Ubweya wa rodent, wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi monga beaver waku Canada, nthawi ina umafananizidwa ndi ndalama zadziko. M'masitolo ku Canada, khungu limodzi limasinthanitsidwa ndi nsapato za amuna kapena galoni ya burande, mipeni iwiri kapena masipuni 4, mpango, kapena mapaundi 1.5 a mfuti.
Kufotokozera kwa beaver waku Canada
Castor canadensis ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi msuweni wake (beaver wamba) mwakuti amawerengedwa kuti ndi subspecies yake mpaka akatswiri amtundu atapeza kusiyana. Zinapezeka kuti mitundu ya karyotype yamtsinje wa beaver imakhala ndi ma chromosomes 48, mosiyana ndi Canada wokhala ndi ma chromosomes 40. Pachifukwa ichi, kuphatikiza pakati pa mitundu ndizosatheka.
Maonekedwe
Beaver yaku Canada imagulitsa kuposa ma Eurasia... Ali ndi mutu wamfupi (wokhala ndi ma auricles ozungulira) ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Kulemera kwa nyama yayikulu, yomwe imakula mpaka 0.9-1.2 m, imayandikira 30-32 kg.
Ubweya wa mbewa yam'madzi yam'madzi, yopangidwa ndi tsitsi lolondera komanso wonenepa kwambiri, siwokongola kokha, komanso yolimba kwambiri. Beaver ndi wamtundu wokwanira - bulauni yakuda kapena bulauni yofiirira (miyendo ndi mchira nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda). Zala zakuphazi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi matumbo osambira, opangidwa bwino pamiyendo yakumbuyo ndikuchepa kutsogolo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Matenda owoneka bwino omwe amapanga castoreum amabisika pansi pa mchira. Mankhwala onunkhirawa (oyandikana kwambiri ndi mchenga wonyowa) nthawi zambiri amatchedwa ndege ya beaver. Unyinji wakuda wonyezimira umakhala wonunkhira bwino komanso wosakanizika ndi phula.
Mchira suli wautali kwambiri (20-25 cm) mulifupi - kuyambira masentimita 13 mpaka 15. Zikuwoneka ngati chowongoletsera chopindika mopindika ndipo chimakutidwa ndi zikwapu zamphako, pakati pake pamakhala tsitsi losalala kwambiri. Mu Middle Ages, Tchalitchi cha Katolika mochenjera chidadutsa choletsa kudya nyama posala kudya potumiza beaver (chifukwa cha mchira wake wamphutsi) kukawedza. Ansembewo ankakonda kudya nyama yofanana ndi nkhumba.
Beaver ili ndi zotsekemera zazikulu, makamaka zakumtunda (2-2.5 cm mulitali ndi 0.5 cm mulifupi) - mothandizidwa nazo zimapera nkhuni zolimba. Maso akutuluka ndikutseka mokwanira. Beaver ili ndi chikope chachitatu, chowonekera chomwe chimalowetsa magalasi otetezera mukamagwira ntchito pansi pamadzi. Mabowo am'mphuno ndi mphuno zimasinthidwanso ndi moyo, zomwe zimatha kutseka pamene beaver alowa m'madzi.
Moyo ndi machitidwe
Ma beavers aku Canada amakhala achangu makamaka madzulo komanso usiku. Sadzidalira panthaka, motero amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi kapena pafupi ndi madzi. Amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi osachepera kotala la ola limodzi. Gulu la banja la beavers limayang'anira chiwembu chake mpaka 0.8 km m'mimba mwake. Malire a gawoli amadziwika ndi mtsinje wa beaver, womwe umathirira milu yapadera ya matope ndi matope. Kunja kwa tsambali kuli gawo lochezeredwa pang'ono mpaka 0,4 km mulifupi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Atazindikira kuopsa, ma beavers mokweza amawomba michira yawo m'madzi, koma nthawi zambiri chizindikirocho chimakhala chabodza: ma beavers akugwiritsanso ntchito kumenya pamadzi pamasewera awo.
Akuluakulu nawonso saopa kusewera wina ndi mnzake, mwachitsanzo, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Anawo samatsalira kumbuyo kwa makolo awo, nthawi ndi nthawi amakwawa ndi achikulire. Kwa ma beavers, kulumikizana kwa nas-nasal (mphuno ndi mphuno), kulumikizana ndi kutsuka ubweya ndizodziwika.
Nyumba
Beavers ali ndi mbiri yabwino monga omanga nyumba komanso ogulitsa matabwa: amagwiritsa ntchito maluso awa pomanga nyumba zawo - maenje ndi nyumba. Beaver waku Canada, mosiyana ndi beaver wamba, samakonda kukhala m'makonde, amakonda kumanga malo ogona - zilumba zoyandama (mpaka 10 mita m'mimba mwake) kuchokera ku nthambi zolimbidwa ndi nthaka ndi matope. M'zinyumba, zazitali mpaka mita 1-3, beavers amakhala usiku wonse, amabisala kwa adani ndikusungira zinthu zachisanu.
Kuipaka pulasitala (kuphimba nyumba ndi nthaka) nthawi zambiri kumachitika pafupi ndi nyengo yozizira, kusiya bowo laling'ono loti mpweya uzilowetsa kumtunda ndikukwera pansi ndi tchipisi, khungwa ndi udzu. Malo okhala amakhala mkati mwa nyumba, koma pamwamba pamadzi. Pakhomo lanyumba nthawi zonse limakhala pansi pamadzi: kuti alowe mnyumbamo, beaver amafunika kumira.
Banja
Kafukufuku ku USA ndi Canada asonyeza kuti ku beaver yaku Canada, pamwamba pa piramidi yachitukuko mumakhala anthu okwatirana (mumtsinje wa beaver, wamwamuna wachikulire), ndipo gawo losavuta kwambiri ndi banja / njuchi. Gulu lotere limachokera kwa anthu 2 mpaka 12 - akulu ndi ana awo, kuphatikiza azaka zoyambira ndi ocheperako (osakhazikika kawiri kawiri azaka). Kuphatikiza pa magulu am'banja, mwa anthu aku Beaver aku Canada, anthu osakwatira (15-20%) amawoneka omwe alibe okhalira naye limodzi kapena sanatenge gawo lawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi zina abambo am'banja amayesanso kukhala osungulumwa: izi zimachitika mu Julayi - Ogasiti ndi Epulo, pomwe samayang'ana nyumba zomwe ana awo ndi akazi amakhala.
Ngakhale opanga beavers apumula mnyumba imodzi ndikugwiranso ntchito pamunda womwewo, zochita zawo sizogwirizana mwanjira iliyonse. Beaver iliyonse imakwaniritsa dongosolo lake lokhalokha - kudula mitengo, kukolola nthambi za chakudya kapena kubwezeretsa damu. Anthu olumikizana nawo pamtendere amakhala amtendere ndipo samangokhalira kukangana.
Madamu
Pokhazikitsa nyumba zopangira ma hydraulic izi (kuchokera pamitengo yakugwa, nthambi, udzu, miyala ndi nthaka), ma beavers aku Canada akhazikitsa zolemba zingapo.
Chifukwa chake, ku Wood Buffalo National Park, makoswe adamanga damu lalikulu 0,85 km kutalika, lomwe limawoneka bwino pazithunzi zakumlengalenga. Chinthu chosavuta pang'ono (0.7 km) chidapangidwa ndi makoswe pa Mtsinje wa Jefferson ku Montana - damu limathandizira wokwera ndi kavalo.
Damu lili ndi ntchito zingapo zofunika:
- amateteza ma beavers kwa adani;
- imayendetsa msinkhu ndi kuthamanga kwa zamakono;
- kuyimitsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka;
- amachepetsa kusefukira kwamadzi;
- imapanga nyengo yabwino kwambiri ya nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi ndi nyama zina zam'madzi.
Beavers kawirikawiri amadula mitengo yomwe imakula kuposa 120 m kuchokera pagombe, koma pakafunika kutero, amayendetsa mitengo ikuluikulu ngakhale kawiri konse.
Zofunika! Madamu a Beaver si zinthu zachikhalire: kukhalapo kwawo kumadalira kupezeka kwa beavers mosungira. Nthawi zambiri nyama zimayamba kumanga / kukonza madamu awo m kugwa kuti zigwere chisanu.
Monga lamulo, mamembala onse am'mudzimo amachita nawo zomangamanga, koma amuna akulu amasamalira zodzikongoletsera ndikukonzanso kwakukulu.... Zadziwika kuti kumadera akumpoto, ma beawi nthawi zambiri samatseka, koma amafutukula mabowo opangidwa ndi otters.
Chifukwa cha muyeso uwu, makoswe amatha kufikira mwachangu mitengo yomwe ili kutsika, imawonjezera mpweya wabwino m'madzi ndikuchepetsa madzi mumadontho.
Kodi beavers aku Canada amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Zaka zakutchire zimatha kukhala pakati pa zaka 10-19, ngati zolusa, opha nyama moperewera, matenda ndi ngozi sizingasokoneze.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mosiyana ndi dzina lake, beaver waku Canada sapezeka ku Canada kokha. Malowa akuphatikizaponso:
- United States, kupatula madera ambiri aku California, Florida, ndi Nevada, ndi magombe akum'mawa, kumpoto, ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Alaska;
- kumpoto kwa Mexico (m'malire ndi United States);
- Maiko aku Scandinavia;
- Dera la Leningrad ndi Karelia, komwe beaver adalowa kuchokera ku Finland;
- Kamchatka, beseni la Amur ndi Sakhalin (adayambitsa).
Malo omwe amakhala ndi magombe amadzi othamanga pang'onopang'ono, kuphatikiza mitsinje yam'nkhalango, nyanja ndi mitsinje (nthawi zina mayiwe).
Zakudya zaku Beaver zaku Canada
Matumbo a beaver aku Eurasia ndi achidule kuposa a ku Canada, omwe amalola omaliza kudya chakudya chokhwima. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timakhala m'mimba mwa matumbo timamaliza kusungunuka kwa selulosi, komwe sikunyozedwe mwa nyama zambiri.
Zakudya za beaver waku Canada zimaphatikizapo masamba monga:
- mbewu zovulaza (mitundu yoposa 300);
- ziphuphu;
- msondodzi ndi birch;
- popula ndi aspen;
- beech, mapulo ndi alder.
M'mitengo, makoswe amadya makungwa ndi cambium (gawo lapakati pakati pamtengo ndi bast). Beaver amadya 20% ya kulemera kwake patsiku. Zimakhala zachizoloŵezi kuti beavers amapanga chakudya m'nyengo yozizira mwa kusunga mu dziwe. M'malo osungira nyama, nyama nthawi zambiri zimadyetsedwa makoswe, letesi, kaloti ndi zilazi.
Adani achilengedwe
Beaver waku Canada ali ndi adani ochepa: nthawi zonse amakhala tcheru ndipo, pozindikira zoopsa, amatha kulowa m'madzi. Ziweto zazing'ono komanso zodwala zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu, chomwe chimagwidwa ndi adani a m'nkhalango:
- zimbalangondo (zakuda ndi zofiirira);
- lynx;
- mimbulu;
- mimbulu;
- mimbulu;
- otters;
- alireza.
Wowononga beaver wamkulu, wokhala pansi komanso wosakopeka ndi nyambo, ndi bambo... Udindo wowopsa pamapeto a beaver yaku Canada udaseweredwa ndi ubweya wake wodabwitsa, womwe, wokhala ndi mavalidwe apadera, udasandulika ndikumverera kuchokera ku tsitsi la beaver.
Zinachokera kwa iye kuti zipewa zolimba zidasokedwa, kuphatikiza zipewa zodziwika bwino za Napoleonic, zipewa zazimayi zokongola ndi zipewa zapamwamba. Zipewa za Beaver monga mtengo woperekera zopanda malire zidaperekedwa kuchokera kwa bambo kupita kwa mwana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Makoswe akhala akusakidwa kuyambira Middle Ages, yomwe idatha ndi kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa omanga mitsinje pofika zaka za zana la 17. Anthu aku Russia nawonso adavutika, ndichifukwa chake dziko lathu lataya mutu wa likulu la ubweya wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Sizikudziwika kuti ndi nyama yanji yomwe "ana amasiye" aku Europe akadasinthanitsa ngati sichingakhale mphekesera zaku beavers aku North America. Zikwizikwi za asaka aulere ndi zombo zazikulu zidapita kutali ku Canada: kale pakati pa zaka za zana la 19, zikopa za beaver 0,5 miliyoni zidagulitsidwa m'misika yaubweya ku Edinburgh ndi London.
Mwa njira, New Amsterdam, yomwe idadzatchedwanso New York, yakhala likulu la malonda a ubweya wa beaver kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Beaver waku Canada ali wokonzeka kuberekanso mchaka chachitatu chamoyo. Amakhulupirira kuti mitunduyi imakhala yokhayokha, ndipo mnzake watsopano amangowonekera pambuyo pa kumwalira koyambirira.
Nthawi yakunyamula imatsimikiziridwa ndi mitundu: Novembala - Disembala kumwera ndi Januware - February kumpoto. Mimba imatenga masiku 105-107, kutha ndikubadwa kwa ana owona kwathunthu 1-4 okutidwa ndi ubweya wofiirira, wofiira kapena wakuda.
Ana amatenga makilogalamu 0,25 mpaka 0,6 ndipo pakatha tsiku limodzi kapena awiri amatha kusambira... Pambuyo pobereka, banja lonse la beaver limasamalira ana obadwa kumene, kuphatikizapo beavers wa chaka chimodzi. Akuluakulu amuna, mwachitsanzo, amabweretsa chakudya cha makanda kwa makanda, chifukwa amatenga msanga (kale pakatha milungu 1.5-2) amasamukira ku chakudya chotafuna, osasiya mkaka wa amayi kwa miyezi itatu ina.
Beavers amatuluka mchombo chawo pafupifupi milungu iwiri, akumatsata mosamala amayi awo ndi abale ena. Pofunafuna malo odyetserako ziweto, achinyamata amachira patatha zaka ziwiri, atatha nthawi yakutha msinkhu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Popeza kusaka kwa beaver waku Canada kudayamba mochedwa kwambiri kuposa beaver waku Eurasia, wakale anali ndi mwayi - madera a anthu adachepetsedwa, koma makoswewo adavutika pang'ono. Beavers aku Canada adaphedwa osati chifukwa cha ubweya wawo komanso nyama yawo, komanso chifukwa chothira mtsinje wa beaver, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama popanga mafuta onunkhira komanso mankhwala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi nthano, ngakhale Mfumu Solomo inali kudzipulumutsa yokha kumutu ndi ndege ya beaver. Tsopano, asing'anga amalamula mtsinje wa beaver ngati mankhwala oletsa antispasmodic ndi sedative.
Chiwerengero cha ma beaver aku Canada ndi 10-15 miliyoni, ngakhale asanafike atsamunda aku Europe ku North America, panali ma beavers ambiri pano. Pakadali pano, mbewa si ya mtundu wotetezedwa, womwe umathandizidwa kwambiri ndikubwezeretsa komanso kuteteza zachilengedwe..
M'madera ena, beavers amasamalidwa, chifukwa madamu awo amachititsa kusefukira ndi kudula mitengo kumavulaza zomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mwambiri, beaver yaku Canada imakhudza kwambiri ma biotopes am'mphepete mwa nyanja / m'madzi, ndikupanga njira zotetezera zamoyo zambiri.
