European roe deer (lat. Carreolus sarreolus) ndi nyama yokhotakhota pakati pa banja la nswala komanso mtundu wa Roe deer. Nyama yaying'ono komanso yokongola kwambiri imadziwikanso pansi pa mayina - mbuzi yamtchire, gwape kapena mphalapala.
Kulongosola kwa agwape
Nyamayo imakhala ndi thupi lalifupi, ndipo kumbuyo kwake kwa artiodactyl ndikokwera pang'ono ndikulimba kuposa kutsogolo... Kulemera kwa mphalapala yamphongo yamphongo wamkulu ndi 22-32 kg, ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa 108-126 masentimita ndipo kutalika kwapakati kumafota - osapitilira masentimita 66-81. Mkazi wamkazi wa European roe deer ndi wocheperako pang'ono kuposa wamwamuna, koma zizindikiritso zakugonana ndizofooka. Anthu akulu kwambiri amapezeka kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwamtunduwu.
Maonekedwe
Mbawala yamphongo imakhala ndi mutu wachidule komanso wopindika ngati mphete yolowera pamphuno, yomwe ndi yayitali komanso yotakata m'maso. Chigaza chimakulitsa kuzungulira maso, ndi nkhope yayikulu komanso yofupikitsidwa. Makutu aatali komanso owulungika ali ndi mfundo zomveka bwino. Maso ndi akulu, otuphuka, okhala ndi ana osakwanira. Khosi la nyama ndilitali komanso lokulirapo. Miyendo ndi yopyapyala komanso yayitali, yokhala ndi ziboda zopapatiza komanso zazifupi. Mchira ndi wachilendo, wobisika kwathunthu pansi pa tsitsi la "galasi". M'nyengo yachilimwe-chilimwe, amuna amakulitsa kwambiri thukuta komanso tokometsera, ndipo mwachinsinsi, amuna amalemba gawolo. Ziwalo zomveka bwino kwambiri mu mbawala zamphongo ndizakumva komanso kununkhiza.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyanga zamphongo ndizocheperako, zokhala ndi zocheperako kapena zowongoka mozungulira komanso kupindika kofanana ndi zingwe, kutseka kumunsi.
Palibe njira ya supraorbital, ndipo thunthu lalikulu la horny limadziwika ndi kupindika kumbuyo. Nyanga zimazunguliridwa pamtanda, ndi ma tubercles ambiri "ngale" ndi rosette yayikulu. Mwa anthu ena, zosowa pakukula kwa nyanga zimadziwika. Mu mbawala zamphongo, nyerere zimakula kuyambira azaka zinayi. Nyanga zimakula bwino zikafika zaka zitatu, ndipo kukhetsa kwawo kumachitika mu Okutobala-Disembala. Amayi achikazi aku Europe nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda nyanga, koma pali anthu okhala ndi nyanga zoyipa.
Mtundu wa achikulire ndiwosokonekera komanso wopanda mawonekedwe azakugonana. M'nyengo yozizira, nyamayo imakhala ndi thupi laimvi kapena laimvi, lomwe limasanduka mtundu wa bulauni wonyezimira kudera lakumbuyo kwakumbuyo komanso pamlingo wa sacrum.
"Galasi" ya caudal kapena disc ya caudal imadziwika ndi yoyera kapena yoyera yofiira. Ndi kuyamba kwa chilimwe, thunthu ndi khosi zimakhala ndi mitundu yofiira yofanana, ndipo m'mimba mumakhala mtundu wofiyira. Mwambiri, mtundu wachilimwe umakhala wofanana kwambiri kuposa "chovala" chachisanu. Anthu omwe amapezeka pakadali pano amakhala m'malo otsika komanso achithaphwi ku Germany, ndipo amadziwika ndi mtundu wonyezimira wakuda wachilimwe ndi ubweya wakuda wa matte wakuda wokhala ndi imvi yoyenda m'mimba.
Moyo wa agwape
Mbawala zamtunduwu zimadziwika ndimakhalidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku, pomwe nthawi zoyenda ndi msipu zimasinthana ndikudya chakudya ndi kupumula... Nthawi yogwira m'mawa ndi madzulo ndi yayitali kwambiri, koma mawonekedwe a nthawi yosintha amatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zingapo zofunika, kuphatikiza nyengo ya chaka, nthawi yamasana, malo okhala, komanso kuchuluka kwa nkhawa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuthamanga kwakanthawi kwa nyama yayikulu ndi 60 km / h, ndipo ikamadyetsa, mbawala zamphongo zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, kuyimilira ndikumamvetsera nthawi zambiri.
M'nyengo yachilimwe-chilimwe, nyama zimakhala zotuluka dzuwa litalowa, chifukwa cha tizirombo tambiri tomwe timayamwa magazi. M'nyengo yozizira, feedings amakhala aatali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kulipira ndalama zamagetsi. Kudyetsa ziweto kumatenga pafupifupi maola 12-16, ndipo pafupifupi maola khumi amapatsidwa kutafuna chakudya ndi kupumula. Khalani wodekha ndikuyenda kwa mbawala yamphongo pamtunda, kapena ngati pali ngozi, nyamayo imadumphadumpha ndikumabwerera kwakanthawi. Amuna amayenda mozungulira gawo lawo tsiku lililonse.
Utali wamoyo
Mbawala zaku Europe zitha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndikuwunika zaka zomwe anthu amaphunzira. Zowonjezera, zikafika pathupi lamtunduwu, chinyama chimakhala chofooka ndikutenga magawo azakudya kuchokera koyipa, komanso sichimalekerera zinthu zakunja. Kutalika kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali ya mphalapala za ku Europe muzochitika zachilengedwe kudalembedwa ku Austria, komwe, chifukwa chobedwa mobwerezabwereza kwa nyama zodziwika, munthu adapezeka, yemwe zaka zake zinali zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Mu ukapolo, artiodactyl imatha kukhala kotala zaka zana.
Roe nswala subspecies
Nyamayi ya ku Ulaya imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake ndi mtundu wake, zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyanitsa mitundu ingapo yamitundu, komanso mitundu ina ya subspecies mkati mwake. Mpaka pano, ma subspecies awiri a Capreolus capreolus capreolus L amadziwika bwino:
- Capreolus capreolus italicus Festa ndi subspecies yomwe imakhala kum'mwera ndi pakati pa Italy. Mitundu yotetezedwa yosowa imapezeka m'malo omwe ali kumwera kwa Tuscany, Apulia ndi Lazio, mpaka kumaiko a Calabria.
- Capreolus capreolus garganta Meunier ndi subspecies yodziwika ndi mtundu wa imvi utoto mchilimwe. Amapezeka kumwera kwa Spain, kuphatikiza Andalusia kapena Sierra de Cadiz.
Nthawi zina agwape akuluakulu ochokera kudera la North Caucasus amatchulidwanso ku subspecies Сarreolus sarreolus caucasicus, ndipo anthu aku Middle East amadziwika kuti Сarreolus sarreolus soki.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mbawala zaku Europe zimakhala m'malo osakanikirana a nkhalango zamitundumitundu, komanso madera a nkhalango. M'nkhalango zowoneka bwino kwambiri, artiodactyl imangopezeka pakakhala nkhalango zowirira. M'madera a steppes enieni, komanso zipululu ndi zipululu, oimira mtundu wa Roe kulibe. Monga malo odyetserako ziweto, nyamayi imakonda madera a nkhalango zowala pang'ono, zokhala ndi zitsamba zambiri komanso zozunguliridwa ndi minda kapena madambo. M'nyengo yotentha, nyamayi imapezeka m'mapiri ataliatali okutidwa ndi zitsamba, pagawo la mabedi ndi nkhalango zowirira, komanso pamipata ikuluikulu. Artiodactyl imakonda kupewa nkhalango mosalekeza.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi zambiri, agwape aku Europe amakhala mgulu la nyama zamtchire, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zizikhala mu udzu wamtali ndi ma biotopu a shrub kuposa momwe zimakhalira malo olimba kapena malo otseguka.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu ku European roe deer mu biotopes wamba kumawonjezeka kuchokera kumpoto kuchokera kumwera chakumtunda.... Mosiyana ndi maululate ena ku Europe, mbawala zamphongo zimasinthidwa kuti zizikhala m'malo olimidwa komanso pafupi ndi anthu. M'malo ena, nyama yotere imakhala pafupifupi chaka chonse m'malo osiyanasiyana olima, ikubisala pansi pamitengo yamtchire kuti ipume kapena nyengo yovuta. Kusankha malo okhalako kumakhudzidwa makamaka ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya komanso kupezeka kwa malo ogona, makamaka m'malo otseguka. Chofunikanso kwambiri ndi kutalika kwa chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa komanso kupezeka kwa nyama zolusa m'deralo.
Zakudya zam'madzi ku Europe
Zakudya zachizoloŵezi za ku Ulaya zimakhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi chikwi ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera, koma artiodactyl imakonda zakudya za zomera zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzidya komanso zamadzi. Zoposa theka la zakudya zimayimilidwa ndi dicotyledonous herbaceous zomera ndi mitundu yovuta. Gawo laling'ono la chakudyacho limakhala ndi moss ndi ndere, komanso ma lyes, bowa ndi fern. Roe deer amadya zobiriwira ndi nthambi mofunitsitsa:
- kuluma;
- nanunso;
- popula;
- rowan;
- linden;
- birch;
- phulusa;
- thundu ndi beech;
- nyanga;
- mfuti;
- chitumbuwa cha mbalame;
- chimanga.
Mbozi za Roe zimadyanso chimanga chamtundu uliwonse, zimadyetsa ng'ombe zam'mapiri ndi ma fireweed, burnet ndi catchment, hogweed ndi angelica, sorelo wamtchire. Amakonda ma artiodactyls ndi zomera zam'madzi zomwe zimamera m'madambo ndi m'madzi, komanso mbewu zosiyanasiyana zamabulosi, mtedza, mabokosi ndi zipatso. Nthawi zambiri mbawala zamphongo zimadya mankhwala ambiri ngati othandizira.
Pofuna kuthana ndi kuchepa kwa mchere, zitsamba zamchere zimayendera ma artiodactyls, ndipo madzi amamwa kuchokera akasupe omwe ali ndi mchere wambiri wamchere. Nyama zimalandira madzi makamaka kuchokera ku chakudya chomera ndi chipale chofewa, ndipo pafupifupi tsiku lililonse pamafunika lita imodzi ndi theka. Zakudya zachisanu sizimasiyana, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimaimiridwa ndi mphukira ndi masamba a mitengo kapena zitsamba, udzu wouma, ndi masamba osakhazikika. Moss ndi lichen amakumbidwa kuchokera kuchisanu kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa, ndipo singano zamitengo ndi makungwa zimadyanso.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'nyengo yozizira, posaka chakudya, mbawala zamphongo zimakumba chipale chofewa ndi mapazi awo akuya mpaka theka la mita, ndipo zitsamba zonse ndi zomera zomwe zimapezeka zimadyedwa.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa m'mimba komanso njira yofulumira kudya, mbawala zamphongo zimafunikira kudya pafupipafupi. Chakudya chokwanira chimafunika kwa akazi apakati ndi oyamwa, komanso amuna nthawi yamtunduwu. Mwa mtundu wa chakudya, mphalapala za ku Europe ndi za gulu la nyama zoluma, osadya konse zomera zonse zomwe zilipo, koma kungochotsa mbali ina ya chomeracho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana zaulimi kukhala zosafunikira.
Adani achilengedwe
Nyama zamphongo zimasakidwa ndi nyama zambiri zapakatikati komanso zazikulu, koma ziphuphu ndi mimbulu ndizoopsa makamaka kwa nyama zokhala ndi ziboda. Mbawala zongobadwa kumene nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa ndi nkhandwe, agalu amisala, mbira ndi ma martens, ziwombankhanga zagolide ndi nguluwe zakutchire. Kudaliratu kwa nkhandwe kumakulirako nyengo yachisanu, pomwe kuyenda kwa mphalapala kumakhala kovuta.
Zowononga zimatha kumenyana osati kokha chifukwa chofooka, komanso mphalapala zathanzi. M'zaka zodziwika ndi kugwa kwa chipale chofewa, agwape ambiri, makamaka nyama zazing'ono komanso zopanda chakudya, amafa ndi njala kapena kutopa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kugwira ntchito mwamphamvu nthawi zambiri kumachitika mu Julayi-Ogasiti, pomwe nyanga zamphongo zimakulitsa ndikukhwimitsa khungu kumachitika m'khosi ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi... Chithandizocho chimayamba ndi nkhalango, nkhalango ndi tchire, koma palibe kuphwanya gawo komwe kumadziwika. Panthawi yovutayi, amuna amphongo ku Europe amataya chilakolako chawo ndipo amayesetsa kutsatira akazi onse potentha. Nthawi imodzi, akazi asanu ndi mmodzi amapatsidwa umuna ndi abambo.
Mbawala za Roe ndi okhawo osadziwika omwe amakhala ndi nthawi yocheperako yamimba, chifukwa chake, njira zokulira mwachangu m'mimba zoyambira zimayambira kale Januware. Nthawi yonse yobereka ndi masiku 264-318, ndipo anawo amabadwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka pafupifupi Juni. Patatha milungu inayi asanabadwe, mkaziyo amakhala mgululi, pomwe agwape ena amaponyedwa mwamphamvu. Zosangalatsa kwambiri pakubereka ndi m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi zitsamba za shrub kapena udzu wamtali wamtali, womwe umatha kupereka pogona ndi chakudya.
Mu zinyalala, monga lamulo, ana obadwa ndi ana obiriwira okha amabadwa, omwe m'miyezi iwiri kapena itatu yoyambirira ya moyo amakhala opanda chochita, chifukwa chake amakhala m'misasa yapadera. Kulumikizana kwachikazi ndi ana omwe akukula kumathyoledwa milungu ingapo m'badwo watsopano usanabadwe. Mphalapala zimakula mwakhama, chifukwa chake, ndi nthawi yophukira, thupi lawo lili kale pafupifupi 60-70% ya kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu wamba. Amuna amakula msinkhu wazaka ziwiri, ndipo akazi - mchaka choyamba cha moyo, koma kuswana, monga lamulo, kumakhudza akulu atatu kapena kupitilira apo.
Mtengo wachuma
Makhalidwe amtengo wapatali wa mphalapala za ku Europe amawerengedwa m'njira zitatu zofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, mbawala zamphongo ndizosaka nyama zomwe zimapatsa nyama, makomedwe abwino ndi mawonekedwe azakudya, khungu lofunika ndi nyanga zokongola. Kachiwiri, nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika imagwira mwakhama zowononga mbewu zomwe zimapweteketsa kwambiri nkhalango ndi minda.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyama ya mphalapala ndi chakudya chomwe chimayamikiridwa m'maiko ena kuposa nyama yamphongo, nguluwe ndi kalulu.
Chachitatu, mbawala zamphongo ndizodziwika bwino m'chilengedwe, komanso zokongoletsa zenizeni za nkhalango ndi nkhalango. Komabe, mbawala zamphongo zaku Europe zitha kuwononga kwambiri malo obiriwira komanso nkhalango.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Masiku ano, malinga ndi gulu la IUCN, agwape aku Europe amadziwika kuti ndi taxa omwe ali pachiwopsezo chotha.... Njira zoteteza zachilengedwe m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi zapangitsa kuti mitunduyi ifalikire komanso kuti izifala kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha agwape ku Central Europe pakadali pano ndiochulukirapo ndipo akuyerekezedwa kuti ndi anthu mamiliyoni khumi ndi asanu. Ma subspecies okha a Capreolus capreolus italicus Festa ndi anthu aku Syria ndi ochepa.
Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwakubala kwachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe za European roe deer zimalola woimira banja la agwape ndi mtundu wa Roe deer kuti abwezeretse ziwerengero zawo mosavuta ndikupirira kukakamizidwa kwakukulu kwa chiyambi cha anthropogenic. Mwazina, kuchuluka kwa ziweto kumachitika chifukwa cha kudula nkhalango mosalekeza komanso kuwonjezeka kwa madera a agrocenoses, komanso kusinthasintha kwamitengo yosinthidwa ndi anthu komanso yolimidwa.
