Khola, kapena, mwanjira ina, the coot is a birdfowl, pamodzi ndi mitundu ina yambiri, monga, mwachitsanzo, moorhen kapena crake crake, wa banja la abusa. Mbalame yaing'ono, yamdima ili ndi chinthu china chosangalatsa chakunja: malo oyera achikuda kapena achikopa pamutu wovundukulidwa ndi nthenga, monga lamulo, kuphatikiza ndi mlomo wa mtundu womwewo. Ndi chifukwa cha iye kuti khola limatchedwa.
Kufotokozera kwa coot
Mofanana ndi abusa ena, mphalapala ndi mbalame yaying'ono kuchokera ku cranes, yomwe imakhazikika pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja... Mwa abale ake, kuphatikiza ma moor, othamangitsa, ma corncrakes ndi abusa, palinso takahe wachilendo yemwe amakhala ku New Zealand ndipo amadziwika kuti adasowa mpaka posachedwa. Ponseponse, pali mitundu khumi ndi iwiri yazotengera padziko lapansi, ndipo asanu ndi atatu mwa iwo amakhala ku South America.
Maonekedwe
Mitundu yambiri yamatumba imasiyanitsidwa ndi nthenga zakuda, komanso chikwangwani chachikopa pamphumi, ndipo, mosiyana ndi madontho aku Europe, malowa sakhala oyera mwa abale awo akunja: mwachitsanzo, atha kukhala ofiira komanso owala achikaso, monga mumutu wofiira komanso Khola loyera, loyera ku South America. Monga lamulo, onse ndi ang'onoang'ono kapena apakatikati - kukula kwa 35-40 cm.Komabe, pakati pa zotupa palinso mbalame zazikulu kwambiri, monga zimphona zazikulu ndi zaminyanga, zomwe kutalika kwake kumatalikiranso masentimita 60.
Ndizosangalatsa! Miyendo yamatumba imakhala ndi kapangidwe kodabwitsa kwambiri: ndi yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yamphamvu, kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi masamba osambira apadera omwe ali m'mbali mwa zala zawo, zomwe zimalola kuti mbalamezi zizisunthira mosavuta pamadzi komanso panthaka ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Mwa oimira onse amtunduwu, miyendo ndi mafupa a m'chiuno zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe amalola kuti zibowo zisambe ndikusambira bwino, zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi mbalame zina za banja la abusa.
Zogulitsa m'mitundu yambiri ndizoyera ndipo nthenga zake ndizofewa. Zala zazimuna, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi, sizimadulidwa ndi nembanemba. M'malo mwake, amakhala ndi timibulu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatseguka m'madzi posambira. Kuphatikiza apo, miyendo yamatumba imakhala ndi mitundu yosangalatsa: nthawi zambiri mtundu wawo umasiyanasiyana chikasu mpaka mdima lalanje, zala zakuda, komanso ma lobes ndi owala kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera.
Mapiko amabaotawo siatali kwambiri, chifukwa ambiri mwa mbalamezi amauluka monyinyirika ndipo amakonda kukhala moyo wongokhala. Komabe, ngakhale zili choncho, mitundu yawo ina yomwe imakhala kumpoto chakumapeto kwa dziko lapansi imasamukira kwina ndipo imatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali.
Mmodzi mwa mitundu khumi ndi iwiri ya mbalamezi amakhala m'dera la Russia: khola lodziwika bwino, gawo lalikulu lakunja kwake ndi nthenga zakuda kapena imvi komanso malo oyera pamutu, kuphatikiza ndi mulomo wofanana. Kukula kwa khola wamba lokhala ndi bakha wamkulu, kutalika kwake sikupitilira masentimita 38, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi kilogalamu imodzi, ngakhale kulinso ndi zolemera zolemera 1.5 kilogalamu.
Thupi, monga la mbalame zina zamtunduwu, ndilolimba... Nthengazo ndi zotuwa kapena zakuda zokhala ndi utoto wowala kumbuyo. Pachifuwa ndi pamimba, chimakhala ndi utoto wotuwa. Mtundu wa diso ndi wofiira kwambiri. Mapazi ndi achikaso kapena lalanje okhala ndi metatarsal imvi yofupikirapo komanso yayitali, yamphamvu yakumaso. Masamba osambira ndi oyera, ofananira ndi mtundu wopanda banga pamutu ndi mlomo.
Ma dimorphism amafotokozedwa moperewera: amuna amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi, amakhala ndi mthunzi wakuda wakuda, ndi chizindikiro choyera pang'ono pamphumi. Zoyala zazing'ono zili ndi khungu lobiriwira, pamimba pake ndi pakhosi pake ndi zotuwa.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Zofunda makamaka zimachepetsa. Kupatula miyezi yakumalizira, pamene mbalamezi zimasamukira, nthawi yomwe zimakonda kupanga maulendo ake usiku. Amakhala pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse m'madzi: pamitsinje kapena m'nyanja. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina za m'busa, makoko amasambira bwino. Koma pamtunda sachedwa kupupuluma komanso othamanga kuposa madzi.
Ikakhala pachiwopsezo, khola limakonda kulowa m'madzi kapena kubisala m'nkhalango kusiyana ndi kukwera pamapiko ndikuuluka: amayesetsa kuti asamawuluke mosafunikira. Amayandama kwambiri - mpaka mamita anayi, koma sangathe kusambira pansi pamadzi, chifukwa chake samasaka pamenepo. Imawuluka monyinyirika komanso mwamphamvu, koma mwachangu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuti inyamuke, imayenera kuthamanga kwambiri m'madzi, ikuyenda pafupifupi mamita asanu ndi atatu pamwamba pake.
Zozizira zonse ndizosavuta kuzilola ndipo zimalola owatsata kuti ayandikire pafupi ndi iwo, chifukwa cha mtundu umodzi wa mbalamezi zomwe zimakhala kumayiko otentha zomwe zidalipira kale ndi moyo wake chifukwa chazinyalala zawo ndikuwonongedwa kwathunthu ndi alenjewo. Makhalidwe otere otere monga kunyinyirika mopitirira muyeso ndi naivety zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzilanda, komanso kwa anthu omwe amazisaka. Koma, nthawi yomweyo, amaperekanso asayansi komanso okonda zachilengedwe kuti aziyang'ana mbalamezi m'malo awo achilengedwe ndikupanga zithunzi zapamwamba momwe amalandiridwira.
Masika, pakusamuka, matumba amakonda kupanga maulendo apandege usiku kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Koma m'malo awo otentha, mbalamezi zimasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu makumi, ndipo nthawi zina anthu masauzande ambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zoyala zosamuka zimakhala ndi njira zosunthira zosavuta, momwe mbalame za anthu amodzi zimasunthira mbali zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, zina mwa izo zimauluka nthawi yozizira kuchokera kum'mawa kwa Europe kupita ku Western Europe, pomwe gawo lina lamatumba ochokera kwa anthu omwewo limasamukira ku Africa kapena ku Middle East.
Zingati zamoyo zomwe zimakhala
Chifukwa choti mbalamezi ndizongopeka chabe, kupatula apo, zili ndi adani ambiri m'malo awo achilengedwe, ambiri aiwo samakalamba. Komabe, ngati sangakwanitse kufa ndi chipolopolo cha msaki kapena zikhadabo za chilombo, atha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, zaka zazaka zoyambirira kwambiri zomwe zidagwidwa ndi zokutira zinali zaka pafupifupi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zofewa ndizofala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi.... Malo awo amakhala ku Eurasia, kumpoto kwa Africa, Australia, New Zealand ndi Papua New Guinea. Ndipo izi, osanenapo za mitundu isanu ndi itatu yamatumba yomwe yasankha America kukhala malo awo. Kutalika kotereku kumafotokozedwera makamaka chifukwa choti mbalamezi sizimasiyana pakukonda kwawo maulendo ataliatali, ndipo, atakumana ndi chilumba china m'nyanja pamaulendo awo, nthawi zambiri samauluka kwina kulikonse, koma amakhala komweko kwamuyaya.
Nthawi yomweyo, ngati zikhalidwe kumalo atsopanowo zakhala zabwino, ndiye kuti mabowo sadzayesa kubwerera kumalo awo akale, koma, otsalira pachilumbacho, ayamba kuberekana ndikusintha pakapita nthawi kuti, mtsogolo, kutali kapena pafupi kuchuluka komwe kunakhala maziko amtundu watsopano wa mbalamezi.
Ngati tizingolankhula za gawo la Russia, malire akumpoto amtunduwu amathamangira 57 ° -58 ° latitude, ndipo kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia amafikira 64 ° kumpoto. Kwenikweni, mbalamezi zimakhala m'madzi am'mapiri ndi m'mapiri. Ena mwa malo omwe amakhala ndi nyanja ndi malo omwe kuli udzu ndi bango, komanso mitsinje yamadzi osefukira yopumira pang'ono.
Zakudya zosavuta
Kwenikweni, matumba wamba amadyetsa chakudya chomera, gawo la "zogulitsa" zanyama pazakudya zawo silipitilira 10%. Amasangalala kudya masamba obiriwira am'madzi, komanso mbewu zawo. Zina mwazakudya zomwe amakonda ndi ma pondweed, duckweed, hornwort, pinnate ndi mitundu ingapo ya ndere. Makola samalolera kudya chakudya cha nyama - tizilombo, molluscs, nsomba zazing'ono ndi mwachangu, komanso mazira a mbalame zina.
Ndizosangalatsa! Coots, ngakhale kuti ndi otsika kwambiri kukula kwa swans, nthawi zambiri amawachotsera chakudya komanso abakha amtchire omwe amakhala m'malo omwewo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Khwangwala ndi mbalame yokhayokha ndipo ikatha msinkhu, imadzipezera bwenzi lokhalokha. Nthawi yoswana ya mbalame zokhazikika imakhala yosiyana ndipo imatha kutengera zinthu monga kudya kapena nyengo. M'mabotolo osamuka, akabwerera kumalo awo okhalirako zisa, nyengo yakumasirana imayamba nthawi yomweyo. Pakadali pano, mbalamezi zimachita phokoso komanso mwakhama kwambiri, ndipo ngati mnzake akuwonekera chapafupi, yamphongo imayamba kukwiya, nthawi zambiri imathamangira kuphimba lina lamphongo ndipo imatha kuyamba kumenyana nayo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakati pamasewera olimbirana, makola amakonza mtundu wovina pamadzi: wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, akukuwa, amasambira molumikizana, pambuyo pake, poyandikira, amabalalika mosiyanasiyana kapena amasambira moyandikana, mapiko ndi mapiko.
Zozizira zomwe zimakhala mdera lathu nthawi zambiri zimakonza zisa zawo pamadzi, munkhalango zamabango kapena bango. Chisa chokha, chomangidwa ndi masamba ndi udzu chaka chatha, kunja chimafanana ndi mulu wosalala wa udzu wovunda ndi nthambi, pomwe chimatha kulumikizidwa ndi maziko ake mpaka pansi pa dziwe, koma chimangokhala pamwamba pamadzi. Zowona, mu nkhani yachiwiri, imalumikizidwa ndi zomera zomwe zili pomwepo.
Ngakhale amatola mazira, matumba amatha kukhala aukali komanso osamala mosamala zinthu zawo ku mbalame zina, kuphatikiza oyimira mtundu womwewo. Koma mlendo akawonekera, zomwe zitha kukhala zowopsa kuzowola zokha kapena kwa ana awo, mbalame zingapo zimalumikizana kuti zithandizire pamodzi kuphwanya mtendere wawo wamaganizidwe. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, amatha kumanga nawo zida zankhondo zisanu ndi zitatu kumadera oyandikana nawo.
Mu nyengo imodzi, mkazi amatola mpaka katatu, ndipo ngati mwa oyambawo kuchuluka kwa mazira owoneka bwino, amchenga wamchenga wokhala ndi zofiirira zofiirira amatha kufikira zidutswa 16, ndiye kuti zotumphukira pambuyo pake zimakhala zazing'ono. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 22, ndipo onse achikazi ndi abambo amatengapo gawo.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timabadwa wakuda, okhala ndi milomo ya utoto wofiira lalanje komanso mthunzi womwewo wolowetsedwa ndi fluff pamutu ndi m'khosi. Pakatha pafupifupi tsiku limodzi, amasiya chisa nkumatsatira makolo awo. Koma chifukwa chakuti anapiye satha kudzisamalira okha m'masabata oyamba a 1.5-2 amoyo, zokula zazikulu nthawi yonseyi zimapezera chakudya ana awo, komanso zimawaphunzitsa maluso ofunikira kuti apulumuke, kuwateteza kwa adani ndi kuwotha. usiku pamene kukuzizira.
Pambuyo pa masabata 9-11, mbalame zazing'ono zimatha kuuluka ndikupeza chakudya, chifukwa chake ali ndi luso lotha kudzisamalira. Pamsinkhu uwu, amayamba kukhazikika m'magulu, ndipo motere amasamukira kumwera kugwa. Ziweto zazing'ono zimakhwima mchaka chotsatira. Ponena za mbalame zazikuluzikulu, panthawiyi zimayamba kusungunuka, nthawi yomwe matumba satha kuwuluka motero amabisala m'nkhalango zowirira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Achibale otentha a mphalapala wamba - ziphona ndi nyanga, amamanga zisa zazikulu zazikulu. Yoyamba imakonza bango loyandama pamadzi, lotalika mamita anayi ndi 60 cm kutalika. Khola lanyanga limamangiranso zisa zawo pamulu wa miyala, yomwe imadzipendekera ndi mulomo wake kupita kumalo osungira, pomwe kulemera konse kwa miyala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga kumatha kufikira matani 1.5.
Adani achilengedwe
Kumtchire, adani am'madzi ndi awa: marsh harrier, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ziwombankhanga, peregrine falcon, herring gull, makungubwi - wakuda ndi imvi, komanso magpies. Mwa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, otters ndi minks ndizowopsa kumatumba. Nguluwe, nkhandwe ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu nthawi zambiri zimawononga zisa zawo, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa nyama zazikuluzikuluzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa cha kubala kwawo, zimbudzi, kapena mitundu yawo yambiri, sizimadziwika ngati mbalame zosowa ndipo sizikusowa njira zina zowatetezera.... Chokhachokha ndi mwina mphalapala ya ku Hawaii, nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo ndipo malo otayika a Mascarene, omwe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18 amakhala bwino kuzilumba za Mauritius ndi Reunion mpaka pomwe adatha ndi osaka.
Mwambiri, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XXI, chisamaliro cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomata chimatha kudziwika motere:
- Osadandaula: American, Andes, oyera-mapiko, chimphona, yellow-billed, ofiira-kutsogolo, wamba ndi crested coots.
- Yandikirani pamalo osatetezeka: West Indian ndi maphwando anyanga.
- Mitundu yowopsa: Chovala cha ku Hawaii.
Choopseza chachikulu pakukhalanso kwakhola kumayambitsidwa ndi zolusa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndikudziwika bwino m'malo awo oyambilira, komanso zochitika zaumunthu, makamaka, kukhetsa minda ndikudula nkhalango zamabango. Alenje, omwe pakati pawo amaonedwa kuti ndi chakudya chokoma, amathandizanso kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi.
Ponena za West Indian ndi mphalapala yamanyanga, amawawona ngati osatetezedwa osati chifukwa choti awonongedwa kwambiri kapena kuti mitsinje ndi nyanja zomwe akukhalamo zikusefukira, koma chifukwa choti malo okhala mbalamezi yopapatiza. Ndipo, ngakhale palibe chilichonse chomwe chikuwopseza mitundu iyi pakadali pano, zinthu zimatha kusintha nthawi iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe omwe asintha malo awo achilengedwe.
Coot ndi mbalame zomwe zatha kukhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula madera ozungulira ndi ozungulira. Mwina palibe kontrakitala komwe sikungakhale kovuta kukumana ndi zolengedwa zachilendozi zomwe zimakhala pamitsinje ndi nyanja. Zonsezi, kuphatikiza pazofala zamtundu wopanda mbewa zoyera kapena zamtundu pamutu ndi masamba pazala, zimagwirizananso ndi zinthu monga kusafuna kuwuluka mosafunikira komanso kubereka modabwitsa kwa mbalame.
Ndi chifukwa cha mikhalidwe iwiriyi yomwe mitundu yambiri yazomwa imakhalabe ndi moyo. Ndipo ngakhale zosowa kwambiri, zotengera zaku Hawaii, zili ndi mwayi waukulu kwambiri wopulumuka poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya zomera ndi nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo.
