Mbidzi (lat. Kwa Nirrotigris zebra Burchell's (Еquus quаggа), mbidzi za Grevy (Еquus grеvyi) ndi mbidzi zam'mapiri (Еquus zеbra) amadziwika.
Kufotokozera kwa mbidzi
Malinga ndi asayansi, pafupifupi zaka 4.5 miliyoni zapitazo, mzere wa Equus unapangidwa, womwe unadzakhala kholo la nyama zamakono monga akavalo, mbidzi ndi abulu. Mbidzi zazikulu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chisomo chawo chapadera komanso kukongola kopatsa chidwi.
Maonekedwe, mtundu
Mbidzi zili m'gulu la nyama zomwe zili ndi thupi laling'ono lotalika mamita awiri... Kulemera kwenikweni kwa mbidzi wamkulu kumakhala pafupifupi 310-350 kg. Mchirawo ndi wautali wapakatikati, mkati mwa masentimita 48-52. Mbidzi zamphongo ndi zazikulu kuposa zazimayi, choncho kutalika kwa nyama yoteroyo ikafota nthawi zambiri kumakhala mita imodzi ndi theka. Nyama yamphongo yopanda mikwingwirima imakhala yolimba komanso yolimba, komanso miyendo yayifupi, yomwe imakhala ndi ziboda zolimba. Amphongo ali ndi zibambo zapadera zomwe zimathandiza nyamayo pankhondo kuti ateteze gulu lonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Oimira banja la Equidae ali ndi manewa wamfupi komanso wolimba. Mzere wapakati wa mulu umadziwika ndi kudutsa m'chigawo chakumbuyo ndi "burashi" yothamanga kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumchira.
Khosi la mbidzi limakhala lolimba, koma lamphamvu kwambiri mwa amuna. Mbidzi wamkulu siimathamanga kwambiri poyerekeza ndi akavalo, koma ngati ikufunidwa, nyama yotere imatha kuthamanga liwiro la 70-80 km pa ola limodzi. Mbidzi zimathawa kuzilondola ndi zigweg zapadera, chifukwa ma artiodactyl amenewa ndi nyama zosagwirizana ndi mitundu yambiri ya nyama zolusa.
Mbidzi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi maso ochepa, koma kununkhira bwino, komwe kumawathandiza kuti azindikire zoopsa ngakhale patali kwambiri, komanso kuchenjeza gulu lake za chiwopsezocho. Phokoso lomwe ma artiodactyl amapanga limakhala losiyanasiyana kwambiri: kofanana ndi kugalu kwa galu, kukumbukira kulira kwa kavalo kapena kulira kwa bulu.
Mikwingwirima pakhungu la nyama m'khosi ndi m'mutu imakonzedwa mozungulira, ndipo thupi la mbidzi limakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima pakona. Pa miyendo ya artiodactyl, pali mikwingwirima yopingasa. Ponena za chisinthiko, mikwingwirima pakhungu la mbidzi mwina ndi njira yokhoza kubisa nyama kuchokera ku ntchentche za tsetse ndi ntchentche. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, mikwingwirima ndiyobisalira nyama zambiri zodya nyama.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mikwingwirima ya Zebra imayimilidwa ndi mtundu wapadera wa munthu aliyense, ndipo ana amphongo wonyika ngati iwowo amazindikira amayi awo chifukwa cha mtundu wawo wokha.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Mbidzi ndizinyama zodabwitsika modabwitsa, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimavutika ndikugwidwa ndi adani. Nyama ndizogwirizana ngati ziweto, zomwe zimakhala ndi anthu angapo. Kwa yamphongo iliyonse pamakhala mahatchi asanu kapena asanu ndi mmodzi ndi ana angapo, omwe amatetezedwa kwambiri ndi mutu wabanja lotere. Nthawi zambiri, pamakhala gulu limodzi osapitilira makumi asanu, koma palinso ng'ombe zochulukirapo.
M'banja la mbidzi, maudindo okhwima amaonedwa, chifukwa chake, pakupuma, anthu angapo amakhala ngati alonda, pomwe nyama zina zonse zimakhala zotetezeka.
Ndi mbidzi zingati zomwe zimakhala
Kuphatikizana kwabwino kumalola mbidzi kukhala kuthengo kwa kotala la zana, ndipo mu ukapolo nthawi yayitali ya nyama yotere imatha zaka makumi anayi, koma mwina pang'ono pang'ono.
Mitundu ya Zebra
Pali mitundu itatu yokha yazinyama zokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika ku subgenus ya Zebra:
- Mbidzi Burchell kapena chipululu (lat. Еquus quаggа kapena E. burshelli) - ndiye mtundu wofala kwambiri, womwe umadziwika ndi dzina la Burchell wa botanist wotchuka ku England. Chikhalidwe cha khungu la mitunduyo ndichokhoza kusintha kutengera malo okhala, chifukwa chake, mitundu yayikulu isanu ndi umodzi imasiyanitsidwa. Ma subspecies akumpoto amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwamachitidwe owonekera kwambiri, pomwe ma subspecies akumwera amadziwika ndi mizere yolakwika yam'munsi kumunsi kwa thupi komanso kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima pakhungu loyera. Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu ndi 2.0-2.4 m, ndi kutalika kwa mchira pakati pa 47-57 cm ndipo kutalika kwa nyama kumafota mpaka mita 1.4. Kulemera kwapakati kwa mbidzi kumasiyana 290 mpaka 340 kg;
- Mbidzi Grevy kapena wachotsedwa (lat. E. regvyi), Wotchedwa Purezidenti wa France, ali mgulu la nyama zazikulu kwambiri kuchokera kubanja la Equidae. Kutalika kwakuthupi kwa mbidzi ya Grevy kumafika mita zitatu ndikulemera kuposa 390-400 kg. Mchira wa mbidzi wachipululu ndi wautali pafupifupi theka la mita. Mbali yapadera imayimiriridwa ndi utoto wonyezimira kapena wachikaso choyera komanso kupezeka kwa mzere wakuda wakuda womwe ukuyenda pakati pa dorsal dera. Mikwingwirima pakhungu ndi yopyapyala komanso yoyandikana mokwanira;
- Mbidzi yam'mapiri (lat. E.zebra) amadziwika ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera yoyera yomwe imafikira pamiyendo ndi ziboda. Kulemera kwake kwa mbidzi yayikulu yamapiri kumatha kukhala 265-370 kg, ndi kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa 2.2 mita ndi kutalika kosapitilira mita imodzi ndi theka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu yomwe idasowa imaphatikizanso tinthu tating'ono ta Zebra wa Burchell - Quagga (lat.E.Quagga quagga), yemwe amakhala ku South Africa ndipo amadziwika ndi mitundu yamizeremizere, yophatikizidwa ndi mtundu wa bay horse.
Ochepera kwambiri ndi mitundu yosakanizidwa yomwe imapezeka powoloka mbidzi ndi kavalo woweta kapena bulu. Kusakanikirana nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mbidzi yamphongo ndi akazi ochokera m'mabanja ena. Ziwombankhanga m'maonekedwe awo zimafanana ndi kavalo, koma zimakhala ndi utoto wamizere pang'ono. Zing'onoting'ono zimakonda kukhala zankhanza, koma zopindulitsa pakuphunzitsa, chifukwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati okwera ndi kunyamula nyama.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malo okhalamo mbidzi ya Burchella kapena Savannah imayimiriridwa ndi gawo lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa. Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri adaziwona, malo okhala ma subspecies a m'chigwa ndi madera a East Africa, komanso gawo lakumwera kwa dzikolo, Sudan ndi Ethiopia. Mitundu ya Grevy idafalikira kwambiri m'chigawo chakum'mawa kwa Africa, kuphatikiza Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia ndi Somalia, komanso Meru. Mbidzi zam'mapiri zimakhala kumapiri a South Africa ndi Namibia pamalo osapitilira mamita zikwi ziwiri.
Ndizosangalatsa!Mbidzi zazikulu ndi nyama zazing'ono zazing'onozi zimakonda kugona m'fumbi wamba.
Kusamba kotereku kumalola mamembala am'banja la Equidae kuti achotse ma ectoparasite mosavuta komanso mwachangu.
Mwa zina, "akavalo amizeremizere" amakhala bwino ndi mbalame yaying'ono yotchedwa ng'ombe. Mbalamezi zimakhala pa mbidziyo ndipo zimagwiritsa ntchito milomo yawo posankha tizilombo tosiyanasiyana pakhungu lawo. Artiodactyl amatha kudya msanga pamodzi ndi zinyama zina zambiri zopanda vuto, zoyimiridwa ndi njati, antelopes, mbawala ndi akadyamsonga, komanso nthiwatiwa.
Zakudya za Zebra
Mbidzi ndi zitsamba zomwe zimadya kwambiri mitundu yazitsamba zosiyanasiyana, komanso makungwa ndi zitsamba.... Nyama yayikulu yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika imakonda kudya msipu wobiriwira komanso wobiriwira womwe umakula moyandikira nthaka. Pali kusiyanasiyana pakudya kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi tinthu tating'ono ta mbidzi. Mbidzi za m'chipululu nthawi zambiri zimadya udzu wobiriwira, womwe sungamezedwe ndi nyama zina zambiri za banja la Equidae. Komanso, mitunduyi imadziwika ndikudya udzu wokhala ndi ulusi wolimba, kuphatikiza Eleusis.
Mbidzi za m'chipululu, zomwe zimakhala mdera louma, zimadya makungwa ndi masamba, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa chivundikiro cha herbaceous. Zakudya za mbidzi zam'mapiri zimakonda udzu, kuphatikiza Themeda triandra ndi mitundu ina yambiri yodziwika bwino. Nyama zina za artiodactyl zimatha kudya masamba ndi mphukira, zipatso ndi mapesi a chimanga, komanso mizu ya zomera zambiri.
Kwa moyo wathunthu, mbidzi zimafuna madzi okwanira tsiku lililonse. Mamembala onse am'banja la Hatchi amakhala nthawi yayitali masana podyetsa zachilengedwe.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi ya estrus mwa akazi a mbidzi imayamba ndikumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi zapitazi kapena koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Pakadali pano, zazikazi zimayamba kukonza mwendo wawo wakumbuyo, komanso kupatutsa mchira wawo, zomwe zikuwonetsa kukonzeka kwa nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika. Nthawi yobereka munyama yoyamwitsa imeneyi imatha pafupifupi chaka, ndipo njira yoberekera imatha kufanana ndi nthawi yobereka. Monga momwe awonera, atabereka ana, mbidzi yazimayi imatha kutenga pakati patatha pafupifupi sabata limodzi, koma anawo amabadwa kamodzi pachaka.
Mbidzi zazimayi zachikulire zogonana zimabereka mwana mmodzi, yemwe nthawi zambiri samapitilira masentimita 80, ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 30-31 kg. Pafupifupi theka la ola kapena ola limodzi atabadwa, mbidziyo imayimirira yokha, ndipo pakatha milungu ingapo, mwana wamphongoyo amayamba kuwonjezera chakudya chake ndi udzu wochepa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbidzi yamphongo yamtundu uliwonse ndi subspecies imayamba kukhwima, monga lamulo, itakwanitsa zaka zitatu, ndipo chachikazi - pafupifupi zaka ziwiri, koma nyama zotere za artiodactyl zimatha kubala ana mpaka zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu.
Achinyamata amadyetsedwa ndi mkaka pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti akazi ndi ana aang'ono panthawiyi amaphatikizidwa kukhala gulu losiyana.
Mkaka wa mbidzi wamkazi uli ndi mitundu yosazolowereka komanso yapadera yotsekemera, imakhala ndi michere yokwanira, michere ndi mavitamini okula bwino ndikukula bwino kwa mbidziyo. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kapadera, chakudya choterechi chimalola ma artiodactyl achichepere kuti azikhala ndi magwiridwe antchito mokwanira, komanso amalimbitsa chitetezo chamthupi.
Mpaka atakwanitsa zaka zitatu, ana a mbidzi amakonda kumamatira ku gulu limodzi, lomwe silingalole kuti akhale nyama zosavutikira zosiyanasiyana... Kuyambira chaka chimodzi mpaka zaka zitatu, anyamata achichepere amathamangitsidwa m'gulu lankhosa, chifukwa ma artiodactyls amenewa amatha kupanga banja lawo. M'masabata oyamba, mkazi amamvetsera mwachidwi mwana wake ndipo amamuteteza mwachangu. Mbidziyo, pozindikira kuopsa kwa mphongo yake, imayesa kuibisa m'kati mwenimweni mwa ziwetozo ndi kupezerapo mwayi pa thandizo la achibale ake onse achikulire.
Adani achilengedwe
Mdani wamkulu wa mbidzi ndi mkango, komanso nyama zina zolusa zaku Africa, kuphatikiza akambuku, akambuku ndi akambuku. Pomwe pali dzenje lothirira, ma alligator amawopseza moyo wa artiodactyls, ndipo ana a mbidzi amatha kukhala nyama ya afisi. Mwa makanda osakhwima, pamakhala kuchuluka kwakukulu kwambiri kwakufa kuchokera kuzirombo kapena matenda, chifukwa chake, monga theka, anawo amakhala ndi moyo mpaka chaka chimodzi.
Chitetezo chachilengedwe cha mbidzi chimayimiriridwa osati ndi mtundu wake wapadera, komanso ndi maso ake akuthwa komanso kumva bwino, chifukwa chake nyama yotere ndi yochenjera komanso yamantha. Pothawa kufunafuna nyama zolusa, nthumwi za banja la Equidae zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yokhotakhota, yomwe imapangitsa kuti nyama yofulumira komanso yosamala isavutike.
Ndizosangalatsa! Poteteza ana ake, mbidzi yayikulu imadzuka, imaluma ndi kumenya mwamphamvu, mwamphamvu kumenyana ndi achikulire ndi ziweto zazikulu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Poyamba, mbidzi zinali zofala pafupifupi pafupifupi zigawo zonse za Africa, koma lero chiwerengero cha anthu otere chatsika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa mbidzi yam'mapiri ya Hartman (lat. E. zebra hartmannae) yatsika kasanu ndi katatu ndipo ndi anthu pafupifupi zikwi khumi ndi zisanu, ndipo mbidzi zaku phiri ku Cape ndizotetezedwa pamaboma.
