Moyo wapadera wa wothira nyama umakopa chidwi cha akatswiri ambiri odziwa zamatsenga. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake komanso kufanana kwake pakati pa anthu wamba, mbalameyi amatchedwa madzi kapena mpheta yamadzi.
Amadzi amatanthauza kusuta kwake pamadzi, chifukwa popanda iye, kukhalapo kwa mbalame kulibe tanthauzo. Ndi ndani wothira, umakhala ndi moyo wamtundu wanji ndipo ndichifukwa chiyani umakopa chidwi cha asayansi?
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Dipper mwina ndiye mbalame yodabwitsa kwambiri pamitundu ingapo yama passerines. Gulu ili pafupifupi zikwi zisanu oimira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Gannet imakonda kufanana ndi nyenyezi kuposa thrush kukula, yamphongo ndi 20 cm kutalika, wamkazi ndi wocheperako pang'ono, mpaka masentimita 18. Imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 50, pali anthu omwe amalemera 90 magalamu. Paulendo, mapiko amafalikira mpaka 30 cm.
Thupi ndilophatikizika kwambiri, lifupikitsidwa chifukwa cha mchira wawung'ono. Mphuno ndi yaifupi komanso yolumikizidwa kuchokera mbali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwoneke ngati zakwezedwa. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofananira ndi kusapezeka kwamankhwala ochepetsetsa m'munsi mwa mlomo. Mphuno zilipo, zimakutidwa ndi mavavu owonera.
Mabowo akumakutu ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyang'ana chakudya pansi pamadzi ndikusandutsa miyala.
Ngakhale ndizovuta kukumana ndi wothira, chifukwa sakonda oyandikana nawo komanso owonera, ndikosavuta kuzizindikira. Asayansi amawombera makanema ndi zithunzi panthawi yopatsira mazira, pomwe mbalame sizimachoka pachisa.
Dean pachithunzichi zikuwoneka ngati izi: mapiko, kumbuyo ndi mchira zili ndi nthenga zofiirira, zoponyera buluu, ndipo kolala yoyera "imavala" pachifuwa ndi pamimba. Mutu wake ndi wachakuda bulauni. Mukayang'ana mbalameyo pafupi, mawonekedwe kumbuyo kwa mawonekedwe amiyeso amawonekera, simawoneka patali.
Mtundu wa mbalame, kutengera jenda ndi nyengo, umakhala wosasintha. Zimasiyana pokhapokha kutengera mtundu wa mbalame. Anapiye ali ndi mtundu wosiyana pang'ono. Msana wawo ndi wotuwa mdima wonyezimira, ndipo bere ndi lotuwa.
Nthenga za mbalamezo ndizolimba kwambiri ndipo zimapezeka m'njira yoti mpweya uliwonse usadutse pakati pawo, kuphatikiza apo, ma dipper amathira nthenga ndikutulutsa timadzi tambiri, monga mbalame zam'madzi zambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, womwazayo samanyowa chifukwa chomiza m'madzi.
Pali zala zazitali pamiyendo yopyapyala, zitatu mwa izo zimayang'ana kutsogolo, ndi kubwerera kamodzi kochepa. Chala chilichonse chimakhala ndi khola lakuthwa, chifukwa chake mbalameyi imapitilizabe kutsetsereka miyala ndi madzi oundana.
Mphukira yamadzi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyimba kokoma. Monga mbalame zambiri, ndi amuna okha omwe amayimba, kuyimba kumakhala kokongola makamaka panthawi yakumasirana. Phokoso limatuluka ndimphamvu kwambiri, ndipo mumatha kulimva m'nyengo yozizira, zomwe zimafanana ndi mitundu iyi ya odutsa.
Chimodzi mwazinthuzo ndikumiza m'madzi oundana, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa dzina loti - kusiyanasiyana. Mbalameyi imatha kulowa m'madzi ndi kutentha mpaka madigiri (-40), ndikuyenda pansi, kudya ndikufika pamtunda. Wothira akumva bwinopa chisanu.
Mitundu
M'dera la Russia, kuwonjezera pa womata wamba, amakhala choviira chofiirira... Dziko lakwawo ndi Far East. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimakonda mapiri, kotero mutha kuwawona ku Tien Shan kapena Pamirs, komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja zakumpoto ndi ku Japan.
Chodziwika bwino cha mbalameyi ndikuti simudzachipeza kumadera ena. Amakonda mitsinje yamapiri othamanga ndi madzi ozizira omwe samazizira nthawi yozizira. Ngati madzi amaundana, mbalame zimayang'ana mabowo.
Oimira a Brown amatchulidwa chifukwa ndi abulauni kapena bulauni kwathunthu. Alibe choyera. Ndi wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa wachibale wake. Kupanda kutero, mawonekedwe onse ndi ofanana.
Kuphatikiza pa zothira zofiirira komanso zofiirira, pali mitundu ina itatu: American, griffon ndi red-red. Mayina onse amalankhula okha, amafanana ndi mtundu kapena malo. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu ya zamoyo.
Mbalame yaku America kapena ku Mexico imakutidwa ndi nthenga zakuda, nthawi zina nthenga zoyera zimawoneka m'maso mwake. Pali zitsanzo ndi mutu wa bulauni. Kugawidwa kuchokera ku Panama kupita ku Alaska. Imakhala ndi miyendo yayitali yopyapyala, yomwe imalola kuti iziyenda mwachangu m'mbali mwa miyala yamitsinje.
Wolemba grizzly amakhala ku South America. Kuchuluka kwa anthu sikumayambitsa mantha otha pakati pa oyang'anira mbalame. Izi ndichifukwa choti amatha kuthyola anapiye kawiri pachaka, zomwe sizomwe zimachitika ndi anthu ena odutsa.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Gawo logawa kwa Dipper ndi lalikulu. Mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana imapezeka ku Kola Peninsula, kumwera kwa Siberia, ku Urals, ku Asia komanso ku Africa. Mitundu ina yaing'onoting'ono imapezeka m'mapiri aku North ndi South America.
Mbalame zimakonza malo awo m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yozizira yamapiri, koma zilibe vuto kukhala m'mbali mwa nyanja zamchere ndi nyanja. Chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimasiyanitsa wothira mbalame ndi mbalame zina ndikumveka bwino komanso kuwonekera kwa madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chakudya chikhale chosavuta.
Madzi amatope samakopa mbalame, koma akamauluka amatha kulowa m'madzi. Zimakhala zovuta kukumana m'malo athyathyathya, kokha panthawi yongoyendayenda ndikusuntha kwa achinyamata.
Pakati pa nthawi yokwanira, anthu ena amasankha madzi ozizira amtsinje. Amakonda kukhala paphiri lamadzi oundana, amabisala pansi pawo pakamakhwima. Mukapita kumitsinje yamapiri nthawi yozizira, mumva kuyimba kwanthawi yayitali, yayitali komanso yosangalatsa. Makamaka mwamuna akamakwatirana ndi mkazi.
Chithunzicho ndi chokongola: chachimuna chimatsitsa mchira wake wotseguka ndi mapiko otayirira, chimapondaponda pomwepo, chimafufuma ndikuimba.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wothira amalekanitsa malo odyetserako ndi kusungunula mazira. Mtunda pakati pa malowa ndi mpaka mamita atatu. Ndiye kuti, yamphongo imathawa pachisa ndikupeza chakudya, pomwe wamkazi amakhalabe pachisa. Nthawi zina chachikazi chimachoka pachisa kukafunafuna chakudya ndikungoti chikatenthe.
Ma Dippers amaswa ana awo muzisa zomwezo chaka chilichonse. Mutha kuwawona m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, pansi pa mizu yotsuka ya mitengo ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pamiyala yosalala, m'ming'alu yamapiri komanso pansi, koma nthawi zonse pafupi ndi madzi.
Zipangizo zomangira nyumba ndi izi:
- udzu wouma;
- nthambi zazing'ono ndi mizu;
- udzu wam'madzi;
- moss.
Kuchokera mkati, chisa chimakhala ndi masamba owuma, zotsalira za kusungunuka kwa nyama. Ikuwoneka ngati mpira womwe watsekedwa kwathunthu. Kutsogolo kuli bowo lolowera lomwe loyang'anizana ndi madzi. Bowo lophimbidwa mosamala ndi mbalame.
Mbawala ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka kapena ayi? M'nyengo yozizira, chifukwa chakumazizira kwamatupi amadzi, ma dipper amawulukira pafupi ndi zigawo zakumwera, komwe amatha kupeza chakudya mosavuta, ndikutentha kumene amabwerera kuzisa zawo. "Nyumba" yozungulira ikukonzedwa ndipo mazira akuyikidwa.
Mwana wamwamuna wokondedwa amakondedwa kwambiri ndi anthu akumpoto, ndipo ku Norway ndichizindikiro cha mtunduwo. Malinga ndi nthano zakale, mapiko ake anali atapachikidwa pa kama. Amakhulupirira kuti ana amakula mwamphamvu, olimba komanso athanzi, ngati womata.
Zakudya zabwino
Malinga ndi kukula kwa mbalameyi, sizovuta kudziwa zomwe zimadya:
- nyongolotsi;
- nsikidzi ndi mphutsi zawo;
- caddwgwiti;
- caviar;
- mwachangu nsomba zazing'ono.
Mwambiri, zonse zomwe zimakwanira mulomo pagombe komanso pansi pamadzi. Monga taonera kale kumiza pansi pamadzi akumva bwino. Imathamangira mlengalenga kumtunda, kenako modzidzimutsa imatsitsa mutu wake m'madzi, kuyesa kugwira nyama.
Kapena amapita pansi pamadzi, amayenda pansi, amafufuza pansi pa miyala, ntchentche kufunafuna chakudya. Poyenera motsutsana ndi mtsinjewu. Amatha kuthamanga mpaka 20 mita pansi. Mbalameyi imatha kutsegula mapiko ake kotero kuti madzi amaikankhira pansi, ndipo ikapinda, imawakankhira kumtunda.
Funso limabuka, ngati ili pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali, imapuma chiyani? Kuti izi zitheke, mbalameyi imatenga ma thovu amlengalenga omwe amapanga nthenga zikamamira, chifukwa cha mafuta ambiri.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Mbalame zimatha kuswana ana kawiri pachaka, kuyambira pakati pa zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zamtsogolo. Mazirawo ndi ochepa, mpaka 2.5 cm kutalika. Mtundu wa chipolopolocho ndi choyera, chopanda mabala, monga mbalame zambiri. Pakadutsa masiku 17 mpaka 20, yaikazi imafungatira mazira, osakhalapo kuti idye. Yaimuna imabweretsa chakudya. Amasamaliranso za chitetezo cha banja lake.
Pa tsiku la makumi awiri, mazira amaswa ndipo anapiye amatuluka. Nyenyeswa zazing'ono zokutidwa ndi imvi yotulutsa ndi mlomo wachikasu komanso wonenepa wa lalanje, kuyambira mphindi zoyambirira kwambiri amadzionetsa, amatsegula pakamwa pawo kufunafuna chakudya.
Nthawi zonse, akadali pachisa, chachikazi ndi chachimuna zimawapatsa chakudya ndikuwasamalira munjira iliyonse.
Anapiye amakula msanga, patatha mwezi amatuluka panja kukawona makolo awo, kubisala kumbuyo kwa miyala. Ana amaphunzira kusaka ndi kuwuluka. Akadziwa sayansi iyi, chachikazi ndi chachimuna chimapulumuka kuchokera pachisa kupita ku moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika kugwa. Makolo ayamba kuyika kwachiwiri.
Pakatha chaka, anapiyewo amakhala atakhwima ndithu ndipo amayamba kukwatirana. Zosangalatsa! Kupanga awiriawiri atsopano, mbalame zimakhala m'malo osiyana m'mbali mwa malo osungira madzi oyera.
Gawo lokhalamo ndilokulirapo, 1.5 km. Amateteza mwakhama malo awo kuti asatengeredwe ndi oyandikana nawo, omwewo ndi mbalame zina. Dippers amakhala pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Popeza adaphunzira mawonekedwe onse, ambiri adzachita chidwi ndi mitundu iyi ya mbalame. Malo apadera amapatsidwa kuthekera kwapadera kothamanga pamadzi, kuyendayenda pansi komanso kuwuluka pansi pamadzi, komanso, m'madzi achisanu. Zoonetserazi ndizabwino, koma si aliyense amene angathe kuzilanda, popeza mbalame sizimakonda anthu.
Mbalame ya mbawala osamukira, koma amabwerera kunyumba zawo nthawi zonse. Kupadera kwake ndikuti amasintha ana awo msanga m'moyo wamtsogolo, pambuyo pake omwe samakumana nawo. Ndipo chifukwa chakuti ana amapezeka kawiri pachaka, kuchuluka kwa omwaza nthawi zonse kumakhala kochuluka ndipo palibe chifukwa chodandaula zakusowa kwake.
