Mvuu, kapena mvuu (Нirrootamus) ndi mtundu wokulirapo, woimiridwa ndi ma artiodactyls, omwe tsopano ali ndi mitundu yokhayo yamakonoyi, mvuu wamba, komanso mitundu yambiri yazinthu zomwe zatha.
Kufotokozera kwa mvuu
Dzina lachi Latin la mvuu lidabwerekedwa mchilankhulo chakale chachi Greek, pomwe nyama zotere zimatchedwa "kavalo wamtsinje". Umu ndi momwe Agiriki akale amatchulira nyama zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhala m'madzi abwino ndipo zimatha kupanga phokoso lokwanira, pang'ono ngati neigh ya kavalo. M'gawo la dziko lathu komanso mayiko ena a CIS, nyamayi yotchedwa mvuu, koma kwakukulu, mvuu ndi mvuu ndi nyama yomweyo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Poyamba, achibale apafupi kwambiri a mvuu anali nkhumba, koma chifukwa cha kafukufuku yemwe adachitika zaka khumi zapitazo, zidatsimikiziridwa kuti pali ubale wofanana kwambiri ndi anamgumi.
Zizindikiro zofananira zimaimiridwa ndi kuthekera kwa nyama zotere kubereka ana awo ndikudyetsa ana m'madzi, kusapezeka kwa tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono, kupezeka kwamachitidwe apadera azizindikiro ogwiritsira ntchito kulumikizana, komanso kapangidwe ka ziwalo zoberekera.
Maonekedwe
Maonekedwe apadera a mvuu sawalola kuti asokonezeke ndi nyama zina zazikulu zamtchire. Ali ndi thupi lalikulu kwambiri lopangidwa ndi mbiya ndipo sali otsika kwambiri kukula kwa njovu. Mvuu zimakula m'miyoyo yawo yonse, ndipo zikafika zaka khumi, amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi kulemera kofanana. Pambuyo pake, amuna amayamba kuwonjezera kulemera kwawo mwamphamvu momwe angathere, chifukwa chake amakula msanga kuposa akazi.
Thupi lalikulu limakhala ndi miyendo yayifupi, chifukwa chake, poyenda, pamimba pa nyama nthawi zambiri amakhudza pansi. Pa miyendo pali zala zinayi ndi ziboda zapadera kwambiri. Pakati pa zala pali nembanemba, chifukwa chomwe nyamayi imatha kusambira mwangwiro. Mchira wa mvuu wamba umafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 55 mpaka 56, wokutira pansi, wozungulira, pang'onopang'ono ndikumayandikira kumapeto. Chifukwa chakapangidwe kamchira, nyama zamtchire zimapopera ndowe zawo patali kwambiri ndikuwonetsa gawo lawo modabwitsa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mutu waukulu wa mvuu wamkulu umatenga gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a nyama yonseyo ndipo nthawi zambiri imalemera pafupifupi tani.
Chigawo chakumaso cha chigaza chimakhala chosasunthika pang'ono, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe amakona anayi. Makutu a nyama ndi ochepa kukula, othamanga kwambiri, mphuno ndi za mtundu wocheperako, maso ndi ochepa ndipo akumira m'makope a mnofu. Makutu, mphuno ndi maso a mvuu amadziwika ndi malo okhalapo ndikukhala pamzere umodzi, zomwe zimalola kuti nyamayo imizike m'madzi nthawi yomweyo ndikupitiliza kuyang'ana, kupuma kapena kumva. Mvuu zamphongo zamwamuna zimasiyana ndi akazi chifukwa cha zotupa zapineal zomwe zimapezeka kumapeto, pafupi ndi mphuno. Ziphuphuzi zikuyimira maziko azitini zazikulu. Mwazina, zazikazi ndizocheperako kuposa amuna.
Mphuno ya mvuu ndi yayikulu kwambiri, yoyikidwa kutsogolo ndi vibrissae yayifupi komanso yolimba kwambiri. Mukatsegula pakamwa, ngodya ya 150za, ndi m'lifupi mwake nsagwada zokwanira pafupifupi 60-70 cm... Mvuu wamba zimakhala ndi mano 36, okutidwa ndi enamel wachikaso.
Nsagwada iliyonse imakhala ndi ma molars asanu ndi limodzi, mano asanu ndi amodzi opangira ntchito, komanso ma canine ndi ma incis anayi. Amuna makamaka apanga mayini akuthwa, omwe amadziwika ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ndi poyambira kotenga nthawi yayitali pachibwano. Ndili ndi zaka, mayinini amapendekera pang'onopang'ono. Mvuu zina zimakhala ndi ziphuphu zotalika masentimita 58-60 ndikulemera mpaka 3.0 kg.
Mvuu ndi nyama zakuda kwambiri, koma pansi pake pamakhala khungu lowonda. Dera lakumbuyo limakhala laimvi kapena laimvi, pomwe mimba, makutu komanso kuzungulira maso ndi pinki. Pafupifupi tsitsi paliponse pakhungu, kupatula ma bristles amfupi omwe amapezeka m'makutu ndi kunsonga kwa mchira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mvuu zazikulu zimapuma kasanu kokha pamphindi, kotero zimatha kumira popanda mpweya pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi khumi.
Tsitsi lochepa kwambiri limamera m'mbali ndi m'mimba. Mvuu ilibe thukuta komanso mafinya, koma pali zotupa zapadera zomwe zimangokhala nyama zotere. M'masiku otentha, khungu la nyama yoyamwitsa limakutidwa ndi utoto wofiyira, womwe umagwira ntchito zoteteza ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo, komanso umawopseza oyamwa magazi.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Mvuu sizimva kukhala zokha, chifukwa chake zimakonda kuphatikiza m'magulu a anthu 15-100... Tsiku lonse, gulu la ziweto limatha kulowa m'madzi, ndipo madzulo limangopita kukafunafuna chakudya. Azimayi okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi ziweto zomwe zimayang'anira ziweto zawo patchuthi. Amuna amathandizanso kuwongolera gululo, kuwonetsetsa kuti chitetezo sichikhala chachikazi chokha, komanso ana. Amuna ndi nyama zolusa kwambiri. Mwamuna akangofika zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, amayesetsa kukwaniritsa udindo wake ndi kulamulira m'deralo, kupopera amuna ena ndowe ndi mkodzo, kuyasamula ndi pakamwa ponse ndikugwiritsa ntchito kubangula kwakukulu.
Kupwila, kwityepeja ne na mvubu mikatampe ya mvubu mpata. Nyama yayikuluyi imathamanga mpaka 30 km / h. Mvuu zimadziwika ndi kulumikizana kudzera m'mawu omwe amafanana ndikung'ung'udza kapena kulira kwa kavalo. Pose, posonyeza kugonjera, ndi mutu wake pansi, amatengedwa ndi mvuu zofooka, zomwe zimagwera m'munda wowonera amuna akulu. Amatetezedwa mwansanje ndi amuna akulu komanso gawo lawo. Misewu ya munthu aliyense imadziwika ndi mvuu, ndipo zozizwitsa zoterezi zimasinthidwa tsiku lililonse.
Mvuu zimakhala motalika bwanji
Nthawi yomwe mvuu imakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi, chifukwa chake, akatswiri omwe amafufuza nyama zotere akuti mpaka pano sizinakumaneko ndi mvuu zoposa zaka 41-42 kuthengo. Ali mu ukapolo, kutalika kwa moyo wa nyama zotere kumatha kufikira theka la zana, ndipo nthawi zina, mvuu zimakhala zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi... Tisaiwale kuti pambuyo pakutha kwathunthu kwa molars, nyamayo siyitha kukhala moyo wautali kwambiri.
Mitundu ya mvuu
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya mvuu ndi iyi:
- Mvuu wamba, kapena mvuu (Нirrorotamus amphibius), Ndi nyama yoyamwa ya Artiodactyls ndi gawo laling'ono la Nkhumba (zosakhala zoweta) kuchokera kubanja la Mvuwu. Mbali yofunika imayimilidwa ndi moyo wam'madzi m'madzi;
- Mvuu yaku Europe (Нirrorotamus antiquus) - imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zatha ku Europe nthawi ya Pleistocene;
- Mvuu ya Pygmy cretan (Нirrorotamus сrеutzburgi) - imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zatha ku Crete nthawi ya Pleistocene, ndipo imayimilidwa ndi ma subspecies: Нirrorotamus сreutzburgi сreutzburgi ndi Нirrorotamus сreutzburgi parvus;
- Mvuu yaikulu (Нirrorotamus mаjоr) Ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zatha mu Pleistocene kudera la Europe. Mvuu zazikulu zinasakidwa ndi a ku Neanderthal;
- Mvuu ya Pygmy maltese (Нirrorotamus melitensis) Kodi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zinatayika mvuu zomwe zidapanga Malta ndikukhala komweko nthawi ya Pleistocene. Chifukwa chakusowa kwa zilombo zolusa, zachilengedwe zochepa zachitika;
- Mvuu ya Pygmy cypriot (Нirrorotamus minоr) Ndi imodzi mwamitundu ya mvuu yomwe idatayika yomwe idakhala ku Kupro Holocene asanabadwe. Mvuu zaku Cypriot pygmy zinkafika polemera thupi makilogalamu mazana awiri.
Mitunduyi, yomwe imakhala ya mtundu wa Нirrootamus, imayimilidwa ndi H. aethiorisus, H. afarensis kapena Triloborhorus afarensis, H. behemoth, H. kaisensis ndi H. sirensis.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mvuu wamba zimangokhala pafupi ndi madzi oyera, koma nthawi zina zimapezeka m'madzi am'nyanja. Amakhala ku Africa, m'mphepete mwa nyanja yamadzi abwino ku Kenya, Tanzania ndi Uganda, Zambia ndi Mozambique, komanso madzi akumayiko ena kumwera kwa Sahara.
Malo omwe mvuu zaku Europe zidagawidwa adayimilidwa ndi dera lochokera ku Iberian Peninsula mpaka ku British Isles, komanso ku Rhine River. Mvuu ya pygmy idapangidwa ndi Crete nthawi ya Middle Pleistocene. Mvuu zamakono zimakhala ku Africa kokha, kuphatikiza Liberia, Republic of Guinea, Sierra Leone ndi Republic of Côte D'Ivoire.
Zakudya za mvuu
Ngakhale anali ndi mphamvu zazikulu komanso mphamvu, komanso mawonekedwe owopsa komanso awukali, mvuu zonse zili mgulu la odyetserako ziweto... Madzulo, oimira gulu la Artiodactyl ndi banja la Mvuwu amasamukira kumalo odyetserako ziweto okwanira. Ndikusowa kwaudzu mdera lomwe lasankhidwa, nyama zimatha kupuma pantchito kukafunafuna chakudya chamakilomita angapo.
Kuti adzipezere chakudya, mvuu zimatafuna chakudya kwa maola angapo, pogwiritsa ntchito makilogalamu makumi anayi a chakudya chodyera pazifukwa izi pakudya. Mvuu zimadya zitsamba zonse, mabango ndi mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo kapena zitsamba. Ndizosowa kwambiri kuti nyama zoterezi zimadya zovunda pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Malinga ndi asayansi ena, kudya nyama yonyama kumalimbikitsidwa ndi matenda kapena kuperewera kwa chakudya choyenera, popeza dongosolo la m'mimba la oimira Artiodactyl silinasinthidwe kuti lizikonza nyama mokwanira.
Kuti mupite kumalo odyetserako ziweto, njira zomwezo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo malo odyetserako ziweto amasiya zinyama kusanache. Ngati kuli kofunika kuziziritsa kapena kupeza nyonga, mvuu nthawi zambiri zimayendayenda m'madzi a anthu ena. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mvuu zilibe njira zothetsera zomera monga zina zowotchera, kotero zimang'ambika masambawo ndi mano awo, kapena zimayamwa ndi milomo yawo yolimba komanso yolimba, pafupifupi theka la mita.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kubala kwa mvuu sikunaphunzire moyenera poyerekeza ndi njira yofananira ndi nyama zina zikuluzikulu zaku Africa, kuphatikiza zipembere ndi njovu. Mkazi amafika pamsinkhu wakugonana wazaka zapakati pa zisanu ndi ziwiri mpaka khumi ndi zisanu, ndipo amuna amakula mokwanira msanga. Malinga ndi akatswiri, nthawi yoberekera ya mvuu imatha kumangirizidwa pakusintha kwanyengo, koma mating, monga lamulo, amapezeka kangapo pachaka, pafupifupi Ogasiti ndi February. Pafupifupi 60% ya ana amabadwa nthawi yamvula.
M'gulu lililonse, yamphongo imodzi yamphamvu nthawi zambiri imakhalapo, imakwatirana ndi akazi okhwima ogonana. Ufuluwu umalimbikitsidwa ndi nyama pomenya nkhondo ndi anthu ena. Nkhondoyo imatsagana ndi mabala a canine komanso achiwawa, nthawi zina amapha mutu. Khungu lamwamuna wachikulire nthawi zonse limakhala ndi zipsera zingapo. Njira yolumikizirana imachitika m'madzi osaya posungira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kutha msinkhu koyambirira kumalimbikitsa kuyambitsa kuchuluka kwa mvuu, chifukwa chake, anthu oimira gulu la Artiodactyl ndi banja la a Mvuwu akhoza kuchira msanga mokwanira.
Mimba ya miyezi isanu ndi itatu imatha kubereka, kenako mkazi amatuluka m'gululi... Kubadwa kwa ana kumatha kuchitika m'madzi komanso pamtunda, ngati chisa chaudzu. Kulemera kwa mwana wakhanda kumakhala pafupifupi 28-48 kg, ndikutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi mita ndi theka la nyamayo paphewa. Kamwana kake kamasinthasintha msanga mokwanira kuti singayime. Mzimayi wokhala ndi mwana amatuluka m'gululi pafupifupi masiku khumi, ndipo nthawi yonse yoyamwitsa ndi chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Kudya mkaka nthawi zambiri kumachitika m'madzi.
Adani achilengedwe
Mwachilengedwe, mvuu zazikulu sizikhala ndi adani ambiri, ndipo chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa nyama zotere chimabwera kokha kuchokera ku mkango kapena ng'ona ya Nailo. Komabe, amuna akulu, osiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu, nyonga zazikulu ndi mano apakati, samakonda kugwidwa ngakhale kusukulu nyama zolusa.
Mvuu zachikazi, zoteteza mwana wawo, nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa ukali ndi mphamvu, zimawathandiza kuti abwezeretse kuwukira kwa mkango wonse. Nthawi zambiri, mvuu zimawonongedwa ndi nyama zolusa kumtunda, kukhala patali kwambiri ndi dziwe.
Kutengera zowunikira zambiri, mvuu ndi ng'ona za Nile nthawi zambiri sizimatsutsana, ndipo nthawi zina nyama zikuluzikulu zotere zimatha ngakhale kuthamangitsa omwe angatsutse nawo posungira. Kuphatikiza apo, mvuu zachikazi zimasiya ana okulirapo m'manja mwa ng'ona, omwe amawateteza ku afisi ndi mikango. Komabe, pali milandu yodziwika bwino pomwe amuna akuluakulu a mvuu ndi akazi omwe ali ndi ana ang'onoang'ono akuwonetsa kupsyinjika kwambiri kwa ng'ona, ndipo ng'ona zazikulu zomwezo nthawi zina zimatha kusaka mvuu zomwe zangobadwa kumene, odwala kapena ovulala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mvuu zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zoopsa kwambiri ku Africa zomwe zimaukira anthu nthawi zambiri kuposa nyama zolusa monga akambuku ndi mikango.
Ana a mvuu ochepa kwambiri komanso osakhwima, omwe amakhalabe osasamalidwa ndi amayi awo, amatha kukhala nyama yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo osati ing'onoting'ono chabe, komanso mikango, akambuku, afisi ndi agalu afisi. Mvuu zazikuluzikulu zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa mvuu zazing'ono, zomwe zimapondereza ana moyandikira kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
M'malo ogawa, mvuu sizimapezeka kulikonse... Anthu anali ochulukirapo komanso osasunthika theka la zaka zapitazo, omwe anali makamaka otetezedwa ndi anthu, makamaka madera osankhidwa. Komabe, kunja kwa madera amenewa, chiwerengero cha oimira Artiodactyl ndi banja la Mvuwu nthawi zonse sichinali chachikulu kwambiri, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazi, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa zinthu kunachitika.
Nyamayo inathetsedweratu:
- Nyama ya mvuu imadya, imakhala ndi mafuta ochepa komanso imakhala ndi thanzi labwino, chifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika ndi anthu aku Africa;
- khungu la mvuu atavala mwapadera limagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama pakupanga mawilo opera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza diamondi;
- mvuu ndizovuta kwambiri zokongoletsera, zomwe mtengo wake umaposa mtengo waminyanga;
- Oimira Artiodactyl ndi banja la Mvuwu ndi ena mwazinthu zodziwika bwino pakusaka masewera.
Zaka khumi zapitazo, kudera la Africa, malinga ndi kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana, panali anthu 120 mpaka 140-150,000, koma malinga ndi kafukufuku wa gulu lapadera la IUCN, gulu lomwe lingakhalepo kwambiri lili pakati pa 125-148,000.
Masiku ano, anthu ambiri mvuu amapezeka ku Southeast and East Africa, kuphatikiza Kenya ndi Tanzania, Uganda ndi Zambia, Malawi ndi Mozambique. Kusunga mvuu kwamakono ndi "nyama zomwe zili pachiwopsezo". Komabe, pakati pa mafuko ena aku Africa, mvuu ndi nyama zopatulika, ndipo kuwonongedwa kwawo kumalangidwa kwambiri.
