Wanyama wamba kapena wamtsinje (Castor fiber) ndi nyama yam'madzi yam'madzi yamtundu wa makoswe. Pakadali pano, ndi m'modzi mwa anthu awiri omwe akuyimira banja laling'ono la beavers, komanso mbewa yayikulu kwambiri yazinyama zaku Old World.
Kufotokozera za beaver wamba
River beaver ndi mbewa yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri pambuyo pa capybara... Nyama yotere monga beaver wamba imakongola kwambiri kukula kwake, komanso mawonekedwe owopsa, koma oimira.
Maonekedwe
Beavers ndi mbewa zazikulu zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala moyo wam'madzi am'madzi. Kutalika kwa thupi kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika 100-130 cm, ndikutalika m'mapewa mpaka 35.0-35.5 cm, ndi kulemera kwa thupi pakati pa 30-32 kg. Zizindikiro zakukula kwachiwerewere zimawonetsedwa moperewera, koma akazi achikulire amakhala okulirapo kuposa amuna. Thupi la beaver ndi mtundu wa squat, wokhala ndi miyendo isanu. Miyendo yakumbuyo yakula kwambiri ndikulimba. Ziwalo zakusambira zopangidwa bwino zilipo pakati pa zala zakumapazi. Beaver amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa zikhadabo zolimba ndi zolimba pamapazi ake.
Mchira wa beaver wamba umakhala wofanana ndi opalasa, wokhala wolimba kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi, osapitilira 30 cm, ndikutambalala kosaposa masentimita 10-13. Tsitsi lakumchira limapezeka kokha kudera loyambira. Mbali yayikulu mchira ili ndi zikuluzikulu zazikulu zazing'ono, pakati pake pamakhala zochepa ndi zolimba, m'malo mwake tsitsi lalifupi. Chapamwamba, pakati pa mzere wa caudal, pali mawonekedwe a horny keel.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma Beavers ali ndi maso ang'onoang'ono, otakata komanso afupikitsa, makutu otuluka pang'ono pamwamba paubweya.
Pansi pa madzi, kutseguka kwa makutu ndi mphuno kumatsekedwa, ndipo maso omwe amatsekedwa kudzera pakhungu lotwanima. Zinyama zomwe zili munyama ndizopanda mizu, ndipo mawonekedwe a mizu yofooka imangokhala yaanthu okhaokha komanso achikulire. Zilonda za beavers zili kumbuyo ndipo zili kutali ndi mkamwa monse mothandizidwa ndi zotuluka zapadera za milomo, chifukwa chomwe nyamayi imatha kukukuta ngakhale pansi pamadzi.
Beavers ali ndi ubweya wokongola kwambiri komanso woyambirira, wopangidwa ndi tsitsi lolimba lomwe lili ndi malaya akunenepa kwambiri... Mitundu ya ubweya imatha kusiyanasiyana ndi mabokosi ofiira mpaka ofiira, nthawi zina ngakhale akuda. Mchira ndi ziwalo nthawi zonse zimakhala zakuda. Beavers molt kamodzi pachaka. Molt nthawi zambiri imayamba m'masiku khumi apitawo ndipo imapitilira mpaka nyengo yozizira.
Dera lansana la beavers limadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono, wen ndi mtsinje wa beaver womwe, womwe umasunga chinsinsi cholimba komanso chakuthwa chomwe chimafotokoza zambiri zakugonana komanso zikhalidwe za munthu. Kununkhira kwa "beaver river" kotereku kudzakhala chitsogozo kwa ena pabanjapo za malire amdera lakhazikikalo. Chinsinsi cha wen, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi ndege yotereyi, ndi chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chikwangwani cha beaver chisungidwe kwa nthawi yayitali.
Moyo
Ma beaver wamba amakonda mizere ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja yomwe imayenda pang'onopang'ono mitsinje ndi ma oxbows, nyanja ndi mayiwe, malo osungira madzi, ndi miyala yamatabwa ndi ngalande zothirira. Monga lamulo, nyama zoyamwitsa zimayesetsa kupewa madzi amitsinje yayikulu komanso othamanga, komanso madzi omwe amaundana mpaka pansi m'nyengo yozizira. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti beaver akhale ndi mitengo ndi zitsamba pagombe, zoyimiridwa ndi mitundu yofewa yazomera, komanso zitsamba zokwanira zomwe zimaphatikizidwamo. Beavers amasambira kwambiri ndikusambira bwino kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mapapo akulu ndi chiwindi, nkhokwe zazikulu zamagazi ndi mpweya zimaperekedwa, zomwe zimalola kuti nyama zoyamwitsa zikhale pansi pamadzi kwa kotala la ola limodzi. Pamtunda, beaver amakhala wosasunthika komanso wosatetezeka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngati pangakhale zoopsa, oyendetsa beavers mokweza amamenya michira yawo pamwamba pamadzi ndikutsika, zomwe zimakhala ngati alamu.
Ma beaver wamba amakhala m'mabanja kapena m'modzi. Mabanja athunthu amakhala ndi anthu asanu mpaka asanu ndi atatu, omwe akuyimiridwa ndi okwatirana ndi nyama zazing'ono - ana azaka zaposachedwa komanso zomaliza. Ziwerengero zokhalamo mabanja nthawi zina zimayendetsedwa ndi banja kwazaka zambiri. Banja lathunthu kapena beaver imodzi imakhazikika pamaiwe ang'onoang'ono, komanso pazazikulu kwambiri - mabanja angapo kapena osakwatira ambiri.
Beaver samayenda mtunda wopitilira 150-200 m kuchokera kumadzi. Malire a gawoli amadziwika ndi chinsinsi chapadera chogwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pamiyala yamatope. Ma Beavers amangogwira ntchito usiku komanso madzulo. M'nyengo yachilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, nyama yayikulu yayikulu imachoka panyumba pake madzulo ndikugwira ntchito mpaka m'mawa. M'nyengo yozizira, mu chisanu, beavers samawoneka kawirikawiri pamtunda.
Kodi beavers amakhala motalika bwanji
Nthawi yayitali ya beaver wamba zachilengedwe ndi pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, ndipo ikasungidwa mu ukapolo - kotala la zana. Osangokhala adani achilengedwe, komanso matenda ena amathandizira kufupikitsa nthawi yamoyo m'chilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti beavers wamba ali ndi chitetezo chokhazikika cha matenda ena opatsirana kwambiri, kuphatikiza tularemia, kufa kwa nyama zamtundu wa mbewa kuchokera ku pasteurellosis, malungo a paratyphoid, komanso septicemia yothira magazi, coccidiosis ndi chifuwa chachikulu chalembedwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwa zotumphukira mu beaver wamba, kupezeka kwa chiwindi cham'mimba, komanso stichorhis ndi grassassosius, zimapezeka. Ndi matenda awiri omaliza omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu pakukula kwa chiwerengerochi komanso kuchuluka kwa beaver.
Mwazina, pansi pamikhalidwe yamadzi osefukira masika, ma beavers achichepere amafa kapena mabanja onse okhazikika awonongeka kwathunthu, ndipo kusefukira kwamadzi nthawi yozizira kumatha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa ziweto zonse pafupifupi 50%.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma beaver wamba amakhala mumabowo kapena zotchedwa nyumba, khomo lomwe nthawi zonse limakhala pansi pamadzi... Bowolo likukumba ngati mbewa m'mphepete mwa phompho komanso lotsetsereka, ndi labyrinth yovuta kwambiri yolowera ndi zolowera zingapo. Makoma ndi kudenga kwa dzenje zimakhazikika ndikuumbidwa bwino. Nyumbayi ikumangidwa m'malo omwe sizingatheke kukonza dzenje - pagombe lodekha komanso lotsika, lamadambo komanso osaya. Ntchito yomanga siyimayamba mpaka kutha kwa chilimwe. Nyumbayi yomalizidwa imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndipo imadziwika ndikutalika kwake kosatalikirana ndi mamitala osapitirira 10-12. Makoma a nyumbayo amakhala okutidwa bwino ndi matope ndi dongo, chifukwa chake nyumbayi ndi malo achitetezo kwa adani ambiri.
Ma beavers wamba ndi zinyama zoyera kwambiri zomwe sizimawononga nyumba zawo ndi zinyalala za chakudya kapena chimbudzi. Pamadamu omwe amasintha madzi, mabanja a beavers amakonda kupanga madamu, madamu, maziko ake omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala mitengo yomwe imagwera mumtsinje, yokhala ndi zida zomangira zosiyanasiyana. Kutalika kokhazikika kwa damu lokwanira kumatha kufika 20-30 m, ndikutambalala m'munsi mwa 4-6 m ndikutalika kwa 2.0-4.8 m.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kukula kwake ndi kwa damu lomwe linamangidwa ndi ma beavers pa Mtsinje wa Jefferson ku Montana, kutalika kwake kudafika mpaka 700 mita.
Pazofunikira pakumanga komanso pokolola fodya, beaver wamba amagwetsa mitengo, ndikuyamba kukukuta ndi mano ake pansi. Kenako nthambi zimadulidwa, ndipo thunthu limagawika magawo angapo.
Aspen yokhala ndi m'mimba mwake ya 50-70 mm imadulidwa ndi beaver pafupifupi mphindi zisanu, ndipo mtengo wokhala ndi gawo lochepera theka la mita udulidwa ndikudulidwa usiku umodzi. Ndi ntchitoyi, ma beavers amadzuka ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndikutsamira kumchira, ndipo nsagwada zimagwira ntchito ngati macheka. Ma Beaver incisors amadzilimbitsa okha, okhala ndi dentin yolimba komanso yolimba.
Nthambi zina za mitengo yomwe idagwa zimadyedwa ndi beaver pomwepo, pomwe inayo imagwetsedwa ndikukokedwa kapena kuyandama pamadzi kupita kunyumba kapena kumalo a damu. Njira zomwe amayenda poyenda pang'onopang'ono zimadzazidwa ndi madzi ambiri ndipo amatchedwa "njira za beaver", zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makoswe kusungunula chakudya chamatabwa. Malowa, omwe adasinthidwa ndikuchita zochitika zodziwika bwino za beavers, amatchedwa "malo a beaver".
Zakudya wamba za beaver
Beavers ali mgulu la zinyama zam'madzi zam'madzi zokhazokha zomwe zimadya kokha khungwa la mitengo kapena mphukira zazomera. Nyama zoterezi zimakonda kwambiri aspen ndi msondodzi, popula ndi birch, komanso mitundu yambiri yazomera, kuphatikiza kakombo wamadzi ndi kapisozi wa dzira, iris ndi chodyera, bango laling'ono. Kuchuluka kwa mitengo yofewa ndichofunikira posankha malo okhala beaver wamba.
Zomera zomwe sizofunika kwambiri pakudya tsiku lililonse kwa beaver wamba ndi hazel, linden ndi elm, komanso chitumbuwa cha mbalame. Alder ndi thundu, monga lamulo, sizigwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya ndi zinyama ndi makoswe, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga komanso kukonza nyumba.
Ndizosangalatsa! Acorn amadyanso mwachidwi ndi beavers, pomwe chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa tsiku lililonse chiyenera kukhala pafupifupi 18-20% ya kulemera kwathunthu kwa nyama.
Chifukwa cha mano awo akulu ndi kuluma kwamphamvu, ma beavers wamba kapena amtsinje amatha kupirira mosavuta komanso mwachangu pafupifupi chakudya chilichonse chotafuna, ndipo zakudya zokhala ndi mapadi zimakumbidwa ndi microflora m'matumbo.
Monga lamulo, nyama yoyamwitsa imadya mitundu yochepa chabe ya nkhuni, popeza kuti kusintha kwa mtundu wina wazakudya za beavers kumafunikira nthawi yosinthira yomwe imalola tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kuti tizolowere mtundu wina wazakudya. Ndi kuyamba kwa kasupe ndi chilimwe, kuchuluka kwa zakudya zopatsa mphotho pazakudya za beaver kumawonjezeka kwambiri.
Kugwa, khoswe wam'madzi am'madzi amayamba kukolola chakudya chamitengo yozizira... Malo osungira amawonjezeredwa m'madzi, omwe amawalola kuti azisunga mikhalidwe yawo yonse yazakudya ndi kulawa mpaka mwezi wa February. Pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chachisanu pa banja lililonse ndi pafupifupi ma 65-70 cubic metres.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma beavers aku Europe kapena wamba amafika pokhwima pogonana mchaka chachitatu chamoyo, ndipo njirayi imagwera nthawi kuyambira kumapeto kwa Okutobala mpaka kumapeto kwa Marichi. Anthu achikulire akunyamula malo awo okhala m'nyengo yozizira, amasambira m'mbuna yomwe yasungunuka, amayenda m'mbali mwa chipale chofewa ndipo amayesetsa kuyika gawo lawo ndi mtsinje wa beaver. Mankhwalawa sagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amuna okha, komanso azimayi okhwima ogonana a beaver wamba.
Njira yolumikizirana, monga lamulo, imachitikira m'madzi, ndipo patatha masiku pafupifupi 105-107 ali ndi bere, mwana mmodzi mpaka asanu amabadwa kwa mkazi mu Epulo kapena Meyi. Monga momwe ziwonetsero zikuwonetsera, kuchuluka kwa anawo kumatengera msinkhu wa beaver. Mkazi wachikulire nthawi zambiri amabereka ana atatu kapena anayi, ndipo achinyamata - beavers imodzi kapena ziwiri.
Ndizosangalatsa!M'masiku oyamba, ma beavers amadya mkaka wa mayi wokha, koma kuyambira azaka zitatu kapena zinayi amathandizira zakudya zawo ndi zakudya zamasamba zosiyanasiyana.
Kuyamwitsa kumalekezera atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi ndi theka mpaka miyezi iwiri. Ndi nthawi imeneyi osati ma incisors okha, komanso ma molars amakula bwino muma beavers ang'onoang'ono, chifukwa chake amatha kutsatira makolo awo kumalo amafuta. Beavers amakhala odziyimira pawokha kumapeto kwa chaka chachiwiri, pomwe amakhala kuti akumanga nyumba yawoyawo. Chiwerengero cha ma beavers wamba m'banja limodzi ndi chosiyana kwambiri, ndipo amatha kuyambira mmodzi mpaka asanu ndi anayi kapena khumi a mibadwo yosiyana. Komabe, nthawi zambiri banja lokhazikika la beaver limakhala ndi nyama zazikulu ndi ana azaka ziwiri zapitazi.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani akulu a beaver wamba ndi mimbulu ndi nkhandwe, nkhandwe ndi ziphuphu, komanso zimbalangondo zazikulu ndi mapaketi a agalu osochera. Kuthekera kwakutha kwa achichepere kapena ofooka kwambiri ndi ma piki akulu, kadzidzi ndi taimen nawonso sanatchulidwe. Otters, mosiyana ndi malingaliro olakwika, sangathe kuvulaza beavers wamba, zomwe zimatsimikizika ndi zaka zambiri zowonera. Lero, mdani wamkulu wa beavers akadali anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ma Eurasia kapena ma beavers wamba m'mbuyomu m'malo mwake munkakhala anthu pafupifupi onse ku Europe ndi Asia. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusaka kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa nyama zoterezi tsopano kwatsika kwambiri.... Mpaka pano, anthu onse afafanizidwa kwathunthu ndipo ndi ochepa kwambiri.
M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, m'maiko ambiri aku Asia ndi Europe, kunalibe pafupifupi beavers wamba. M'zaka zapitazi, kuthengo, kunalibe anthu opitilira 1.3 zikwi. Chifukwa cha kuyeserera komanso kubereka, pakhala kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Germany ndi France, Poland ndi kumwera kwa Scandinavia. Pali anthu ochepa pakatikati pa dziko lathu.
Mtengo wachuma
Beavers akhala akusakidwa kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wokongola komanso wamtengo wapatali, komanso "beaver river" yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta onunkhira komanso mankhwala. Nyama ya Beaver imadyedwa nthawi zambiri, ndipo pakati pa Akatolika imakhala m'gulu la chakudya chowonda... Komabe, tsopano zikudziwika kuti beaver wamba ndiwonyamula zachilengedwe za salmonellosis, zomwe ndizowopsa kwa anthu, chifukwa chake kuwonongedwa kwa nyama zoyamwitsa pofuna kutulutsa nyama kwatsika kwambiri.
