Zokwawa zokhala mwadongosolo kwambiri - mutuwu (chifukwa cha kutengera kovuta ndi thupi) umavala ng'ona amakono, omwe machitidwe awo amanjenje, kupuma komanso kuzungulira kwa magazi sangafanane.
Kufotokozera kwa ng'ona
Dzinali limabwerera ku chilankhulo chakale chachi Greek. "Nyongolotsi ya mwala" (κρόκη δεῖλος) - chokwawa chinalandira dzina ili chifukwa chofanana ndi mamba ake okulirapo ndi timiyala tamphepete mwa nyanja.Ng'ona, chosamvetseka, zimawerengedwa osati achibale okha a ma dinosaurs, koma mbalame zonse zamoyo.... Tsopano gulu la Crocodilia lili ndi ng'ona zenizeni, ma alligator (kuphatikiza ma caimans) ndi ma gharials. Ng'ona zenizeni zimakhala ndi mphuno yooneka ngati V, pomwe anyani onse ali ndi mawonekedwe osongoka, owoneka ngati U.
Maonekedwe
Kukula kwa mamembala a gululi kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ng'ona yokhala ndi mphuno yopindika imakonda kumera mtunda wopitilira theka ndi theka, koma anthu ena a ng'onazi amafika mpaka 7 mita kapena kupitilira apo. Ng'ona zili ndi thupi lopindika, lathyathyathya komanso mutu waukulu wokhala ndi mphuno yolimba, wokhala pakhosi lalifupi. Maso ndi mphuno zili pamwamba pamutu, chifukwa chake chokwawa chimapuma bwino ndikuwona thupi likamizidwa m'madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ng'ona imadziwa kupuma ndikukhala pansi pamadzi kwa maola awiri osakwera pamwamba. Amadziwika, ngakhale kuli kochepa kwaubongo, wochenjera kwambiri pakati pa zokwawa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chokwawa cha magazi ozizirachi chaphunzira kutentha magazi ake pogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwa minofu. Minofu yomwe imagwira ntchitoyi imakweza kutentha kuti thupi lizikhala lotentha kuposa madigiri 5-7 kuposa chilengedwe.
Mosiyana ndi zokwawa zina, zomwe thupi lake limakutidwa ndi mamba (yaying'ono kapena yayikulu), ng'ona idapeza zikopa za nyanga, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake zomwe zimapanga mtundu wa munthu. Mu mitundu yambiri, zishango zimalimbikitsidwa ndimitengo yamafupa (subcutaneous) yomwe imalumikizana ndi mafupa a chigaza. Zotsatira zake, ng'ona imapeza zida zankhondo zomwe zingathe kupirira kuwukira kulikonse kwakunja.
Mchira wokulirapo, wowonekera bwino pansi kumanja ndi kumanzere, umagwira (kutengera momwe zinthu zilili) ngati injini, chiwongolero ngakhalenso chopangira mafuta. Ng'ona ili ndi miyendo yayifupi "yolumikizidwa" m'mbali mwake (mosiyana ndi nyama zambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri miyendo yake imakhala pansi pa thupi). Izi zimawonekera panjira ya ng'ona ikakakamizidwa kuyenda pamtunda.
Mtundu umalamulidwa ndi kubisa mithunzi - yakuda, maolivi akuda, bulauni yakuda kapena imvi. Nthawi zina maalubino amabadwa, koma anthu otere samakhala kuthengo.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Mikangano yokhudza nthawi yomwe ng'ona zimawonekera ikupitilizabe. Wina amalankhula za nthawi ya Cretaceous (zaka mamiliyoni 83.5), ena amatcha chiwiri (zaka 150-200 miliyoni zapitazo). Kusintha kwa zokwawa kumakhala pakupanga zizolowezi zoyipa ndikusintha moyo wam'madzi.
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti ng'ona zasungidwa pafupifupi momwe zidapangidwira pomvera matupi amadzi, omwe sanasinthe m'zaka zapitazi. Nthawi zambiri, zokwawa zija zimakhala m'madzi ozizira, zikukwawa m'mawa ndi m'mawa kuti zidziwe dzuwa. Nthawi zina amadzipereka kumafunde ndikungoyenda pang'ono ndi zomwe zikuchitika pano.
Pagombe, ng'ona nthawi zambiri zimaundana pakamwa pake, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi kutentha kwa madontho omwe amatuluka munthawi yam'mimbamo. Kusayenda kwa ng'ona ndikofanana ndi dzanzi: sizosadabwitsa kuti akamba ndi mbalame zimakwera "mitengo yolimba" iyi mopanda mantha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyama ikangoyandikira, ng'ona imaponya thupi lake patsogolo pake ndi mchira wamphamvu ndikuigwira mwamphamvu ndi nsagwada. Ngati wovulalayo ndi wamkulu mokwanira, ng'ona zapafupi zimasonkhananso kudzadya.
Pagombe, nyama ndizochedwa komanso zosasunthika, zomwe sizimawalepheretsa kuti aziyenda makilomita angapo kuchokera kunyanja yawo. Ngati palibe amene akuthamanga, ng'ona imakwawa, ikugwedeza mokoma thupi lake uku ndi uku ndikutambasula miyendo yake.Kuthamanga, chokwawa chimayika miyendo yake pansi pa thupi, ndikukweza pansi... Mbiri yothamanga ndi ya ana ang'ono achichepere a Nile, othamanga mpaka 12 km paola.
Kodi ng'ona zimakhala motalika bwanji
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kake komanso mawonekedwe ake abwino, mitundu ina ya ng'ona imakhala zaka 80-120. Ambiri samakhala ndi moyo wachibadwidwe chifukwa cha munthu yemwe amawapha chifukwa chodya nyama (Indochina) ndi chikopa chabwino.
Zowona, ng'ona zokha sizimakhala zachisoni nthawi zonse kwa anthu. Ng'ona zokhotakhota zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ludzu la magazi, m'malo ena ng'ona za Nile zimawerengedwa kuti ndizowopsa, koma kudya nsomba za khosi lopapatiza komanso laling'ono lopindika kumadziwika kuti kulibe vuto lililonse.
Mitundu ya ng'ona
Masiku ano, mitundu 25 ya ng'ona zamakono zafotokozedwa, zogwirizana m'mibadwo 8 ndi mabanja atatu. Dongosolo la Crocodilia limaphatikizapo mabanja otsatirawa:
- Crocodylidae (mitundu 15 ya ng'ona zowona);
- Alligatoridae (mitundu 8 ya alligator);
- Gavialidae (mitundu iwiri ya gavial).
Akatswiri ena ofufuza ziweto amawerengera mitundu 24, wina amatchula mitundu 28.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ng'ona zimapezeka paliponse, kupatula ku Europe ndi Antarctica, zimakonda (monga nyama zonse zokonda kutentha) kotentha ndi kotentha. Ambiri asintha moyo wamadzi abwino komanso ochepa (ng'ona za ku Africa zopindika, ng'ona za ku Nile ndi ng'ona zakuthwa zakuthambo za America) amalekerera amchere, okhala m'mitsinje. Pafupifupi aliyense, kupatula ng'ona yamitengo, amakonda mitsinje yothamanga komanso nyanja zosaya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ng'ona zokazinga zomwe zafika ku Australia ndi Oceania siziopa kuwoloka nyanja zikuluzikulu komanso malo apakati pazilumbazi. Zokwawa zazikuluzi, zomwe zimakhala m'nyanja ndi m'mbali mwa mitsinje, nthawi zambiri zimasambira mpaka kunyanja, zimayenda makilomita 600 kuchokera pagombe.
Alligator mississippiensis (Mississippi alligator) ili ndi zokonda zake - imakonda madambo osadutsa.
Zakudya za ng'ona
Ng'ona zimasaka m'modzi m'modzi, koma mitundu ina yamtunduwu imagwirizana kuti igwire wovulalayo, kumugwira mu mphete.
Zokwawa zazikulu zimaukira nyama zikuluzikulu zomwe zimabwera kudzenje lothirira, monga:
- zipembere;
- nyumbu;
- mbidzi;
- njati;
- mvuu;
- mikango;
- njovu (achinyamata).
Nyama zonse zamoyo ndizotsika kuposa ng'ona pakulumwa, mothandizidwa ndi njira yochenjera yamano, momwe mano akulu akum'mwamba amafanana ndi mano ang'onoang'ono a nsagwada. Pakamwa pakatsekedwa, sikuthekanso kuthawa, koma chofera chimakhalanso ndi vuto: ng'ona imalandidwa mwayi wofuna nyama yake, chifukwa chake imameza yonse kapena kung'amba. Pocheka nyama, amathandizidwa ndi mayendedwe ozungulira (kuzungulira mbali yake), opangidwa kuti "atsegule" chidutswa cha zamkati.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi ina, ng'ona imadya voliyumu yofanana ndi pafupifupi 23% ya kulemera kwake kwa thupi. Ngati munthu (wolemera makilogalamu 80) adya ngati ng'ona, amayenera kumeza pafupifupi makilogalamu 18.5.
Zigawo za chakudya zimasintha akamakula, ndipo ndi nsomba zokha zomwe zimatsalira nthawi zonse. Ali achichepere, zokwawa zimadya mitundu yonse ya nyama zopanda mafupa, kuphatikizapo nyongolotsi, tizilombo, molluscs ndi crustaceans. Kukula, amasinthana ndi amphibiya, mbalame ndi zokwawa. Mitundu yambiri imawoneka ngati odyera anzawo - anthu okhwima opanda chikumbumtima amatha kudya ana. Ng'ona sizimanyansanso zakufa, zimabisa zidutswa za mitembo ndikubwerera kwa izo zikavunda.
Kubereka ndi ana
Amuna amakhala ndi mitala ndipo nthawi yoswana amateteza mwamphamvu gawo lawo kwa omwe akupikisana nawo. Kukumana pamphuno ndi mphuno, ng'ona kumenya nkhondo zoopsa.
Nthawi ya makulitsidwe
Zazimayi, kutengera mitundu, amakoka timatumba tating'onoting'ono (tiphimba ndi mchenga) kapena kuyika mazira awo m'nthaka, ndikuphimba ndi dothi losakanikirana ndi udzu ndi masamba. M'madera opanda mthunzi, maenje nthawi zambiri amakhala osaya, m'malo omwe kuli dzuwa amafika mpaka theka la mita kuya... Kukula ndi mtundu wa chachikazi zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mazira oyikidwa (kuyambira 10 mpaka 100). Dzira, lofanana ndi nkhuku kapena tsekwe, limadzaza ndi chipolopolo chachikulu cha laimu.
Mkazi amayesetsa kuti asasiye zowalamulira, kuteteza ku adani, choncho nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njala. Nthawi yosakaniza imakhudzana kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa nyengo, koma sikudutsa miyezi 2-3. Kusintha kwakusintha kwa kutentha kumathandiziranso kugonana kwa zokwawa zobadwa kumene: pa 31-32 ° C, amuna amawoneka, m'munsi kapena, motsatana, mitengo yayikulu, akazi. Ana onse amaswa mofanana.
Kubadwa
Poyesera kutuluka mu dzira, makanda akhanda amalira, ndikupatsa mayiyo chizindikiro. Amakwawa ndikunyinyirika ndikuthandizira iwo omwe amangika kuti atulutse chipolopolocho: chifukwa cha ichi amatenga dzira m'mano ake ndikulikung'uza pakamwa pake. Ngati ndi kotheka, yaikazi imakumbanso zowalamulira, imathandiza ana kutuluka, kenako imasamutsira kumadzi apafupi kwambiri (ngakhale ambiri amafika pamadzi pawokha).
Ndizosangalatsa! Sikuti ng'ona zonse zimakonda kusamalira anawo - gavials abodza sateteza ndodo zawo ndipo alibe chidwi ndi tsogolo la achinyamata.
Reptile wa mano amatha kusavulaza khungu losakhwima la ana obadwa kumene, lomwe limathandizidwa ndi baroreceptor mkamwa mwake. Ndizoseketsa, koma chifukwa cha nkhawa za makolo, mkazi nthawi zambiri amatola ndikutulutsa akamba am'madzi, omwe zisa zawo zili pafupi ndi ng'ona. Umu ndi momwe akamba ena amatetezera mazira awo.
Kukula
Poyamba, mayiyo amakhala tcheru ndi kupindika kwa mwana, kulepheretsa ana kwa onse omwe sanachite bwino. Koma patatha masiku angapo, anawo adasiya kulumikizana ndi mayiyo, ndikumwazikana m'malo osiyanasiyana. Moyo wa ng'ona umadzazidwa ndi zoopsa zomwe sizimachokera kwenikweni kunja kwa nyama zodya nyama koma kuchokera kwa akulu omwe akuyimira mitundu yawo. Kuthawa achibale, nyama zazing'ono zimathawira m'nkhalango zam'madzi kwa miyezi ngakhale zaka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Komanso, chiwerengerocho chimachepa, ndipo akulu amakula masentimita ochepa pachaka. Koma ng'ona zili ndi chidwi - zimakula m'moyo wonse ndipo alibe bala lomaliza.
Koma ngakhale njira zodzitetezerazi siziteteza zokwawa zazing'ono, 80% mwa iwo amafa mchaka choyamba chamoyo. Chokhacho chomwe chingapulumutsidwe chitha kuonedwa kuti chikuwonjezeka mwachangu pakukula: mzaka ziwiri zoyambirira, pafupifupi katatu. Ng'ona ali okonzeka kuberekanso mtundu wawo pasanathe zaka 8-10.
Adani achilengedwe
Mitundu yobisa, mano akuthwa ndi khungu la keratinized sizimapulumutsa ng'ona kwa adani... Kalingaliridwe kocheperako, ndimowopsa kwambiri. Mikango yaphunzira kudikirira zokwawa pamtunda, komwe imasowa momwe ingayendetsere, ndipo mvuu zimawafikira m'madzi momwe, ndikuluma atsokawo pakati.
Njovu zimakumbukira mantha awo aubwana ndipo, mpata ukapezeka, umakhala wokonzeka kupondaponda olakwira mpaka kufa. Nyama zazing'ono, zomwe sizinyinyirika kudya ng'ona zobadwa kumene kapena mazira a ng'ona, zimathandizanso kuwonongera ng'ona.
Pazochitikazi, zotsatirazi zidawonedwa:
- adokowe ndi ntchentche;
- anyani;
- mbalame;
- afisi;
- akamba;
- mongooses;
- kuyang'anira abuluzi.
Ku South America, ng'ona zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakonda kulusidwa ndi nyamazi ndi anaconda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Anayamba kukambirana mozama za chitetezo cha ng'ona pofika pakati pa zaka zapitazi, pomwe kusodza kwawo padziko lonse kunkafika nyama za 5-7 miliyoni pachaka.
Zopseza anthu
Ng'ona zidayamba kusakidwa (zamalonda ndi zamasewera) anthu aku Europe atangoyamba kumene kufufuza madera otentha. Alenjewo anali ndi chidwi ndi khungu la zokwawa, mafashoni omwe, mwa njira, amapitilira nthawi yathu ino... Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri mphambu makumi awiri, kuwonongedwa komwe kudalowetsedwa kunabweretsa mitundu ingapo kumapeto kwa kutha nthawi yomweyo, yomwe inali:
- Ng'ombe za Siamese - Thailand;
- Ng'ona za Nile - South Africa;
- Ng'ona wocheperako ndi alligator wa ku Mississippi - Mexico ndi kumwera kwa USA.
Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, kuphedwa kwa ma Mississippi alligator kwafika pachimake (50 zikwi pachaka), zomwe zidalimbikitsa boma kupanga njira zapadera zodzitetezera kuti zamoyo zonse zisafe.
Chinthu chachiwiri chowopseza chidazindikirika ngati kusanganikirana kwa mazira m'minda, momwe amakonzera makulidwe, ndipo ana amaloledwa pakhungu ndi nyama. Pachifukwa ichi, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ng'ona za Siamese zomwe zimakhala ku Lake Tonle Sap (Cambodia) zatsika kwambiri.
Zofunika! Kutolera mazira, kuphatikiza kusaka kwakukulu, sikuwerengedwa kuti ndikofunikira pakuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ng'ona. Pakadali pano, chowopseza kwambiri ndikuwononga malo okhala.
Pachifukwa ichi, Ganges gavial ndi alligator waku China adatsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo chachiwiri sichipezeka m'malo okhala achikhalidwe. Padziko lonse lapansi, zinthu zina zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa ng'ona padziko lonse lapansi, mwachitsanzo, kuipitsa mankhwala kwamadzi kapena kusintha kwa zomera m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zomera m'masamba a ku Africa kumabweretsa kuunikira kwakukulu / kocheperako kwa nthaka, chifukwa chake, zikopa zake. Izi zikuwonekera pakuphatikizira kwa ng'ona za Nailo: kapangidwe kogonana ka ziweto kasokonekera, komwe kumapangitsa kuchepa kwake.
Ngakhale mbali zopitilira patsogolo za ng'ona monga kuthekera kwakulumikizana pakati pa mitundu yosiyana kuti ipeze ana omwe angathe kuchita, potembenukira kumbali.
Zofunika! Ma hybridi samangokula mwachangu, komanso amawonetsa kupirira kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi makolo awo, komabe, nyamazi ndizosabala m'mibadwo yoyamba / yotsatira.
Nthawi zambiri ng'ona zachilendo zimalowa m'madzi oyamika chifukwa cha alimi: apa alendo amayamba kupikisana ndi mitundu yakomweko, kenako ndikuzithamangitsa chifukwa chosakanizidwa. Zachitika ndi ng'ona yaku Cuba, ndipo tsopano ng'ona za ku New Guinea zikuukiridwa.
Zovuta zachilengedwe
Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi ndi zomwe zachitika ndi malungo ku South Africa... Poyamba, ng'ona za Nile zidafafanizidwa kwathunthu mdziko muno, ndipo patangopita nthawi pang'ono adakumana ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa anthu omwe adadwala malungo. Unyolowo unakhala wosavuta. Ng'ona zimayang'anira kuchuluka kwa ma sikilidi, omwe amadya kwambiri nsomba za carp. Yotsirizira, nayenso, kudya mwakhama udzudzu ziphuphu ndi mphutsi.
Ng'ona zikangosiya kuopseza aicicids, adachulukana ndikudya carp yaying'ono, pambuyo pake udzudzu wonyamula malungo udakula kwambiri. Pambuyo pofufuza za kulephera kwa chilengedwe (ndi kudumpha kwa manambala a malungo), akuluakulu aku South Africa adayamba kuswana ndikubwezeretsanso ng'ona za Nile: kenako adazitulutsa m'madzi, pomwe kuchuluka kwa zamoyozo kudafika pachimake.
Njira zachitetezo
Kumapeto kwa theka loyamba la zaka makumi awiri, mitundu yonse, kupatula caiman Schneider wamutu wosalala, caiman wokhala ndi nkhope yosalala ndi Osteolaemus tetraspis osbornii (subspecies of the blunt crocodile), adaphatikizidwa m'ndandanda wa Red IUCN motsogozedwa "pangozi", "osavomerezeka" ndi ΙV "osowa".
Masiku ano zinthu sizinasinthebe. Lucky yekha Mississippi alligator adachotsa chifukwa chazomwe zidachitika munthawi yake... Kuphatikiza apo, Crocodile Specialist Group, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito akatswiri osiyanasiyana, limasamalira kuteteza ndikukula kwa ng'ona.
CSG imayang'anira:
- kuphunzira ndi kuteteza ng'ona;
- kulembetsa zokwawa zamtchire;
- kulangiza malo ojambulira ng'ona / minda;
- kufufuza anthu achilengedwe;
- kuchita misonkhano;
- lofalitsidwa ndi magazini ya Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter.
Ng'ona zonse zimaphatikizidwa pazilumikizo za Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Chikalatacho chimayang'anira kayendedwe ka nyama kudutsa malire aboma.
