Pamapikisano akale achi Japan, munthuyu wokhala munyanja adaphedwa ngati chisangalalo, chifukwa cha umbuli wa anthu wamba. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti dzina lomwelo "dugong" (duyung) latanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chimalaya ngati "mtsikana wanyanja".
Kufotokozera kwa dugong
Dugong dugon ndi ya dongosolo la ma sireni, pokhala lero yekha woimira mtundu wa dugong. Kuphatikiza apo, dugong amatchedwa nyama yokhayo yomwe imangokhala m'madzi am'nyanja. Ndi nyama yayikulu, yomwe imakula mpaka 2.5-4 m ndikulemera mpaka 600 kg... Palinso mitundu yoyimira ina: kutalika kwamphongo yomwe idagwidwa mu Nyanja Yofiira inali pafupi mamita 6. Amunawo, chifukwa chakukula kwakugonana, amakhala okulirapo kuposa akazi.
Maonekedwe
Dugong, ngakhale ili ndi kukula kochititsa chidwi, ili ndi mawonekedwe abwinobwino wokhala ndi thunzi lakuthwa komanso maso ozungulira. Mukamayang'aniridwa, dugong amawoneka kuti akumwetulira. Mutu wokhala pansiwo umayenda bwino kwambiri mthupi lopindika, pomwe pamapeto pake pamakhala chimphona chofananira, chofanana ndi mchira wa cetaceans. Mosiyana ndi mchira wa manatee, notch yakuya imalekanitsa dugong mchira fin lobes.
Chifukwa cha kusalala kwa mawonekedwe wamba, ndizosamvetsetseka komwe mutu wawung'ono umathera komanso khosi lalifupi limayambira. Dugong ilibe makutu, ndipo maso ake ali ozama kwambiri. Pakamwa pake, komwe kumawoneka kuti kadulidwa, kali ndi mphuno zokhala ndi mavavu apadera omwe amatseka madzi akafunika. Mphuno zokha (poyerekeza ndi ma sireni ena) zimasunthira mmwamba.
Pakamwa pa dugong kumatha ndi milomo yothama ikulendewera pansi, kumtunda kwake kumapangidwira kuti isamavute ndere (ndiyopendekera pakati ndikukhala ndi ma vibrissa bristles). Mwa anthu achichepere, kufalikira kumawonekera kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi mano ambiri (nthawi zambiri 26) - 2 incisors ndi 4 mpaka 7 awiriawiri a molars pa nsagwada zonse ziwiri. Mu nyama zazikulu, 5-6 awiriawiri a molars amakhalabe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitengo yam'mwamba yamwamuna pamapeto pake imasandulika mitu (yokhala ndi mbali zakuthwa), zomwe zimatuluka m'kamwa mwa masentimita 6-7. Mwa akazi, zotumphukira mwina siziphulika kapena sizimawoneka.
Zilonda za nsagwada zakutali zimapitilizabe kukula m'moyo wonse wa dugong. Mlomo wapansi ndi mbali yakutali ya mkamwa mwake zimakutidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, ndipo nsagwada yakumunsi imagwada pansi. Kusintha kwa mitunduyi kudapangitsa kusintha kwa miyendo yake yakutsogolo kukhala zipsepse zofananira ngati mapiko (0.35-0.0.45 m) ndikuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa otsikirako, omwe tsopano akukumbutsa mafupa a m'chiuno (achizolowezi) mkati mwa minofu. Dugong ili ndi khungu lolimba, lakuda (2-2.5 cm) lokutidwa ndi tsitsi lochepa. Mukamakula, mtundu wa nyama umachita mdima, ndikupeza matani ofiira obiriwira komanso ofiira okhala ndi mimba yopepuka.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo, ma dugong (kuweruza zotsalira zomwe zidapezeka) anali ndi miyendo 4 yathunthu, yomwe imawalola kuti azitha kuyenda pamtunda. Komabe, nyamazo zidakhala nthawi yayitali m'nyanja, koma popita nthawi zidazolowera kukhala m'madzi kwambiri mwakuti zidataya mwayi wopita kumtunda.
Ndipo tsopano zipsepse zawo zofooka sizidzakhalanso zolemetsa, theka la tani, thupi. Zinsinsizi zidasungabe ntchito yawo mwachindunji - kusambira, ndipo ma dugong akuluakulu amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito fin ya caudal, ndipo achichepere amakonda ma pectorals.
Zowona, osambira a dugong ndiopanda tanthauzo: amafufuza zakuya kwa nyanja pamtunda wa pafupifupi 10 km / h, akuthamangira pafupifupi kawiri (mpaka 18 km / h) pokhapokha pangozi. Dugong imatha kukhala pansi pamadzi pafupifupi kotala la ola ndipo pakudya imangokwera pamwamba pafupipafupi, mphindi 2-3 zilizonse. Nthawi zambiri masana, ma dugong amafunafuna chakudya, samangoyang'ana kwambiri masana, koma pakusintha kwa mafunde. Amasunga, monga lamulo, popanda wina ndi mnzake, amalumikizana m'magulu momwe mumakhala chakudya chambiri. Madera osakhalitsawa amatha kuyambira pa 6 mpaka mazana a anthu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Munthu wamkulu wa dugong amaliza mluzu mowopsa, yaying'ono imamveka mofanana ndi kulira. Nyama siziona bwino, koma ndimamva bwino kwambiri. Amalekerera ukapolo woyipa kuposa ma manatees.
Ma Dugong amakonda kukhala moyo wongokhala, koma anthu ena amasamukabe. Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi tsiku ndi tsiku kumakhalapo chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa chakudya, kusinthasintha kwamadzi ndi kutentha, komanso zinthu zoyipa za anthropogenic. Kutalika kwa kusamuka koteroko, malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo, kukuyandikira makilomita mazana ngakhale zikwi.
Kodi dugong amakhala motalika bwanji
Akatswiri a zoologist adavomereza kuti dugong wamba (wokhala ndi zinthu zabwino zakunja) amatha kukhala ndi moyo wapakati pa anthu mpaka zaka 70.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zaka masauzande ambiri zapitazo, ma dugong adafalikira kumpoto, kukafika kumadzulo kwa kontinenti yaku Europe. Tsopano malowa afupikitsidwa, komabe, akukwaniritsa zigawo 48 komanso pafupifupi 140 km pagombe.
Zingwe zokongola zam'nyanja zimapezeka kumadera akutali monga:
- pafupifupi mayiko onse akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia (kuphatikiza madera akumadzulo a Madagascar ndi India);
- madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mawa kwa kontrakitala wa Africa;
- kuchokera kugombe la kumpoto kwa Australia;
- pakati pa miyala yamchere yamchere ya Persian Gulf ndi Red Sea;
- mu Nyanja ya Arabia, Philippines ndi Strait of Johor.
Ndizosangalatsa! Lero, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ma dugong (opitilira 10 zikwi) alembedwa ku Great Barrier Reef komanso ku Torres Strait.
Chiwerengero chenicheni cha nyama zomwe zikukhala ku Persian Gulf sichinadziwike, koma, malinga ndi chidziwitso china, chikufanana ndi mitu pafupifupi 7.5 zikwi. Mphepete mwa Japan, magulu a dugong ndi ochepa ndipo sanapitirire nyama makumi asanu.
Ma Dugong amakhala m'malo osanja komanso madambo okhala ndi madzi ofunda am'mphepete mwa nyanja, nthawi zina amalowera kunyanja, komwe samagwa pansi pa 10-20 m. Kuphatikizanso apo, nyama zam'madzi izi zimapezeka m'mitsinje yam'nyanjayi. Malo okhala nyama zimadalira kupezeka / kusapezeka kwa chakudya (makamaka ndere ndi udzu).
Zakudya za Dugong
Mpaka makilogalamu 40 a zomera - ichi ndiye kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa ndi dugong patsiku... Kuti adyetse, amasambira m'madzi osaya, nthawi zambiri kupita kumiyala yamiyala yam'madzi, komwe kuya kwake kuli pang'ono, ndikumira mpaka mita 1-5. Kudyetsa m'madzi kumatenga zochuluka (mpaka 98%) zamphamvu zawo: nthawi zambiri zimayenda pansi, kudalira zipsepse zawo zakutsogolo.
Zakudya zoyenera za dugong zimaphatikizapo:
- Zomera zam'madzi (makamaka zochokera m'mabanja osankhana madzi / pdestine);
- udzu wam'madzi;
- tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta benthic;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono, kuphatikizapo nkhanu.
Zofunika! Kusinthana ndi chakudya chamapuloteni kumakakamizidwa: ma dugong amayenera kudya nyama chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa chakudya chawo wamba. Popanda zakudya zowonjezera izi, ma dugong mwina sakanakhalabe m'malo ena a Indian Ocean.
Nyama zimalima pansi pang'onopang'ono, kudula zomera ndi milomo yakumtunda yolimba. Kusaka mizu yowutsa mudyo kumaphatikizira kukweza kwamitambo pamchenga ndi nthaka yapansi. Mwa njira, ndi kuchokera pamizere yomwe munthu amatha kumvetsetsa kuti dugong idadya nkhomaliro kuno posachedwa.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Anangumi ndi zilombo zam'nyanja
- Whale Orca kapena dolphin?
- Shaki yoyera kwambiri
Amakhala waukhondo kwambiri ndipo, asanatumize chomeracho pakamwa, amatsuka bwinobwino, pogwiritsa ntchito lilime komanso mkamwa potafuna chakudya. Nthawi zambiri, ma dugongs amasonkhanitsa ndowe m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo, ndikuyamba kuzidya nyanjayo itakhazikika.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kubereka kwa Dugong sikumveka bwino. Kukwatiwa kumadziwika kuti kumachitika chaka chonse, kumafika pachimake m'miyezi yosiyanasiyana kutengera dera..
Amuna amamenyera akazi, pogwiritsa ntchito mano awo, koma amachotsedwa pakulera ana. Mimba imatha pafupifupi chaka, kutha ndikuwoneka kwamwana m'modzi, osachepera ana awiri. Akazi amabadwa m'madzi osaya, komwe amaberekera mwana wa ng'ombe wolemera 20-35 makilogalamu ndi kutalika kwa 1-1.2 m.
Ndizosangalatsa! Poyamba, mayiyo amanyamula mwana uja, kumukumbatira ndi ziphuphu. Akamizidwa, amamatira mwamphamvu kumsana kwa mayi, ndipo amadyetsa mkaka potembenuka.
Pofika miyezi itatu, mwana wamwamuna amayamba kudya udzu, koma amapitilizabe kumwa mkaka wa m'mawere mpaka zaka 1-1.5. Pakukula, gulu laling'ono limakhamukira m'magulu m'madzi osaya. Chonde sichimachitika zaka 9-10.
Adani achilengedwe
Zinyama zazing'ono zimaukiridwa ndi nsombazi, achikulire - anamgumi opha komanso ng'ona zosekedwa. Koma chiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri cha ma dugong chimachokera kwa anthu ndi zochita zawo.
Zinthu zazikulu zoyipa:
- kugwidwa mwangozi ndi zida;
- kuipitsa mankhwala, kuphatikizapo kutayika kwa mafuta;
- kuvulala kwama mota akunja;
- kuipitsa lamayimbidwe (phokoso);
- Kusintha kwanyengo (kukwera kwa kutentha ndi zochitika zoopsa);
- kusintha kwa malo okhala chifukwa cha kutumiza, mvula yamkuntho / tsunami, zomangamanga;
- kusowa kwa maudzu am'nyanja, kuphatikiza chifukwa cha kugulitsa nsomba, madzi owopsa am'madzi, kukonzanso ndi kuzimiranso.
Ma dugong ambiri amaphedwa ndi alenje, ovomerezeka ndi osaloledwa. Nyama yolemera 200-300 kg imapereka pafupifupi 24-56 kg ya mafuta. Kuphatikiza apo, ma dugong "amapatsa" umunthu nyama (yofanana ndi kukoma kwa nyama yamwana wang'ombe), khungu / mafupa (ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zonunkhira) ndi ziwalo zina (zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ena).
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kukolola kosalamulirika ndikuwononga malo okhala kwadzetsa kuchepa kwa anthu m'malo ambiri, ndipo tsopano kugwidwa kwa nyama ndi maukonde ndikoletsedwa.... Mutha kusaka ma dugong ndi ma harpoon kuchokera m'mabwato. Kuletsedwaku sikukhudzanso asodzi akomweko.
Dugong wokhala ndi "mitundu yosauka" akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book la International Union for Conservation of Nature. Kuphatikiza apo, mitunduyi imaphatikizidwanso m'malemba ena oteteza zinthu monga:
- Msonkhano Wokhudza Mitundu Yoyendayenda Yanyama Zakuthengo;
- Msonkhano Wosiyanasiyana Zachilengedwe;
- Pangano la Malonda Padziko Lonse la Mitundu Yowonongeka ya Zinyama ndi Zomera;
- Coral Triangle Initiative;
- Msonkhano Wadambo.
Omwe amateteza zachilengedwe amakhulupirira kuti ma dugong (kuphatikiza pazoyambitsa malamulo) amafunikira njira zoyendetsera bwino zomwe zingachepetse zovuta za ziweto zawo.
Zofunika! Ngakhale kuti zoteteza zachilengedwe zimakhudza maiko ambiri, pakadali pano ndi Australia yokha yomwe imapereka malamulo oyenera kwambiri.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amati m'malo ambiri otetezedwa, chitetezo cha dugong chimalembedwa papepala, koma sichikakamizidwa m'moyo weniweni.
