Nguluwe (iye ndi nkhumba, ndiwonso wochenjera, kapena nkhumba yakutchire) ndi nyama yofala kwambiri yamabanja oyamwitsa. Kunja, nguluwe imawoneka pafupifupi yofanana ndi nkhumba wamba wamba, imangovala "ubweya" wowuma komanso wofunda. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa ndiye kholo lake lenileni.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Boar
Nguluwe yamtchire ndi nyama yoyamwa ya artiodactyl order, porcine (osati yowola) suborder ndi mtundu wa boar. Akatswiri ofufuza zinyama, potengera zomwe zapezeka kuti apeza zotsalira za mafupa, amawona nguluwe ngati nyama yakale kwambiri, kuyambira nthawi zamakedzana. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri kukhalapo kwake, nguluwe yakumana ndi masoka ambiri, kusintha kwa nyengo, kutha kwa mitundu ina ya nyama ndi zomera, mibadwo yayikulu yamadzi oundana, masoka osiyanasiyana ndikusintha komwe kumachitika ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo idasowa pankhope pa nthawi yayitali komanso yankhanza, nguluweyo idatha kusintha ndikupulumuka.
Kanema: Boar
Mitundu iyi yazinyama idakhala yolimba, yopanda ulemu posankha chakudya, chosinthidwa ndi kuzizira kwamphamvu ndi mayeso ena achilengedwe. Mwa mabanja onse amtundu wa artiodactyls, omwe anali ponseponse m'nthawi yamakedzana, m'modzi yekha adatsala mpaka lero, ndipo amatchedwa "nkhumba zenizeni".
Zimaphatikizapo mitundu isanu:
- babirusse (amakhala pachilumba cha Celebes);
- nkhandwe (Africa);
- nkhumba zazitali (madera otentha a ku Africa ndi Madagascar);
- nkhumba zakutchire (kumpoto kwa Africa, Europe, Asia).
Mitundu itatu yokha ya nkhumba zakutchire imatha kusankhidwa ngati nkhumba zakutchire:
- nguluwe wamba (kumpoto kwa Africa, Asia, Europe);
- nkhumba za ndevu (Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Malunsky ndi zilumba za Philippines);
- nkhumba yaying'ono (Himalaya).
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti, ngakhale zinali zovuta, nthawi zina zomwe zinali zopanda chiyembekezo m'mbuyomu, nguluwe sinasinthe mawonekedwe ake, opatsidwa mwachilengedwe masiku amenewo. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi zomwe zapezedwa m'mafupa, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso mawonekedwe a nyamayo. Anakwanitsa kusintha momwe munthu amawonekera komanso kusintha konse kwakunja komwe kumakhudzana ndi mwambowu, ngakhale nyama zambiri zazikulu sizimatha izi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nguluwe
Maonekedwe a nkhumba zakutchire zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi nkhumba wamba zoweta m'njira zambiri, izi zimapangitsa kuti moyo ukhale wovuta kwambiri. Nguluwe zakutchire zimawoneka zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zamphamvu, malamulo ake ndiolimba kwambiri. Thupi limafupikitsidwa ndi mchira wawung'ono, miyendo siyitali, chifuwa ndichachikulu, champhamvu, ndipo chiuno chimakhala chopapatiza. Khosalo ndi lalikulu, lakuda komanso lalifupi, ndipo mutu wake ndi woboola pakati. Mphuno, monga nkhumba yodziwika bwino ya aliyense - ngati chigamba. Makutu amaloza, owongoka.
Chovala cha nkhumba ndi chowindama, chouma, chothina. Imabwera ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kutengera malo okhala nyama. Kawirikawiri kuchokera ku imvi yakuda mpaka bulauni bulauni. M'nyengo yozizira, imakhala yolimba kwambiri, malaya amkati amakula.
Kukula kwa thupi la boar kumakhala mpaka mita ziwiri kutalika. Kutalika kwa nyama kumakhala pafupifupi mita. Kulemera kwapakati kumasiyana makilogalamu 150 mpaka 200. Pali anthu omwe amalemera pafupifupi masentimita atatu, ndipo pali ang'ono kwambiri - 50 kg. Wamphongo ndi wokulirapo kuposa wamkazi.
Chimodzi mwa zokopa za nkhumbazi ndi mano ake akulu. Mwa achikulire, amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 20 - 25. Mimbulu, monga ofukula mwamphamvu, imaphwanya chivundikirocho posaka chakudya ndipo imakhala ngati chida chodzitetezera kwa osafuna. Maonekedwe a nguluwe zakutchire zimasiyana m'njira zambiri, kutengera komwe amakhala.
Subspecies zisanu za nkhumba zakutchire zimakhala ku Russia kokha:
- Nguluwe zakutchire ku Central Europe (kumadzulo ndi pakati pa dzikolo), khungu la mtundu uwu ndi lakuda, locheperako;
- a ku Romania kapena a ku Caucasus (Caucasus, Transcaucasia), okulirapo kuposa Central Europe. Ali ndi mutu waukulu, chovala chopepuka;
- Boar Central Asia (malire ndi Kazakhstan), nyama ndi yayikulu, mtundu wa malayawo ndi wopepuka, miyendo ndi yakuda;
- Ng'ombe zakutchire za Trans-Baikal (Transbaikalia, dera la Baikal), utoto wakuda kwambiri, wabulauni, kukula pang'ono;
- Ussuri wild boar (dera la Amur, Primorsky Territory), nyama ili ndi thupi lalikulu komanso mutu pafupifupi wakuda, ili ndi ndevu yoyera ndi makutu amfupi, ikukanikiza kumutu.
Kulikonse komwe imakhala, ngakhale ikuwoneka bwanji, chinthu chimodzi sichinasinthe - iyi ndi nkhumba yake, yomwe ndi chizindikiro cha kukhala m'gulu laling'ono la nkhumba.
Kodi nkhumba zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nguluwe m'nyengo yozizira
Mwa nyama zoyamwitsa zomwe zimakhala moyo wapadziko lapansi, nguluwe zakutchire ndizofala kwambiri. Nyama iyi imatha kukhazikika m'maiko otentha ndi nyengo yotentha, komanso m'maiko ozizira, ozizira. M'nyumba zonsezi muli nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanikirana. M'dziko lathu, boar amakonda, makamaka, misika ya thundu. Nguluwe zimakhala bwino kwambiri m'mapiri, ndipo sizipewa mapiri. Nguluwe zakutchire sizimangokonda nkhalango za thundu, komanso nkhalango za beech, komanso madambo.
Amagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi: kuchokera kunyanja ya Atlantic kupita ku Urals, ku Mediterranean, kuphatikiza kumpoto kwa Africa, m'mapiri a Central Asia ndi Eurasia. Ponena za zigawo zakumpoto, malo okhala nguluwe amafikira madigiri 50 kumpoto, kum'mawa - kupita ku Amur ndi Himalaya. Banja la nkhumba zakutchire limakhala ku China, Korea, Japan, ndi mayiko akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Kuphatikiza pa kumtunda, nguluwe zakutchire zimakhalanso kuzilumba zambiri.
Masiku ano, nguluwe zakutchire zimakhala m'malo ochepa kwambiri kuposa kale. M'mayiko ambiri (England) adafafanizidwa. M'dziko lathu, nyama zakutchire sizowopsezedwa, kuchuluka kwake ndi kwakukulu: gawo la Europe la dzikolo, mapiri, kumwera kwa Siberia, Caucasus. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nguluwe zakutchire ku North America kunalibe mpaka munthu atazibweretsa kumeneko kuti zikasake. Kenako adakhazikika modabwitsa ndikukhazikika kumtunda konse. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti makolo enieni a nkhumba zoweta ndi nkhumba zakutchire, zomwe zinali zofala ku Mesopotamiya ndi ku Ulaya.
Nanga nkhumba zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nguluwe m'nkhalango
Nguluwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, owopsa pang'ono, owoneka bwino, ndipo ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndizolusa kwambiri. Zinyama zolimba izi ndizamtundu winawake mwachilengedwe. Gawo lalikulu la zakudya zawo ndi zakudya zamasamba. Kutengera kusintha kwa nyengo, kadyedwe ka nkhumba zakutchire zimasinthanso. Amakonda nkhumba mothandizidwa ndi mano awo amphamvu kukumba pansi mitundu ingapo yazomera zam'madzi, mizu yokoma, nsikidzi zosiyanasiyana, mphutsi, mphutsi. M'ngululu ndi chilimwe, nkhumba zakutchire sizonyinyirika kudya masamba atsopano, mphukira zazing'ono, zipatso ndi zipatso zina.
Nguluwe zakutchire zimakonda zipatso ndi mtedza. Ngati minda yobzalidwa ili pafupi, ndiye kuti amatha kudya tirigu (tirigu ndi phala), masamba ndi mbewu zina zaulimi. Nguluwe zakutchire zimakonda achule, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, ndipo sizinyansitsa zakufa. Amaba mazira kuzisa za mbalame, zomwe amakondanso kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti nyama yokhwima idya makilogalamu 3 mpaka 6 azakudya zosiyanasiyana tsiku limodzi, zimadalira mtundu wake komanso kukula kwake. Madzi ndiofunikanso kwambiri pakudya nkhumba zakutchire; amamwa yambiri tsiku lililonse. Pofunafuna chakumwa, nguluwe zakutchire zimabwera m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja. Chifukwa cha ichi, amatha kugwira ndikudya nsomba zatsopano, zomwe zimawathandiza. Zadziwika kuti nguluwe yakutchire imakumba 50 peresenti ya chakudya chake pansi, chifukwa imakhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana zokwanira kudyetsa ndikusamalira zochitika za nyama yayikulu chonchi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nguluwe ku Russia
Kwa nkhumba zakutchire, malo abwino kwambiri ndi madambo ndi malo odzaza madzi okhala ndi mabango ndi zitsamba. Kuwona kwa nguluwe nthawi zambiri kumalephera, zomwe sizinganenedwe za mphamvu ya kununkhiza, yomwe ili yabwino kwambiri. Fungo la boar limatha kununkhiza munthu mkati mwa utali wozungulira mita mazana anayi. Fungo loipa kwambiri komanso losazolowereka kuti nyama lizikhalamo lingawopsyeze nyamayo.
Nguluwe zakutchire zimakhala ndi ziweto zonse. Monga lamulo, amakhala ndi akazi angapo okhala ndi ana a ng'ombe, amuna achichepere kwambiri. Nguruwe zokhwima zimakhala pambali, zokhazokha. Amabwera m'gulu la ziweto pa nthawi yokhwima. Nguluwe zoyenda kwambiri komanso zogwira ntchito nthawi yamadzulo. Mumdima, amakonda kudya ndikusambira (ngakhale atakhala m'matope). Masana, nguluwe zimazizira pabedi kapena m'dambo, kubisala m'thengo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, khungu la nkhumba zakutchire limatha kugwidwa ndi dzuwa, chifukwa chake amaliphimba ndi dothi kuti lisapse. Amagwiritsa ntchito matope osati monga zotchingira dzuwa, komanso ngati chitetezo chodalirika ku kulumidwa ndi tizilombo tosasangalatsa. Nthawi zonse payenera kukhala madzi ambiri pafupi ndi boar rookery. Nguluwe zimayesetsa kukhala kutali kwambiri ndi malo okhala anthu, koma zimayendera mbewu za oats, tirigu ndi chimanga pafupipafupi komanso mosangalala kwambiri.
M'chilimwe komanso m'nyengo yozizira, waluso amakonda kukhala moyo wokhazikika, wongosiya malo obisalapo kuti azingodya. Koma muzochitika zosiyanasiyana, nguluwe imatha kuthamangira kuthamanga mpaka makilomita 45 pa ola limodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, amasambira kwambiri, kuthana ndi maulendo ataliatali. Makutu omvera a nyama, omwenso ndi abwino kwambiri, amatha kuwonjezerapo kununkhiza bwino. Chenjezo la boar lingaganizidwe kuti ndi mantha, koma sizili choncho ayi. Nguluwe yakutchire ndi yosavuta kupsa mtima, ndipo nguluwe yaukali ndiyowopsa, yowopsa komanso yakupha. Ngakhale atavulala, adzamenya nkhondo mpaka kumapeto kuti apulumutse ana ake. Ngati palibe choopsa kufupi ndi kumeneku, nguluwe imakonda kukumba dzenje ndi kuimirirapo, kugubudukiramo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nguluwe
Monga tanenera kale, nguluwe zakutchire zimakhala ndi ziweto, zomwe zimakhala ndi zazikazi zomwe zilipo, ndipo nkhumba zokhwima zimangobwerera m'gulu la ziweto pa nthawi yokhwima. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana, zimayamba munthawi zosiyana ndipo zimatha pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Yaimuna imapeza gulu la zazikazi, pogwiritsa ntchito kafungo kabwino kake komanso ngakhale munjira yakumanzere. Kutha kumatha, kenako amapita kukakhala yekhayekha. Nguluwe zimakwatira mitala, motero, mkati mwa nthawi yolimba, zimakhala ndi akazi angapo.
Munthawi yokhathamira, kukalipa kwamphongo kumawonjezeka, chifukwa chake, kumenya nkhondo kumachitika nthawi zambiri pamene owombana awonekera. Amuna amadzipweteka okhaokha ndi ziphuphu zawo zazikulu. Yemwe agonja - amasiya ziweto. Kutalika kwa pakati pa akazi ndi masiku 120 mpaka 130. Mkazi amazindikira kubwera kwa kubadwa kwa mwana ndipo amasiya gulu lake pasadakhale kuti akapeze malo oyenera obadwira ana. Amakonza chisa chake mwaluso, pogwiritsa ntchito udzu wouma ndi nthambi zofewa ngati zofunda.
Ana a nkhumba amabadwa mu kuchuluka kwa zidutswa 5 - 15, iliyonse ya iwo imalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu. Chovala cha mwanayo ndi chofewa komanso chosangalatsa mtundu. Ndi mdima wandiweyani kapena bulauni wonyezimira wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera kumbuyo konse. Mtunduwu umabisa ndipo umateteza ana ku nyama zosiyanasiyana zolusa.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ana amodzi pachaka. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ambiri (awiri kapena atatu). Mkazi amayamwitsa ana pafupifupi miyezi itatu. Masabata atatu atabadwa, makanda akukhala olimba, otakataka komanso odziyimira pawokha. Amayi amasamalira nkhumba zawo kulikonse ndipo salola kuti aliyense aziwayandikira, chifukwa chake panthawiyi amakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndipo amawonetsa kukwiya pazifukwa zilizonse. Zikakhala zoopsa, amenya nkhondo mpaka kumaliza, kuteteza ana ake okondedwa, popeza minofu ndi mano ake zimamulola.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhumba zakutchire
Chithunzi: Boar
Pali zoopsa zambiri komanso adani omwe akuyembekezera nkhumba. M'nkhalango, atha kuvulazidwa ndimiyala yamiyala yambiri, pano, choyambirira, miyendo ya nyama imavutika. Adani achilengedwe kwambiri ndi mimbulu, mphaka komanso zimbalangondo. Mimbulu ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa nguluwe ndipo ilibe mphamvu zotero, ndiye imamusaka m'thumba lonse. Pa mphindi yoyenera, m'modzi wa iwo adumpha molunjika kumbuyo kwa nguluweyo, kuyesa kugwetsa nguluweyo kumapazi ake, kenako mimbulu inayo imamuukira, kuyesa kuigonjetsa.
Nthaka imakhalanso yowopsa, koma kwa nkhumba zazing'ono zomwe zimatha kuchoka pagulu lazo. Nthaka imasaka yokha, ndiye kuti singathe kuthana ndi luso la wamkulu, ndipo achichepere otsalira akuyembekezera. Zowopsa kwambiri pakati pa adani a nguluwe zakutchire ndi chimbalangondo. Ngati ikulimbana ndi zolusa zina nkhumba zakutchire zili ndi mwayi wopulumuka ndikupulumuka, ndiye kuti palibe kuchitira mwina. Ziweto zazikulu zimafinya nkhumbazo mpaka mafupa ake amang'amba ndipo amafa chifukwa chovulala.
Ngakhale pali zoopsa zambiri, nguluwe sizigonjera komaliza komanso mwamphamvu kumenyera miyoyo yawo. Womveka wovulalayo ndi wokwiya kwambiri komanso wokwiya, ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso mphamvu, chifukwa chake atha kuthana ndi omwe akufuna zoipa ndikukhala ndi moyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nguluwe
M'dziko lathu, kuchuluka kwa nkhumba zakutchire sikukuwopsezedwa, ndipo kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za 2000, kuchuluka kwawo kwawonjezeka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zovuta za zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi zapitazo. Nthawi yokasaka, pamakhala kulumidwa kwalamulo kosalekeza. M'madera ena, kuli nyama zochuluka kwambiri m'malo ena, zomwe zimawononga nkhalango ndi malo olimapo.
Ngati pali nguluwe zakutchire pamalo amodzi, pamakhala chakudya chosakwanira. Pofunafuna iye, amayamba kukumba pansi mobwerezabwereza m'malo omwewo, omwe angawononge mizu ya mitengo, yomwe imabweretsa imfa yawo. Ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa nkhumba, minda yonse yomwe ili ndi mbewu imawonongeka, zomwe zimasokoneza zokolola za mbewu inayake. Zikatero, kuwombera pamwamba pamlingo woyenera ndikololedwa, ndipo alenjewo amayamba ntchito.
Kusaka nyama ya nguluwe ndi bizinesi yowopsa komanso yosayembekezereka, chifukwa si mlenje aliyense amene angachite izi. Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti nguluwe yovulazidwa ndiye chirombo choopsa kwambiri, chokwiya, chomwe chikusesa chilichonse ndi aliyense amene ali panjira yake. Alenje ayenera kusamala kwambiri ndikuwunika.
M'mayiko ena ambiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu nguluwe sikuchita bwino komanso ku Russia. Nthawi zambiri, amaphedwa mwankhanza (Egypt, Great Britain). Koma, komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti mitundu iyi ya nyama imabalalika padziko lonse lapansi ndipo sili pachiwopsezo chotha, chifukwa mwachangu komanso mosavuta imayamba mizu m'magawo atsopano.
Mwachidule, ndikufuna kudziwa kuti nguluwe yamtchire imabweretsa zabwino kumadera omwe imakhalako, pokhapokha, ngati chiwerengerocho chikuwonjezeka. Imadya tizilombo tambiri tomwe timawononga zomera zomwe zimawononga nkhalango. Liti nguluwe imakumba nthaka ndi mphako zake, izi zimathandizanso panthaka, zomwe zimabweretsa kukula kwakukulu kwa mphukira ndi udzu. Ndi mano ake, monga mlimi, amawamasula mwachangu, motero amakhala ngati nkhalango yadongosolo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.01.2019
Tsiku losintha: 17.09.2019 nthawi ya 13:10
