Asp, yotchedwanso cherekh, aspius, whiteness, whiteness, Aral asp, red-lipped asp, kapena sheresper (Aspius aspius) ndi mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wa nsomba zodya nyama za mtundu wa Asp ndi banja la carp kuchokera pagulu la carp.
Kufotokozera kwa nsomba za asp
Asp imayimilidwa ndi ma subspecies atatu odyetsa:
- Asp wamba kapena waku Europe - wamba ku Europe;
- Krasnoguby Zherekh - amakhala m'madzi amtsinje ku Middle and South Caspian;
- Phulusa la Aral - lomwe limapezeka mumitsinje ya Syr Darya ndi Amu Darya.
Nsomba zamalonda zogulitsa kuchokera kubanja la Carp zilibe m'mimba, ndipo zakudya zonse zomwe zimamwa zimangopita m'matumbo.... Thubhu yowongoka komanso yopanda pake imachokera pakamwa kupita kumchira.
Oyimira onse a dongosolo la carp afulumizitsa njira zamagetsi, zomwe zimawakakamiza kuti azifunafuna okha chakudya chawo ndikukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pamisala. Mitunduyi siyosankha makamaka pazakudya komanso yopanda ulemu pankhani yazakudya.
Maonekedwe
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa asp ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya nsomba zamalonda ndi kupezeka kwa mdima wamtambo wamtambo wamtambo, mbali zaimvi ndi mimba yoyera. Zipsepse zakumaso ndi zam'mbali zimadziwika ndi utoto wakuda komanso nsonga zakuda. Mchira wakumunsi ndi wautali pang'ono kuposa wapamwamba.
Mapiko onse otsalawo ndi ofiira kumunsi, ndi otuwa kumapeto. Maso a oimira asp ali ndi mtundu wachikaso kwambiri. Thupi ndilotakata, lokhala ndi malo olimba kumbuyo. Masikelo amakhalanso ochititsa chidwi kukula kwake komanso owoneka makulidwe. Asp kwambiri ndikukwera m'madzi, ndikufalitsa zipsepse zakuthwa, zakuthambo zolimba komanso zopindika.
Mutu wautali wa asp uli ndi nsagwada zowonekera kwambiri. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa nsomba yayikulu kumafika 110-120 masentimita ndikulemera kwa 11.5-12.0 kg. Monga lamulo, kukula kwa asp okhwima ogonana sikupitilira 60-80 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 1.5-2.0 kg.... Nsagwada za nsombazo zilibe mano, koma pali ma tubercles ndi zolembapo zapadera, zomwe zoyambirira zili pansipa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino kwa onse oimira cyprinids ndi kupezeka kwa milomo yotupa pakalibe mano pa nsagwada, koma zowerengeka zochepa zimapezeka pakhosi la asp.
The notches ili pa nsagwada chapamwamba - ngati khomo kwa tubercles m'munsi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe ngati kameneka kumafanana ndi kugwira ntchito kwa loko wamba, kudina komwe kumakupatsani mwayi womata nsomba zomwe zagwidwa. Mwanjira imeneyi, njoka zimatha kugwira ngakhale wovulalayo wamkulu.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Oimira gulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi Ray amakonda kukhala m'mitsinje yotsika pang'onopang'ono. Asp pafupifupi sichimapezeka m'matupi amadzi omwe amadziwika ndi madzi osayenda. Nsomba, monga lamulo, zimasunga magawo apamwamba amadzi, pogwiritsa ntchito mpata pambuyo pakukwera kapena pakamwa pa mitsinje yaying'ono yomwe imayenda m'madzi. Asp amatsogolera njira yokhayokha komanso yoyezera moyo, chifukwa chake amasonkhana m'magulu osakwanira kwambiri nyengo yachisanu kapena nthawi yobereka mwachangu.
Mtundu wosaka ndi kudyetsa asp wachikulire ndiwoyambirira kwambiri. Nsomba zazing'ono zimadabwitsidwa koyamba ndikumenyedwa kwa mchira wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wolemera, pambuyo pake nyama yomwe ili yopanda thandizo imameza yonse. Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yofunda, njoka zimayamba kuwonetsa zochitika. Munthawi imeneyi, ma carps amalumikizana m'masukulu ambiri akuluakulu. Izi zimalola nyama yolusa yam'madzi kusaka nsomba zazing'ono zonse pamodzi. M'nyengo yozizira, mamba amapita m'maenje ozama, kusonkhanitsa komweko kwa anthu angapo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakusaka asp, munthu amatha kuwona zomwe amati "nkhondo", yomwe ndi imodzi mwanjira zopitilira muyeso komanso zopambana zopezera chakudya.
Pa "nkhondo" zoterezi, aspps mosamala "amalowa" pagulu la nsomba zazing'ono, amalowa mmenemo ndikupanga chipwirikiti, pambuyo pake amalumpha m'madzi, mwamphamvu akumenya pamwamba pamadzi ndi mchira wawo.
Ndiye zolusa zimangotola ndikudya nsomba zonse zomwe zidadabwitsidwa ndi mchira. M'nyengo yophukira, nsomba zamalonda zimakonda kusunthira kumadera akuya osungira, chifukwa chake samakonda kuyandikira kunyanja. Ndi nthawi ino ya chaka yomwe imawerengedwa kuti ndi yopambana kwambiri komanso yolonjeza kugwira asp, yomwe imayamba kusaka mwamphamvu kuti ipeze mafuta ambiri m'nyengo yozizira.
Utali wamoyo
Kutalika kwa moyo wa asp sikuposa zaka khumi, koma kumatha kusiyanasiyana pang'ono kutengera mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kutalika kwambiri kwa asp (Pseudaspius lertocerhalus) sikudutsa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, ndipo asp yaku Asia imangokhala zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Monga malo okhalamo asps, madamu achilengedwe amalingaliridwa, ochepa kwambiri ndi mitsinje yaying'ono ndi nyanja zazing'ono, zosayenera kukhalanso ndi nsomba zowononga, komanso madzi owonongeka. Asp ya moyo wathunthu imafuna malo amadzi okwanira komanso okwanira, oyimiridwa ndi madzi oyera komanso othamanga oksijeni, komanso kukhala ndi malo odyetserako ziweto.
M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, nsomba zamalonda zoterezi zimakhala m'makina oyimiridwa ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu, malo osungira, nyanja zikuluzikulu zakumpoto, South ndi Baltic Pacific.
Dera la asp ndi laling'ono ndipo limaphatikizapo madera ena akum'mawa kwa Europe komanso gawo lalikulu la Western Europe... Pamisonkhano, malowa atha kuyimilidwa ndi gawo la kontinenti ya Eurasia - pakati pa mitsinje ya Ural ndi Rhine. Malire akumwera kwa asp akuphatikizapo zigawo za Central Asia: gawo la Kazakhstan kapena mabeseni a Caspian ndi Aral Seas, komanso madzi a Amu Darya ndi Syr Darya ku Uzbekistan.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chiwerengero chochepa cha asp chimapezeka m'madzi a Nyanja ya Balkhash, pomwe nsomba zamalonda zimakhalapo mwanzeru, ndipo ku North Caucasus, Siberia ndi Far East, mitundu yodya zinyama zotere sizipezeka konse.
Malire akumpoto a oimira kayendedwe ka carps amadutsa mumtsinje wa Svir, womwe umalumikiza nyanja za Ladoga ndi Onega, komanso umapitilira mumtsinje wa Neva, mpaka madera omwe umadutsa mu Nyanja ya Baltic.
Zakudya, zakudya
Mwa mtundu wodyetsa, asps ali mgulu la pelagic ichthyophages, lomwe limamatira kumtunda kapena pakati pagombe, monga zikuwonekera bwino pakapangidwe kam'kamwa komanso mawonekedwe apadera a thupi la nsomba. Achinyamata amakonda kudyetsa tizirombo ndi nyongolotsi, komanso tizinyama tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tina tating'onoting'ono.
Munthu atafika kutalika masentimita 30 mpaka 40, nsombayo imakhala chilombo ndipo imayamba kudya mwachangu mtundu wina uliwonse wa nsomba, posankha mtundu wa ana ndi nyama. Komabe, gawo lina la zakudya za asp yomwe ikukula ikupitilizabe ndi tizilombo komanso mphutsi.
Khalidwe lachiwerewere la asp limalola kuti lizidya nsomba iliyonse, kuphatikiza ngakhale mitundu yotchedwa yolemera: yopanda pake, minnows, pike perch and ide. Mndandanda wa oyimira gulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi Ray amaphatikizanso tulka, bream yasiliva ndi chub. Asp amatha kuthamangitsa ngakhale nsomba yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe kukula kwake kumangochepetsedwa kokha ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri kuchokera kubanja la Karpov... Nthawi zambiri, kutalika kwa nyama yomwe wagwidwa ndi asp ndi 14-15 cm.
Ndizosangalatsa! Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mamba ali mgulu la nsomba zomwe zimathamangitsa nyama, ndipo osayembekezera kuti abisalire, ndipo nthumwi zotere za Ray-finnedfish zimakhala osaka ngakhale akhanda.
Nyengo yovuta, pakagwa mvula yamkuntho ndi mphepo yamkuntho, aspps amayesa kupita pansi kwambiri, nthawi zina amakwera pamwamba kokha kuti adye tizirombo tating'onoting'ono kapena tiziromboti tomwe timagwera m'madzi ndi zomera zomwe zimapachikika pamwamba pa madzi osungira zachilengedwe. Anthu akuluakulu komanso odyetsedwa bwino a asp amapezeka mumitsinje yodzaza kwambiri, kuphatikiza malo otsika amitsinje monga Dnieper ndi Volga.
Kuswana asp nsomba
Asps amakula mwachangu kwambiri, chifukwa cha kagayidwe kake kogwira ntchito komanso kudzichepetsa pazakudya. Pofika chaka choyamba cha moyo, kutalika kwa asp pafupifupi 27-28 masentimita, ndikulemera kwa 0,2 kg kapena pang'ono pang'ono.
Nyama zam'madzi zimakula msinkhu pafupifupi chaka chachitatu cha moyo, pomwe kulemera kwake kwa nsomba kumapitilira kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Msinkhu wobereka wa mitundu yonse ya asps okhala kumadera akumpoto ndi pafupifupi chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri mtsogolo kuposa anzawo "akumwera".
Chiyambi cha kubereka chimadalira nyengo yakomweko. Kudera lakumwera kwa dziko lathu, asp imabereka, monga lamulo, mkati mwa Epulo, ndipo nthawi yodzaza yokha ndi pafupifupi milungu ingapo. Njira yabwino kwambiri yotentha yamadzi panthawiyi iyenera kusinthasintha pakati pa 7-16 C˚. Ntchito yoberekera imakhala yophatikizika, motero nsomba pafupifupi khumi ndi ziwiri zimatha kubalalitsa nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimapereka chithunzi cha gulu lotchedwa kuswana kwamagulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi yogwirira ntchito ya asp imatsagana ndi ma duel pakati pa amuna, omwe akumenyera ufulu wokhala ndi mkazi. Pa "ndewu" zoterezi, amuna amatha kuvulazana kwambiri.
Pofunafuna malo obisalirako, asp sikulowa mumtsinje wosaya kwambiri, koma imakonda kufunafuna malo pamiyala yamiyala kapena yamiyala, yomwe ili pakama ka dziwe losungidwamo. Pakufufuza koteroko, nsomba zodya nyama nthawi zambiri zimatha kukwera pamwamba ngakhale zitakhala kuti sizikusowa.
Pafupifupi mzimayi amatulutsa mazira pafupifupi 50-100000, omwe amakhala pamizu ndi zimayambira za zomera zomwe zimamwalira nthawi yozizira. Mazira a asp ndi omata, amatsatira bwino gawo lapansi. Pakadutsa milungu ingapo, pansi pazabwino, mphutsi zimabadwira m'mazira. M'madzi osatentha bwino, nthawi yosungunulira imatha kuchedwa pafupifupi sabata limodzi kapena kupitirirapo.
Adani achilengedwe
Asp ndi nsomba yodetsa kwambiri yomwe ili ndi maso abwino komanso ziwalo zomveka bwino. Ngakhale mkati mwa kusaka, chilombo chotere chimatha kuwongolera bwino malo onse ozungulira, ndichifukwa chake kuli kovuta kuti adani achilengedwe a asp, kuphatikiza anthu, ayandikire kwa iye.
Mwana asp amakhala msodzi wa nsomba zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo achikulire Aspius aspius. Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amadyedwa ndi mbalame zina, makamaka mbalame zamphongo ndi zinzonono.
M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, njoka zazikulu sizikhala ndi adani achilengedwe, ndipo ngozi yayikulu kwa anthu okhwima imayimiriridwa ndi nkhono ndi ziwombankhanga. Ndi "asodzi" okhala ndi nthenga otere omwe amatha kuwona mamba kuchokera kutalika kwambiri, pambuyo pake amathamangira pansi ndikunyamula moyimira wolanda nyama ya carp m'madzi.
Mtengo wamalonda
Asp ndiwosamala komanso amanyazi, koma nthawi yomweyo, nyama zankhanza zam'madzi, chifukwa chake, m'maiko ambiri aku Europe, oimira banja la carp akhala chinthu chodziwika bwino popota usodzi wamasewera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa cha kukula kwakanthawi kwa anthu komanso nyama yokoma, asp ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali, koma m'malo amisodzi, nsomba zamtunduwu zimakhala pafupifupi 0,1% ya nsomba zonse.
Ma subspecies a asp-semi-anadromous ndiopindulitsa kwambiri pamalonda. Nyama ya asp, ngakhale imakhala yokoma kwambiri, imadziwika ndi mafupa owonjezera, chifukwa chake nsomba zamtunduwu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyanika kapena kusuta, ndipo asp balyk m'malo ake okoma amafanana ndi balyk yokonzedwa kuchokera ku nsomba zamtengo wapatali za salimoni.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa chachikulu chokhala ndi nsomba zochepa ngati asp chikuyimiridwa ndi nsomba zazing'ono kwambiri, zazing'ono, zomwe zimagwera m'misampha ya asodzi nthawi imodzi ndi mitundu ya nsomba zamitengo yotsika mtengo.
Asia asp (Аsрius vоraх) - subspecies ya asp wamba, a banja la carp... Nsombazo zimakhala ndi thupi laling'ono ndipo ndi za mitundu yochepa kwambiri yomwe imapezeka mu Red Book yapadziko lonse. Anthu amtunduwu amakhala m'madzi amtsinje wa Tigris ku Iraq ndi Syria.
Asp imaphatikizidwa mu Red Data Book of Karelia komanso mu IUCN Red Data Book. Kudera la Karelia, malire akumpoto kwenikweni kwa mitunduyi ndi ofanana, chifukwa chake ndizokhazokha, malo osowa kwambiri osodza nyama zodziwika pano.
Zomwe zimalepheretsa zinthu ndizosavomerezeka kubala kwachilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuipitsa matupi amadzi achilengedwe. Pachifukwa ichi nkhani yakufunika komanso kufunikira kwakubereketsa nsomba zosawerengeka zofunikira pakampani, monga asp, ikuyang'aniridwa kale.
