Pali malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi omwe ali osiyana, omwe amasiyanasiyana wina ndi mnzake nyengo, malo, nthaka, madzi ndi nyama. Steppes ndi nkhalango-steppes ndi ena mwa madera omwe amapezeka kwambiri. Madera amenewa ali ndi kufanana kwina ndipo ali pafupi kutukuka kwathunthu ndi munthu. Monga lamulo, malo okhala ali m'dera lamapiri ndi zipululu.
Makhalidwe a steppe
The steppe amadziwika ngati zone zachilengedwe, amene ali ponseponse mu malamba monga kotentha ndi kotentha. Chofunikira m'derali ndikusowa kwa mitengo. Izi ndichifukwa cha nyengo yazovuta zachilengedwe. Mvula ya mvula imakhala yochepa (pafupifupi 250-500 mm pachaka), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisamere bwino. Nthawi zambiri, madera achilengedwe amakhala mkati mwazigawo.
Pali kagawidwe ka maderawo kukhala: phiri, saz, zowona, dambo ndi chipululu. Malo ambiri achilengedwe amapezeka ku Australia, South America, Eastern Europe ndi Southern Siberia.
Nthaka imadziwika kuti ndi yachonde kwambiri. Choyambirira, imayimiriridwa ndi nthaka yakuda. Zoyipa zamderali (zamabizinesi azolimo) zimawerengedwa kuti ndizosowa chinyezi komanso kulephera kuchita nawo ulimi m'nyengo yozizira.
Makhalidwe a nkhalango
Nkhalangoyo imamveka ngati malo achilengedwe omwe amaphatikiza mwanzeru nkhalango. Ndi malo osinthira momwe nkhalango zazitali komanso zazing'ono zimapezekanso. Nthawi yomweyo, madera oterewa amaletsedwa. Monga ulamuliro, nkhalango steppe ili mu zone ofunda ndi kotentha. Amapezeka ku Eurasia, Africa, Australia ndi North ndi South America.
Nthaka yomwe ili m'nkhalango imadziwikanso kuti ndi yachonde kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amakhala ndi nthaka yakuda ndi humus. Chifukwa cha nthaka komanso kukhathamira kwake, malo ambiri amakhala ndi zovuta kuzipeza. Kwa nthawi yayitali nkhalango zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi.
Nyengo ndi dothi m'malo achilengedwe
Popeza maderawo ndi nkhalango zam'mapiri zili m'malo amodzi, amakhala ndi nyengo zofananira. Nyengo yotentha, komanso yotentha nthawi zina, youma imafalikira m'malo amenewa.
M'nyengo yotentha, kutentha kwa mpweya m'nkhalango kumakhala pakati pa +22 mpaka + 30 madigiri. Madera achilengedwe amadziwika ndi kutuluka kwamadzi kwakukulu. Avereji ya mvula ndi 400-600 mm pachaka. Zimachitika kuti nthawi zina madera omwe amadutsa nkhalango amapirira chilala. Zotsatira zake, mphepo zowuma zimachitika m'madera - chisakanizo cha mphepo yotentha ndi youma. Chodabwitsachi chimasokoneza zomera, chitha kuyanika zamoyo zonse pazu.
The steppe amakhala ndi osiyana pang'ono nyengo - mosiyana. Makhalidwe akulu mderali ndi: mpweya wochepa (250-500 mm pachaka), kutentha kwakukulu, kuzizira kozizira komanso chisanu m'nyengo yozizira. M'chilimwe, kutentha kwamlengalenga kumakhala pakati pa +23 mpaka +33 madigiri. Madera owoneka bwino amadziwika ndi mphepo youma, chilala ndi mphepo yamkuntho.
Chifukwa cha nyengo yowuma, mitsinje ndi nyanja zam'mapiri ndi nkhalango zimapezeka kawirikawiri, ndipo nthawi zina zimangouma chifukwa cha nyengo youma. Ndizovuta kwambiri kufikira kumadzi apansi panthaka, amagona mozama momwe angathere.
Komabe, nthaka yam'madera amenewa ndi yapamwamba kwambiri. Kutalika kwa humus m'malo ena kumafika kutalika mita imodzi. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mpweya, zomera zimatha kufa ndikuwonongeka msanga, chifukwa chake nthaka imakula bwino. Steppe ndi lotchuka chifukwa cha dothi lake la mabokosi, pomwe nkhalango ya nkhalangoyi ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha nkhalango zake zakuda komanso nthaka yakuda.
Koma mulimonse momwe nthaka ingakhalire yabwino kwambiri, imawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa mphepo ndi zochitika za anthu.
Zinyama ndi zomera
Masika ndi nthawi yabwino pachaka pomwe chilichonse chimafalikira. Mu steppe, mutha kuwona kukongola kwa udzu wa nthenga, chowawa ndi chimanga. Komanso m'magawo awa (kutengera mtundu wa digiri) monga mbewu za tumbleweed, nthambi, ephemeral ndi ephemeroid zimakula.
Nthenga udzu
Sagebrashi
Zovuta
Prutnyak
Ephemer
M'mphepete mwa nkhalango, muli nkhalango zokongola za nkhalango zowirira, komanso nkhalango za coniferous, ndi madera oletsedwa. Linden, beech, phulusa ndi mabokosi amakula m'malo owoneka bwino. M'madera ena, mutha kupeza zokometsera za birch-aspen.
Linden
Beech
Phulusa
mgoza
Zinyama za steppes zimayimiriridwa ndi antelopes, marmot, agologolo agulu, makoswe a mole, ma jerboas, ndi makoswe a kangaroo.
Antelope
Nyama
Gopher
Akhungu
Jerboa
Khoswe wa Kangaroo
Malo okhala nyama amatengera mawonekedwe azachilengedwe. Oimira mbalame amapita kumalo otentha m'nyengo yozizira. Mbalame zimayimilidwa ndi ziwombankhanga, ma lark, ma bustards, zotchingira ndi ma kestrel.
Steppe mphungu
Lark
Wopanda
Chingwe cha steppe
Wopambana
Elk, roe deer, wild boar, gopher, ferret ndi hamster amapezeka m'nkhalango. Komanso, kumadera ena, mbewa, lark, saigas, nkhandwe ndi oimira ena anyama amakhala.
Elk
Roe
Steppe ferret
Fox
