Njoka wamba

Njoka wamba yakhazikika kwambiri m'fanizo la munthu wina m'nthano zowopsa komanso zoopsa, msonkhano naye ungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zosatetezeka kwa anthu. Pakadali pano, m'moyo ndi machitidwe a njokayi pali nthawi zambiri zochititsa chidwi, zosangalatsa komanso zochititsa chidwi.

Kufotokozera kwa njoka

Njoka wamba (Vipera berus) ndi nthumwi ya banja la Viperidae laling'ono: kutalika kwa thupi la njokayo nthawi zambiri kumakhala 60-70 cm, kulemera kwake kumakhala pakati pa 50-180 g, pomwe amuna amakhala ocheperako pang'ono kuposa akazi.

Maonekedwe

• Mutu, wokutidwa ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono kapena zishango zozungulira mozungulira, ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira atatu, malekezero ammphuno ndi dzenje lodulidwa pakati amakhala osongoka, ngodya zakanthawi - madera okhala ndi zopangitsa za poyizoni zophatikizika - ndizodziwika bwino m'mbali.
• Zing'onozing'ono maso ndi mwana wowongoka molunjika kuphatikiza mizere yolimba ya supraorbital-mamba amapatsa njoka kuwoneka koyipa, ngakhale izi sizikugwirizana ndi chiwonetsero cha malingaliro okhudzana ndiukali.
• Mafupa a maxillary ndi ochepa, oyenda, okhala ndi 1-2 yayikulu tubular mano owopsa ndi 3-4 mano ang'onoang'ono olowa m'malo. Mano ang'onoang'ono omwewo amapezeka palatine, mafupa a pterygoid.
• Mutu ndi torso zolekanitsidwa ndi lakuthwa kutsekemera kwa chiberekero.
• Mfupi kwambiri komanso wandiweyani pakati, thupi njoka imapapatiza mpaka kumapeto, ndikusandulika (nthawi zambiri 6-8 osachepera kutalika kwa thupi) mchirandi autilaini yokoma.

Chilengedwe sichinali chochepa pamitundu, kupaka njoka. Kuphatikiza pa utoto wofala wamphongo wamwamuna ndi bulauni wa akazi, ma morphs otsatirawa amapezeka:

• wakuda;
• beige ndi wachikasu;
• zoyera-silvery;
• bulauni wa azitona;
• ofiira amkuwa.

Nthawi zambiri, utoto suyunifolomu, thupi la njoka "limakongoletsedwa" ndi mikwingwirima, mawanga ndi mawonekedwe:

• Mzere wokhotakhota ukuyenda kumbuyo;
• mdima wokongola Ʌ- kapena X woboola pakati pa mutu;
• mikwingwirima yakuda ikuyenda mbali zonse za mutu kuchokera m'maso mpaka kumakona amakamwa;
• mawanga akuda okuta mbali zonse za thupi.

Njoka zakuda ndi zofiirira zopanda mtundu pamutu ndi matupi awo. Mosasamala mtundu waukulu, kumunsi kwa thupi kumakhala kwakuda kapena kwakuda ndimadontho otuwa, kumunsi kwa mchira ndi mchenga woyera kapena wachikasu-lalanje.

Ndizosangalatsa! Njoka za Albino sizimapezeka, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya njoka, zomwe zimakhala ndi mtundu wofanana, kapena m'malo mwake, kulibe, zimawonedwa pafupipafupi.

Mtundu uliwonse wamitundu ya njoka, mosasamala kanthu kamvekedwe kake, ndi kotetezera, chifukwa zimapangitsa njokayo kukhala yosawoneka motsutsana ndi chilengedwe.

Moyo, machitidwe

Gawo logwira ntchito la njoka wamba limayamba mu Marichi-Epulo. Amuna ndiwo oyamba kutuluka m'malo obisalako nthawi yachisanu masiku omwe kuli dzuwa. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo chitha kupezeka pomwe mpweya umafunda mpaka 19-24 ° C. Akazi, omwe kutentha kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe kuyenera kukhala kokulirapo, pafupifupi 28 ° C, kudikirira nyengo yanyengo yotentha.

Kapangidwe ka thupi, lopanda miyendo ndi zina zowonjezera, sikuloleza njoka wamba kuti isinthe machitidwe ake: osagwira, ochedwa komanso osokonekera, njokayo imakhala nthawi yayitali masana m'malo obisika kapena "kusamba" dzuwa osambira pamiyala yoyaka bwino, ziphuphu, mitengo yakugwa. Komabe, woonerera mwatcheru adzaona kuti ngakhale mphiri ingagone m'njira zosiyanasiyana.... Atamasuka ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, amakankhira nthiti zake mmbali, chifukwa chake thupi limakhala lathyathyathya, ndikupanga mawonekedwe ambiri. Koma ngati panthawiyi china chake chichenjeza njokayo, thupi lake nthawi yomweyo, osasintha mawonekedwe ake, limakhala lolimba komanso lolimba, ngati kasupe wopanikizika.

Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi iliyonse, njokayo imakonzeka kuti ituluke pangozi, kapena kuti igwire nyama yomwe ingagwire.

Ngati kukumana ndi mdani sikukanatha kupeŵedwa, njoka yomweyo imadzipotokola mwamphamvu, tsopano thupi lake ndi chotupa chachikulu, kuyambira pakati pomwe pamakhosi ooneka ngati S mumatha kuwona mutu. Akuponyera patsogolo gawo lachitatu lakumtunda, kutupa ndi kufinya mochititsa mantha, njokayo imasuntha ndi mpira wonsewu kupita komwe kukuwopsezako.

Njoka imayamba kusaka mwamphamvu madzulo kapena usiku. Nthawi yomweyo, momwe amasinthira masana amasintha modabwitsa: tsopano ndi nyama yofulumira komanso yolimba, yomwe ikuyenda mwakhama posaka wovulalayo mabowo, ziboliboli, malo okhala pansi pa makungwa amitengo agona pansi, nkhalango zowirira. Kununkhira bwino komanso kuwona bwino kumamuthandiza mumdima kupeza chakudya. Wolowera m'nyumba za mbewa, njoka imatha kudya osati ana opanda mphamvu, komanso akuluakulu ogona.

Njokayi imagwiritsanso ntchito njira zodikirira, ndikuyang'anitsitsa nyama zomwe zingawonekere. Nthawi zina mbewa yosagalamuka imatha kukwera pa njoka yabodza, yomwe imangokhala yosuntha mpaka mbewa ikatha. Njokayo ikaphonya poponya, nthawi zambiri siyithamangitsa nyama yomwe yatayika, kudikirira moleza mtima mwayi wina woti iwukire. Nthawi zambiri zimatenga masiku awiri kapena anayi kugaya chakudya. Nthawi yonseyi, njokayo siyingakwerere pamwamba pomwe, kutsalira pogona pake.

Osasaka, njoka siimayamba kuwonetsa chiwawa... Chifukwa chake, mukakumana ndi munthu, ngati satenga zinthu zowononga, njokayo imagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wake wobisala, kuphatikiza kophatikizana ndi chilengedwe, kapena kufunafuna kuthawira kumalo otetezeka.

Kalekale chisanu chisanayambike, njoka zija zimakhazikika m'nyengo yozizira "nyumba". Kutentha kozizira sikumagwira njoka izi mosazindikira, ndipo pafupifupi anthu onse amakhala ndi moyo mpaka nthawi yamasika (mosiyana ndi ena ambiri ozizira, ozizira kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira). Pali mafotokozedwe angapo (komanso osati kwathunthu) a izi.

• Amasankha maenje a makoswe ndi timadontho ngati pogona, omwe ali pansi pa gawo lozizira kwambiri, pakuya kwa 0.4 mpaka 2 m.
• Kwa nyengo yozizira malo amodzi, njoka zambiri zimasonkhana m'mitundu yambiri, zikakumanizana ndi mpira waukulu, zimawotha moto.
• Njerezi zimakhala zabwino kwambiri pakalosera kuyambika kwa nyengo yozizira kwakanthawi.

Pafupifupi masiku 180 otha msipu, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa masika, kukadali chipale chofewa m'nkhalango, njoka zimatulukiranso kumtunda kotentha ndi dzuwa.

Utali wamoyo

Kutalika kotalika kwa moyo wa mphiri wamba kuthengo ndi zaka 12-15. Izi ndizambiri zopezeka m'malo omwe pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimafupikitsa moyo. M'malo odyetserako njoka, ma njoka, akasungidwa kunyumba, njoka zimakhala motalikirapo, kufika 20, nthawi zina ngakhale zaka 30. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti njoka za akapolo, mosiyana ndi achibale omasuka, zimapatsidwa chakudya cha panthawi yake, kusamalira nyengo yaying'ono, kusapezeka kwathunthu kwa adani, komanso chisamaliro cha ziweto.

Ndizosangalatsa! Herpetologists amakhulupirira kuti kutalika kwa nthawi ya Vipera berus ndikofanana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi yokwatirana, motero kufikira zaka 30 mwa anthu akumpoto.

Vuto Lapadera La Viper

Mafinya a Viper ndi osakanikirana ndi ma protein omwe amakhala ndi hemolytic komanso necrotizing pazigawo zamagazi. Kuphatikiza apo, poyizoni amakhala ndi neurotoxin yomwe imasokoneza dongosolo lamtima. Komabe, kulumidwa ndi mphiri wamba sikumapha kwenikweni: zinthu zowononga ndizotsika kwambiri kuti zisayike moyo wa munthu wamkulu. Zotsatira zakuluma kwa mphiri ndizovuta kwambiri kwa ana ndi ziweto zomwe zimasokoneza mwangozi njoka yomwe imakakamizidwa kudziteteza. Mapa akhoza monga:

• kugwedezeka pang'onopang'ono;
• mitsempha yamagazi yamagazi;
• kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi.

Mulimonsemo, wozunzidwayo, ngakhale atamupatsa chithandizo choyamba, ayenera kupita kuchipatala.

Kumbali inayi, poizoni yemwe amakhala ndi poizoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiritsa, popanga mankhwala angapo ophera ululu, othandizira, odana ndi zotupa, zodzoladzola, zomwe zimatipangitsa kulingalira njoka yodziwika ngati chinthu chofunikira pazachuma komanso sayansi.

Malo okhala, malo okhala

Vipera berus ndiyofala kwambiri.... Oimira ake amapezeka kulikonse kumpoto kwa Eurasia, kuchokera ku Sakhalin, kumpoto kwa Korea, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China mpaka Spain ndi kumpoto kwa Portugal. Ku Russia, kufalikira kwa mphiri wamba kukufalikira kudera lonse la Middle East kuchokera ku Arctic mpaka kudera lamapiri kumwera. Koma kugawa kwa anthu m'maderawa sikungafanane:

• kuchuluka kwa anthu osapitilira 0.15 anthu / 1 km ya njirayo m'malo omwe zinthu sizili bwino;
• komwe malo okhala amakhala oyenera kwambiri njoka, "foci" amapangidwa ndi kachulukidwe ka anthu 3.5 / 1 km njirayo.

M'madera amenewa, njoka zimasankha malo okhala kunja kwa nkhalango za moss, kudula nkhalango, malo owotchera kwambiri, magalasi osakanikirana ndi ma coniferous massifs, mitsinje yamadzi ndi matupi amadzi. Pamwamba pa nyanja, mphiri wamba wafalikira mpaka 3000 m.

Nthawi zambiri, Vipera berus imakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika, oimira mitunduyo samayenda mtunda wopitilira 100 m, ndipo pakangoyenda masika ndi nthawi yophukira amatha kuyenda mtunda wokwana 5 km, nthawi zina amasambira m'malo opitilira madzi ambiri. Ma Vipers amathanso kupezeka m'malo owoneka bwino: mapaki a nkhalango, zipinda zapansi za nyumba zam'mayiko ndi nyumba, nyumba zosiyidwa, m'minda yamasamba ndi minda.

Zakudya za mphiri wamba

"Zakudya" zachikhalidwe za mphiri wamba zimapangidwa makamaka ndi nyama zamagazi: ma moles, shrews, mbewa, mbalame zazing'ono. Koma iye samanyalanyaza achule, abuluzi, ngakhale mawonetseredwe a kudya anthu pamene njoka idya ana ake omwe. Vipera berus ndiyowopsa: imatha kumameza achule 3-4 kapena mbewa kamodzi. Nthawi yomweyo, oimira mitunduyo amakhala opanda chakudya kwa miyezi 6-9 osadzivulaza. Luso limeneli limatsimikizika mwachilengedwe:

• m'nyengo yozizira, njoka zimagwa mumdima, ndipo munthawi imeneyi, mafuta omwe amaperekedwa mchilimwe amawathandiza kuti akhalebe ndi moyo;
• njoka zimakakamizika kufa ndi njala pamene, ndikumwa kwa nthawi yayitali chakudya chamtundu womwewo, kuchepa kwa chakudya kumachitika.

Madzi a njoka amapezeka makamaka ndi chakudya, koma nthawi zina amamwa mame kapena madontho a mvula.

Kubereka ndi ana

Kukula msinkhu kwa mphiri kumachitika zaka 4-5... Zimaswana chaka chilichonse, koma kumadera akumpoto kwamtunduwu nthawi yotentha, akazi amabweretsa ana mchaka chimodzi. Nyengo yokwatirana ya njoka imayamba mu Meyi ndipo imakhala masiku 15-20. Pakadali pano, njoka zimatha kuwoneka osati awiriawiri okha, komanso m'mipira yolumikizira anthu 10 kapena kupitilira apo. Amuna amatsata akazi mwa kununkhiza ndipo, poyesera kukopa okondedwa awo, amakonza ma duel enieni. Uwu ndi mtundu wovina mwamwambo womwe umachitika malinga ndi malamulo ena.

Otsutsa, ataimirira kutsogolo kwa wina ndi mnzake, kwezani mitu yawo ndikugwedeza iwo asanaponye. Kulimbana ndi matupi ndi kulumikizana khosi pankhondoyi, aliyense wa iwo amafuna kukakamiza mdaniyo pansi, kumtembenuzira kumbuyo kwake. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kulumidwa modabwitsa pamkangano uwu sikuchitika konse. Wopambanayo ali ndi ufulu wokwatirana naye, ndipo ndipamene cholinga chake chimathera. Mzimayi wokhala ndi umuna amakhala ndi ana okha: kumapeto kwa nyengo yokhwima, njoka zimangokhala moyo wawokha, osakumananso mwina awiriawiri kapena m'magulu.

Vipera berus ndi njoka za ovoviviparous, sizigona, ndipo njira yopangira mazira, komanso kutola ana kuchokera kwa iwo, imachitika m'mimba mwa mkazi. Kutengera kukula kwa mayi woyembekezera komanso momwe angakhalire, kuchuluka kwa mazira m'mazira amatha kukhala pakati pa 10 mpaka 20. Komabe, anawo sawoneka kuchokera m'mazira onse omwe akutukuka. Nthawi zina gawo la mazira limasungunuka (resorption), chifukwa chake njoka 8-12 zimabadwa nthawi zambiri. Izi zimachitika pafupifupi masiku 90 mutakwatirana, kuyambira mkatikati mwa Julayi mpaka Seputembara. Makanda obadwa pansi amabadwa pafupifupi masentimita 16, koma apo ayi ndi makope a makolo awo.

Zofunika! Ana amphaka ali okonzekera moyo wodziyimira pawokha: kuyambira nthawi zoyambirira kukhala kunja kwa thupi la mayi, ali ndi poyizoni ndipo amatha kudziteteza, kuluma mwamphamvu.

Patangopita maola ochepa, posachedwapa - mu masiku 2-3, achinyamata njoka molt. Mpaka nthawi ino, amakhala pafupi ndi malo obadwirako, koma atangotha ​​masikelo, amakwawa kufunafuna chakudya. Chilimwe chonse ndi nthawi yophukira, achichepere amakula mwachangu, kudya tizilombo ndi mphutsi, ndipo nthawi yozizira, limodzi ndi njoka zazikulu, amapeza pogona ku nyengo yozizira yomwe ikuyandikira.

Adani achilengedwe

M'chilengedwe chake, mphiri wamba ali ndi adani omwe saopa mano ake owopsa. Amafuna kudya nyama ya njoka:

• mbira;
• nkhandwe;
• ziphuphu;
• nguluwe zakutchire (zomwe zimakhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu ku poizoni).

Njoka nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama:

• kadzidzi;
• azitsamba;
• adokowe;
• ziwombankhanga.

Ma hedgehogs am'nkhalango, omwe njoka izi si chakudya, komabe nthawi zambiri amabwera kunkhondo nawo, pomwe amapambana. Koma mdani wamkulu wa mphiri wamba ndi munthu. Anthu nthawi zambiri amapha njoka iliyonse yomwe amakumana nayo, njoka zimadwala chifukwa cha nkhanza zosaka nyama mosavomerezeka, zomwe ogwidwa ndi njoka komanso osadziwa omwe angathenso kuwatsogolera kuti apeze poyizoni.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chiwerengero cha njoka yanjoka ikuchepa makamaka chifukwa cha zochita za anthundipo. Kutsetsereka kwa madambo, kusefukira kwa mitsinje yamadzi osefukira, kuyika misewu yayikulu yambiri, chitukuko chambiri cha madera akumatawuni kumabweretsa kusintha kwa malo ndi kugawikana m'magawo ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala ku Vipera berus, ndipo chakudya cha zokwawa nawonso chikuwonongeka. Izi zimakhala chifukwa chogawanika komanso kutha kwa anthu, njoka zimayamba kutha m'malo omwe anthu amadziwika nawo. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zidakali bwino kumadera omwe nkhalango zimasungidwa bwino, ku Russia njoka wamba imaphatikizidwa ku CC yazigawo zingapo (Moscow, Saratov, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg) ndi republic (Komi, Mordovia, Tatarstan) omwe ali ndi udindo "Mitundu yocheperako, yosatetezeka". Zinthu zafika poipa kwambiri m'maiko otukuka a ku Europe, kumene njoka za mphiri zikuchepa mofulumira.

Poganizira zofunikira pakukhala ndi njoka wamba m'chilengedwe, monga:

• malamulo achilengedwe a kuchuluka kwa mbewa-onyamula matenda owopsa a tularemia;
• Kupanga chinsinsi, chomwe chimathandiza kwambiri popanga mankhwala ndi antigadyuka seramu,

Mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe amadzipangira ntchito yosintha mtundu wa Vipera berus kuti ukhale wabwino.

Kanema wonena za njoka wamba

Onerani kanemayo: Kagendo Painkiller Kamtoto Kiambere Boys Band (November 2024).