzi mwazimene zikadali funso:
- Macrovipera lebetina lebetina - amakhala pachilumbachi. Kupro;
- Macrovipera lebetina turanica (Central Asia gyurza) - amakhala kumwera kwa Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Western Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan ndi Northwest India;
- Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Transcaucasian gyurza) - amakhala ku Transcaucasia, Dagestan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran ndi Syria;
- Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea;
- Macrovipera lebetina cernovi;
- Macrovipera lebetina peilei ndi subspecies yosadziwika.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Gyurza ili ndi dera lalikulu - limakhala madera ambiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, Asia (Central, South ndi West), Arabia Peninsula, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, West Pakistan, Afghanistan, North-West India ndi zilumba za Mediterranean.
Gyurza amapezekanso pambuyo pa Soviet - ku Central Asia ndi Transcaucasia, kuphatikizapo Absheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan). Anthu akutali a Gyurza amakhalanso ku Dagestan... Chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa, njoka zochepa zomwe zidatsalira kumwera kwa Kazakhstan.
Zofunika! Gyurza amakonda ma biotopes a semi-chipululu, chipululu ndi mapiri, pomwe pali chakudya chochuluka ngati ma voles, ma gerbils ndi ma pikas. Itha kukwera mapiri mpaka 2.5 km (Pamir) mpaka 2 km pamwamba pamadzi (Turkmenistan ndi Armenia).
Njokayo imamatira kumapiri ouma ndi malo otsetsereka okhala ndi zitsamba, imasankha nkhalango za pistachio, magombe amitsinje yothirira, mapiri ndi zigwa za mitsinje, mitsinje yomwe ili ndi akasupe ndi mitsinje. Nthawi zambiri amakwawa kumalire a mzinda, amakopeka ndi fungo la makoswe komanso kupezeka kwa malo ogona.
Zakudya za Gyurza
Kukhalapo kwa mtundu wina wazinthu zamoyo pakudya kumakhudzidwa ndi dera la gyurza - zigawo zina zimatsamira zazing'ono, pomwe zina zimakonda mbalame. Wokonda kumapeto kwake akuwonetsedwa, mwachitsanzo, ndi ma gyurzes aku Central Asia, omwe samanyalanyaza mbalame iliyonse kukula kwake kwa nkhunda.
Zakudya zodziwika bwino za gyurza zimapangidwa ndi nyama zotsatirazi:
- gerbils ndi voles;
- mbewa zapakhomo ndi makoswe;
- hamsters ndi ma jerboas;
- hares achichepere;
- ma hedgehogs ndi ana a nungu;
- akamba ang'onoang'ono ndi nalimata;
- achikasu, phalanges ndi njoka.
Mwa njira, zokwawa zimaphedwa makamaka ndi achinyamata ndi njala gyurza, omwe sanapeze zinthu zowoneka bwino komanso zopatsa mphamvu. Njokayo imayang'ana mbalame zomwe zayenda mpaka padziwe, zobisala m'nkhalango kapena pakati pa miyala. Mbalameyo ikangotaya tcheru, gyurza imagwira ndi mano ake akuthwa, koma osayitsatira ngati mayi womangayo atha kuthawa. Zowona, kuthawa sikukhala motalika - poizoni, wovutikayo agwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njoka yomwe yameza nyama yake imapeza mthunzi kapena pogona, pogona kotero kuti gawo lina la thupi lomwe lili ndi nyama ili mkati mwa dzuwa. Gyurza wathunthu samasuntha kwa masiku 3-4, kukumba zomwe zili m'mimba.
Zatsimikiziridwa kuti gyurza imathandiza kupulumutsa mbewu m'minda, kuthetseratu magulu ambirimbiri a tizirombo tomwe tikugwira ntchito zaulimi, makoswe ang'onoang'ono.
Kubereka ndi ana
Chiyambi cha nyengo yakumasirana ya gyurza chimadalira mtundu wa subspecies, nyengo ndi nyengo: mwachitsanzo, njoka zomwe zimakhala pamwamba pamapiri zimayamba kukondana pambuyo pake. Ngati kasupe ndi wautali komanso wozizira, njoka sizifulumira kuchoka m'malo achisanu, zomwe zimakhudza nthawi yakubereka. Oimira mitundu yayikuluyo mu Epulo-Meyi nyengo yabwino.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kugonana kumayambitsidwa ndi masewera achikondi, pomwe okwatirana amalumikizana, kutambasula pafupifupi kotala la kutalika kwawo.
Sikuti njoka zonse za Levantine zimakhala ndi oviparous - m'mayendedwe awo amakhala ovoviviparous. Gyurza ayamba kuikira mazira mu Julayi - Ogasiti, kutulutsa mazira 6-43, kutengera kukula kwa mkazi. Dzira limalemera 10-20 g ndi m'mimba mwake 20-54 mm. Mikwingwirima modzichepetsa (mazira 6-8 lililonse) imapezeka kumpoto kwa mtunda, komwe kumapezeka gyurzy yaying'ono kwambiri.
Maenje osiyidwa ndi miyala yamiyala imasandulika, pomwe mazira (kutengera kutentha kwa mpweya) amakula masiku 40-50. Chofunikira pakukula kwa mazira ndi chinyezi, popeza mazira amatha kuyamwa chinyezi, ndikuchulukirachulukira. Koma kutentha kwambiri kumangopweteka - mawonekedwe a nkhungu pachipolopolocho, ndipo mluza umamwalira... Kutulutsa misala m'mazira kumachitika kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - Seputembara. Kubereketsa mu gyurz sikuchitika kale kuposa zaka 3-4.
Adani achilengedwe
Buluziyu amadziwika kuti ndi mdani woopsa kwambiri wa gyurza, chifukwa sateteza poizoni wake woopsa kwambiri. Koma zokwawa zimasakanso zilombo zolusa, zomwe sizimayimitsidwa ngakhale ndi mwayi wolumidwa - amphaka a nkhalango, mimbulu, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Gyurza akuukiridwa kuchokera mlengalenga - ma buzzard and steppe-eaters amawoneka mu izi. Komanso, zokwawa, makamaka ana, nthawi zambiri zimathera patebulo la njoka zina.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mabungwe achitetezo apadziko lonse lapansi alibe nkhawa ndi njoka za Levant, poganizira kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mapeto ake amathandizidwa ndi ziwerengero: m'malo okhalamo a gurz pali njoka zokwana 4 pa hekitala imodzi, ndipo pafupi ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe (mu Ogasiti-Seputembara) mpaka anthu 20 amadzikundikira mahekitala 1.
Komabe, zigawo zina (kuphatikiza madera aku Russia), ziweto za Gyurza zatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha zochitika zachuma za anthu komanso kugwidwa kwa zokwawa. Njoka zinayamba kutha mosiyanasiyana m'malo awo, momwe mitundu ya Macrovipera lebetina idaphatikizidwira mu Red Book of Kazakhstan (II gulu) ndi Dagestan (II gulu), komanso kuphatikizidwa ndi mtundu wosinthidwa wa Red Book of the Russian Federation (Gulu lachitatu).
